CHEMISTRY
Matter:
● Mass
● Volume
The particle theory of matter:
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles that have empty spaces
between them.
2. Different substances are made of different kinds of particles.
3. Particles are in constant random motion.
4. The particles of a substance move faster as the temperature
increases.
5. Particles attract each other - the closer together, the stronger the
attraction between them.
States of matter:
● Solid
○ Solids have an organized arrangement with the strongest
forces between the particles.
○ In solids particles can vibrate but do not break their
arrangement as they exist in a fixed shape.
○ Solids cannot be compressed and when heated expand
slightly.
● Liquid
○ Liquids have a less organized particle arrangement in
comparison to solids with the weaker forces between the
particles than solids.
○ In liquids particles are able to move around as they do not
have a fixed shape and instead take the shape of the
container holding it.
○ Liquids cannot be compressed and when heated expand
more than solids but less than gas.
● Gas
○ Gasses have no particular particle arrangement (chaotic)
with the weakest forces between the particles (almost
none).
○ In gasses particles move around very quickly and in all
directions and like liquids gasses take up the shape of their
container.
○ Gasses can be compressed and when heated expand more
than both solids and liquids.
PHISICAL PROPERTY
• A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be
determined without changing the composition of a substance
• For example, in the picture seen here of zinc one physical property
that can be observed is luster. The element has a shine to it.
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
• When making observations using our 5 senses.
• Any property that does not provide numerical information about the
substance is known as a qualitative property. (quality)
• Any property that does provide numerical information about the
substance such as weight or temperature is a quantitative property.
(quantity)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - LUSTRE
• Some qualitative physical properties that are used in describing
materials especially in science are: 1. Lustre – shininess or dullness
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - CLARITY
● Clarity – the ability to allow light to pass through; transparent vs.
translucent vs. opaque
● When comparing the 3 cups we have a representation of 3 types
of clarity:
○ 1) The cup at the front is transparent. You can see straight
through it easily.
○ 2) The green cup is translucent. You can see most things
through it but not perfectly clearly.
○ 3) The blue cup is opaque. You cannot see through it at all.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - BRITTLENESS
• Brittleness – the breakability or brittleness of a substance
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - VISCOSITY
• Viscosity – the ability of a substance to flow or pour easily
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - HARDNESS
• Hardness – the relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another
substance
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – MALLEABILITY
• Malleability – the ability of a substance to be hammered into a thinner
sheet or molder
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – DUCTILITY
• Ductility – the ability of a substance to be drawn (pulled) into a finer
strand
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – CONDUCTIVITY
• Conductivity – the ability of a substance to allow an electric current to
pass through
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Other physical properties include:
1. State - solid, liquid or gas
2. Texture – how something feels (smooth/rough)
3. Solubility – ability to dissolve
4. Odour – identified with your sense of smell
5. Colour – identified with your eyes based on the spectrum of light
6. Density – amount of mass in a certain volume
7. Boiling point – temperature at which a substance changes from liquid
to gas
8. Freezing point – temperature at which a substance changes form a
liquid to a solid
9. Melting point – temperature at which a substance changes from a
solid to a liquid
10. Form – shape of an object
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical Property
• Behavior of a substance as it reacts chemically; this always involves
the production of a NEW substance
PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL CHANGES
• Physical change: a change in form or state, or dissolving where NO
new substance is produced
PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL CHANGES
• Chemical change: a change that occurs when two (or more)
substances react to form a NEW substance with new physical and
chemical properties
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Change of state:
1. Solid to liquid (energy added) melting
2. Liquid to gas (energy added) boiling OR evaporation
3. Solid to gas (energy added) sublimation OR vaporization
4. Gas to liquid (energy removed) condensation
5. Liquid to solid (energy removed) freezing OR solidification
6. Gas to solid (energy removed) sublimation OR solidification
Change of physical appearance (form) ex:
1. Chopping onions
2. Shredding paper
3. Sanding wood
Dissolving:
1. Salt dissolved in water
2. Sugar dissolved in water
CHEMICAL CHANGES
1. Change in colour
2. Formation of a new gas (bubbles)
3. Formation of a new solid (precipitate)
4. Production of light (as in burning or combustion)
5. Release OR absorption of heat
6. Different odor produced
7. Different texture
DENSITY
• Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit
volume of a substance
• It is calculated by dividing mass over volume: d=m/v
• The density of a substance is also related to the mass of the particles
in which it is composed. To understand this better let’s begin with
something we all know: water.
• Water has a density of 1g/mL (liquid) or 1g/cm3 (solid)
• Knowing the density of water you can compare other substances to it.
• For example, vegetable oil is less dense than water with a density of
0.93 g/cm3 . Therefore when you wash a pan that has oil in it, the oil
and water remain separate, with the oil on top of the water.
• On the other hand, corn syrup is denser than water with a density of
1.4 g/cm3 . Meaning it would fall below with water on top of it instead.
CALCULATING DENSITY
• Always calculate using the GRASS method to make it easier.
• G – Given: what information do you have?
• R – Required – what are you trying to find?
• A – Analysis – what equation(s) will help you solve this? Do
conversions here.
• S – Solution – using the formulas plug in the values you have or have
found in the analysis to solve
• S – Statement – write a sentence that states the answer to the required
solution from above.