TWO PORT

NETWORKS
 Two PortNetwork
 N-port Network
 Z Parameter
 Y Parameter
 ABCD Parameter
 Inverse ABCD Parameter
 Hybrid Parameter
 G Parameter
 Condition For Reciprocity And
Symmetricity
 Conversion of Two-port parameters
 Interconnection Of Two PortNetwork
 TWO – PORT NETWORKS
A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a
network is known as a port.
Two terminal devices or elements (such as resistors, capacitors,
and inductors) results in one – port network.
Most of the circuits we have dealt with so far are two – terminal
or one – port circuits.
A two – port network is an electrical network with two separate
ports for input and output.
It has two terminal pairs acting as access points. The current
entering one terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in the
pair.
 I

+
V Linear network
-

I
One – port network
I1 I2

+
+
Linear network V2
V1
-
-

I1 I2
Two – port network
 N PORT NETWORK :-
A network having N numbers of ports ; is called N
port network.
Two (2) reason why to study two port – network:
Such networks are useful in communication, control system,
power systems and electronics.

Knowing the parameters of a two – port network enables us to

treat it as a “black box” when embedded within a larger
network.
From the network, we can observe that there are 4 variables that
is I1, I2, V1and V2, which two are independent.
The various term that relate these voltages and currents are
called parameters.
Z – PARAMETER
Z – parameter also called as impedance parameter and
the units is ohm (Ω)
Impedance parameters is commonly used in the synthesis
of filters and also useful in the design and analysis of
impedance matching networks and power distribution
networks.
The two – port network may be voltage – driven or
current – driven.
Two – port network driven by voltage source.

I1 I2

V1 + Linear network +
  V2

Two – port network driven by current sources.

+ +
I1 V1 Linear network V2 I2
- -
The “black box” is replace with Z-parameter is as shown
below.
I1 I2

Z11 Z12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
Z21 Z22

The terminal voltage can be related to the terminal

current as:
V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 (1)

V2  z21I1  z22 I 2 (2)

In matrix form as:

V1   z11 z12  I1 

V    z  
z 22  I 2 
 2   21
The Z-parameter that we want to determine are z11, z12, z21, z22.
The value of the parameters can be evaluated by setting:
1. I1= 0 (input port open – circuited)
2. I2= 0 (output port open – circuited)
 Where;
Thus, z11 = open – circuit
input
z11 
V
1
z12 
V
1 impedance.
z12 = open – circuit
I1 I2 0
I2 I1 0 transfer
impedance from
port 1 to port 2.
V2 V2
z21  z22  z21 = open – circuit
transfer
I1 I2 0
I2 I1 0 impedance from
port 2 to port 1.
z22 = open – circuit
output impedance.
EXAMPLE
Find the Z – parameter of the circuit below.

I1 I2
+ +

V1 240Ω V2
120Ω
_ _

40Ω
 SOLUTION
i) I2 = 0(open circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.

Ia
I1 V1 120I b .......1() V2  240I a .......(3)
+ + I  280 I ......(2) I  120 I .......(4)
240Ω b 1 a
400
1
400
V1 Ib 120Ω V2 sub(1)  (2) sub (4)  (3)
V1 V2
_  
_  Z 11 I  84  Z 21 I  72
1 1

40Ω
 ii) I1 = 0 (open circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.
Iy I2
V2  240I x .......1() V1  120Iy .......(3)
+ +
160 240
Ix  I 2.......(2) I y  I .......(4)
V1 240Ω 400 400 2
V2
120Ω Ix sub(1)  (2) sub (4)  (3)
_ _ V V
 Z 22  2  96 Z 12  1  72
I2 I2
40Ω

84 72
Z   
In matrix form:
72 96
Y - PARAMETER

Y – parameter also called admittance parameter and the

units is siemens (S).
The “black box” that we want to replace with theY-
parameter is shown below.

I1 I2

Y11 Y12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
Y21 Y22
The terminal current can be expressed in term of terminal
voltage as:

I 1  y11V1  y12V2 (1)

I 2  y21V1  y 22 V 2 (2)

In matrix form:
 I1   y11 y12 V1 

I   y  
 2   21 y22 V2 
The y-parameter that we want to determine are Y11, Y12, Y21,Y22.
The values of the parameters can be evaluate by setting:
i) V1 = 0 (input port short – circuited).
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short – circuited).

Thus;
I1 I1
Y11  Y12 
V1 V2 0
V2 V1  0

I2 I2
Y 21  Y 22 
V1 V2 0
V2 V1  0
 EXAMPLE

Find the Y – parameter of the circuit shown

below.
5Ω
I1 I2
+ +

V1 20Ω 15Ω V2

_ _
SOLUTION V 1  2 0 I a .......1()
5
i) V2 = 0 Ia  I 1 .......(2)
25
5Ω I2 sub (1)  (2)
I1
I1 1
+
 Y1 1   S
V1 4
V1 20Ω
V1  5I 2
Ia
_
I2   1 S
Y21 
V1 5
ii) V1 = 0 V 2  15I x .......(3)
I1 5Ω
I2 5
Ix  I 2 .......(4)
+ 25
15Ω Ix V2
sub(3)  (4)
I2 4
_ Y 2 2   S
V 2 15
In matrix form;
V 2  5I 1
 1 1   Y  I1   1 S
 4   12

Y    5S
4 
V2 5
 1
 5 15 
 H - PARAMETER
In these network there are four parameters called the hybrid
parameters or H-parameters, one is measured in terms of ohm,
one in mho and other two are dimension less. Since these
parameters has mixed dimensions, so they are called as hybrid
parameters.
The “black box” that we want to replace with T – parameter is as
shown below.
V1  h11I1  h12V2 h11 = Short-circuit input
I 2  h21I1  h22V2 impedance
h12 = Open-circuitreverse
V1  h11 h12  I1   I1  voltage gain
I  h     h 
 2   21 h22  V2  V2 h21 = Short-circuit forward
current gain
V1 V1
h11  , h12  h22 = Open-circuit output
I1 V20 V2 I10 admittance
I2 I2
h 21  , h 22 
I1 V2 0 V2 I10
T (ABCD) PARAMETER
T – parameter or ABCD – parameter is a another set of
parameters relates the variables at the input port to those
at the output port.
T – parameter also called transmission parameters because
this parameter are useful in the analysis of transmission
lines because they express sending – end variables (V1
and I1) in terms of the receiving – end variables (V2 and -
I2).
The “black box” that we want to replace with T – parameter
is as shown below.

I1 I2

A11 B12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
C21 D22

V1  AV 2  BI 2 .......1()
The equation is:
I 1  CV 2  DI 2 .......(2)
In matrix form is:

V1 A B  V2 
 I   C D I 
 1   2 
The T – parameter that we want determine are A, B, C and D
where A and D are dimensionless, B is in ohm (Ω) and C is in
siemens (S).
The values can be evaluated by setting
i) I2 = 0 (input port open – circuit)
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short circuit)
Thus;

V1 V1
A  B 
V2 I2 0
I2 V2 0

I1 I1
C  D 
V2 I2
 0 parameter, a netw
V 2 ork
In term of the transmissiI 2on 0 is reciprocal if;

AD -BC 1
EXAMPLE
Find the ABCD – parameter of the circuit
shown below.

I1 2Ω 4Ω I2

+ +

V1 10Ω V2

_ _
SOLUTION V2  10I1
I1
C   0.1S
i) I2 = 0, V2
V1  2I1 V2
I1 2Ω
V2  6
V1  2   V2  V2
+ +
 10  5
V1 10Ω V2 V1
 A  1.2
_ _ V2
 10
ii) V2 = 0, I2   I1
14
I1 2Ω 4Ω I2 I1
D    1.4
I2
+
V1  2I 1  1 0 I 1  I 2 
V1 10Ω
I1 + I2 V1  12 I 1  10 I 2
_  14 
V1  12   I 2   10 I 2
 10 
1.2 6.8
T  
V
 B   1  6.8
0.1 1.4 I2
V2  A B  V1
 I   C D I 
 2    1

V V2
A  2 B  
V1 I1 0
I1 V 0
1

I2 I2
C  D  
V1 I1 0
I1 V 0
1
H-parameter is the combination of Z and Y parameter defined
by

V1  h11 h12  I1 

 I   h h  V 
 2   21 22   2 
or in scalar form

V1  h11I1  h12V2
I2  h21I1  h22V2
H-parameter is commonly used in transistor
modeling.
The h parameters can found from

V1 1 z12 z21
h11    z11 
I1 V 0 y11 z22
2

I2 y21 z21
h21   
I1 V y11 z22
2 0

I2 y12 y21 1
h22   y 22  
V2 I1 0
y11 z22

V1 y12 z12
h12   
V2 I1 0
y11 z22
g-parameter is defined by

 I1  g11 g12  V1 

V    g g 22   I 2 
 2   21

or in scalar form
I1  g11V1  g12 I 2
V2  g21V1  g22 I 2

g-parameter is an alternative form of hybrid representation.

The g parameters can found from

I1 1 y y h
g11    y11  12 21  22
V1 I z11 y22 h
2 0

V2 z21 y21 h21

g 21    
V1 I 2 0
z11 y22 h

V2 z12 z21 1 h11

g 22   z 22   
I 2 V 0 z11 y22 h
1

I1 z y h
g12    12  12   12
I 2 V 0 z11 y22 h
1

where h  h11h22  h12 h21

Condition For Reciprocity And Symmetricity:-
Two port parameters can be converted to any form as follows
From
 I1   y11 y12 V1 
I    y   I  YV
 2   21 y 22 V2 
And
V1   z11 z12   I1  V  ZI
   
V2   z 21 z22  I 2 

V  ZYV Z  Y1 and Y  Z1

  z22 z12 
 y11 y12   Z Z 
y   
 21 y22   z 21 z11 
Z Z 
 y22  y12 
 z11 z12   Y Y 
z   
 21 z22   21y y
11
 Y Y 
Z  z11z22  z12 z21
where
Y  y11 y22  y12 y21
Three ways that two ports are interconnected:
ya Y parameters
* Parallel

yb
y  ya   y 
b

Z parameters
z  z a   zb
za
* Series
zb

ABCD parameters

* Cascade Ta Tb T  Ta Tb 

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