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AP CALCULUS
Summer Assignment 2022 - 2023
To: Next Year’s Calculus Students
From: TBD, Calculus Teacher

Attached is a summer homework packet, which will be due the first day of Calculus class in August.

Due to its fast pacing, there isn’t always enough time to go over algebra basics in AP Calculus AB and BC. As
such, the following packet is intended to help you review and hone some essential skills you have learned in
Algebra and Pre-Calculus that are used frequently in Calculus. Do your future selves a favor and invest the
time to master these skills now so you can focus on just the calculus later.

You will turn in the packet the first day of Calculus class, and it will count as a grade. During the first few
weeks of school, you will be tested on the material in the packet.

My recommendation is that you look over the problems in the packet when you receive it but that you wait
until a week or two before school starts to work the problems so that you will remember the material very
well when school starts.

Remember that we will be using the TI-84 graphing calculator in Calculus. The price varies some so you
should compare the prices at various places before purchasing one. Hopefully you have already purchased a
TI-84, but if not, you will be expected to have a TI-84 the first week of school.

I wish you success on your Calculus journey!

NOTE: If you have the time to spare, I highly recommend spending some time getting familiar with the zoom
and trace functions on your calculator. For BC, you can also look into using the parametric and polar modes
of your calculator as a preview for second semester.
 Formula Sheet

1 1 1
Reciprocal Identities: csc x = sec x = cot x =
sin x cos x tan x

sin x cos x
Quotient Identities: tan x = cot x =
cos x sin x

Pythagorean Identities: sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 tan 2 x + 1 = sec 2 x 1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x

Double Angle Identities: sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x

2 tan x
tan 2x = = 1 − 2 sin 2 x
1 − tan 2 x
= 2 cos 2 x − 1

Logarithms: The Zero Exponent: x0=1, for x not equal to 0.

y = log a x is equivalent to x = ay
Multiplying Powers
Product property: log b mn = log b m + log b n Multiplying Two Powers of the Same Base:
a b (a+b)
(x )(x ) = x
m
Quotient property: log b = log b m − log b n Multiplying Powers of Different Bases:
n a a a
(xy) = (x )(y )

Power property: log b m p = p log b m Dividing Powers

Dividing Two Powers of the Same Base:
Property of equality: If log b m = log b n , (xa)/(xb) = x(a-b)
then m = n Dividing Powers of Different Bases:
(x/y)a = (xa)/(ya)
log b n
Change of base formula: log a n = Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b
log b a

e Point-slope form: y = m(x − x1 ) + y1

Fractional exponent: b
x =x
e b

Standard form: Ax + By + C = 0
Negative Exponents: x-n = 1/xn

2
Complex Fractions

When simplifying complex fractions, multiply by a fraction equal to 1 which has a numerator and
denominator composed of the common denominator of all the denominators in the complex fraction.

Example:

6 6
−7 − −7 −
x +1 = x +1 i x +1 = −7x − 7 − 6
=
−7x − 13
5 5 x +1 5 5
x +1 x +1

−2 3x −2 3x
+ +
x x−4 = x x − 4 i x(x − 4) = −2(x − 4) + 3x(x)
=
−2x + 8 + 3x 2
=
3x 2 − 2x + 8
5−
1
5−
1 x(x − 4) 5(x)(x − 4) − 1(x) 5x 2 − 20x − x 5x 2 − 21x
x−4 x−4

Simplify each of the following.

25 4 12
−a 2− 4−
1. a 2. x+2 3. 2x − 3
5+ a 10 15
5+ 5+
x+2 2x − 3

x 1 2x
− 1−
4. x + 1 x 5. 3x − 4
x 1 32
+ x+
x +1 x 3x − 4

3
Function

To evaluate a function for a given value, simply plug the value into the function for x.

( )
Recall: f  g (x) = f (g(x)) OR f [g(x)] read “f of g of x” Means to plug the inside function (in this case
g(x) ) in for x in the outside function (in this case, f(x)).

Example: Given f (x) = 2x 2 + 1 and g(x) = x − 4 find f(g(x)).

f (g(x)) = f (x − 4)
= 2(x − 4)2 + 1
= 2(x 2 − 8x + 16) + 1
= 2x 2 − 16x + 32 + 1
f (g(x)) = 2x 2 − 16x + 33

Let f (x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x 2 − 1 . Find each.

6. f (2) = ____________ 7. g(−3) = _____________ 8. f (t + 1) = __________

f (x + h) − f (x)
9. f ⎡⎣ g(−2) ⎤⎦ = __________ 10. g ⎡⎣ f (m + 2) ⎤⎦ = ___________ 11. = ______
h

Let f (x) = sin x Find each exactly.

⎛π⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
12. f ⎜ ⎟ = ___________ 13. f ⎜ ⎟ = ______________
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

Let f (x) = x 2 , g(x) = 2x + 5, and h(x) = x 2 − 1 . Find each.

14. h ⎡⎣ f (−2) ⎤⎦ = _______ 15. f ⎡⎣ g(x − 1) ⎤⎦ = _______ 16. g ⎡⎣ h(x 3 ) ⎤⎦ = _______

4
 f (x + h) − f (x)
Find for the given function f.
h

17. f (x) = 9x + 3 18. f (x) = 5 − 2x

Intercepts and Points of Intersection

To find the x-intercepts, let y = 0 in your equation and solve.

To find the y-intercepts, let x = 0 in your equation and solve.

Example: y = x 2 − 2x − 3
x − int. (Let y = 0)
y − int. (Let x = 0)
0 = x 2 − 2x − 3
y = 0 2 − 2(0) − 3
0 = (x − 3)(x + 1)
y = −3
x = −1 or x = 3
y − intercept (0, −3)
x − intercepts (−1, 0) and (3, 0)

Find the x and y intercepts for each.

19. y = 2x − 5 20. y = x2 + x − 2

21. y = x 16 − x 2 22. y 2 = x 3 − 4x

5
Systems

Use substitution or elimination method to solve the system of equations.

Example:
x 2 + y − 16x + 39 = 0
x 2 − y2 − 9 = 0

Elimination Method Substitution Method

2x 2 − 16x + 30 = 0 Solve one equation for one variable.
x 2 − 8x + 15 = 0
(x − 3)(x − 5) = 0 y 2 = −x 2 + 16x − 39 (1st equation solved for y)
x = 3 and x = 5 x 2 − (−x 2 + 16x − 39) − 9 = 0 Plug what y 2 is equal
Plug x = 3 and x = 5 into one original to into second equation.
32 − y 2 − 9 = 0 52 − y2 − 9 = 0 2x 2 − 16x + 30 = 0 (The rest is the same as
−y 2 = 0 16 = y 2 x 2 − 8x + 15 = 0 previous example)
y=0 y = ±4 (x − 3)(x − 5) = 0
Points of Intersection (5, 4), (5, −4) and (3, 0) x = 3 or x − 5

Find the point(s) of intersection of the graphs for the given equations.

x+y=8 x2 + y = 6 x 2 − 4y 2 − 20x − 64y − 172 = 0

23. 24. 25.
4x − y = 7 x+y=4 16x 2 + 4y 2 − 320x + 64y + 1600 = 0

Interval Notation

26. Complete the table with the appropriate notation or graph.

Solution Interval Notation Graph

−2 < x ≤ 4

⎡⎣ −1, 7 )

6
 8
Solve each equation. State your answer in BOTH interval notation and graphically.

x x
27. 2x − 1 ≥ 0 28. −4 ≤ 2x − 3 < 4 29. − >5
2 3

Domain and Range

Find the domain and range of each function. Write your answer in INTERVAL notation.

2
30. f (x) = x 2 − 5 31. f (x) = − x + 3 32. f (x) = 3sin x 33. f (x) =
x −1

Inverses

To find the inverse of a function, simply switch the x and the y and solve for the new “y” value.
Example:
f (x) = 3 x + 1 Rewrite f(x) as y
y = 3 x +1 Switch x and y
x = 3 y +1 Solve for your new y

( x )3 = ( 3 y + 1 )
3
Cube both sides
x3 = y + 1 Simplify
y = x3 − 1 Solve for y
−1
f (x) = x − 13
Rewrite in inverse notation

Find the inverse for each function.

x2
34. f (x) = 2x + 1 35. f (x) =
3

7
 Also, recall that to PROVE one function is an inverse of another function, you need to show that:
f (g(x)) = g( f (x)) = x

Example:

x−9
If: f (x) = and g(x) = 4x + 9 show f(x) and g(x) are inverses of each other.
4

⎛ x − 9⎞
g( f (x)) = 4 ⎜ +9 f (g(x)) =
( 4x + 9) − 9
⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ 4
4x + 9 − 9
= x−9+9 =
4
4x
=x =
4
=x
f (g(x)) = g( f (x)) = x therefore they are inverses
of each other.

Prove f and g are inverses of each other.

x3
36. f (x) = g(x) = 3 2x 37. f (x) = 9 − x 2 , x ≥ 0 g(x) = 9 − x
2

8
Equation of a line

Slope intercept form: y = mx + b Vertical line: x = c (slope is undefined)

Point-slope form: y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) Horizontal line: y = c (slope is 0)

38. Use slope-intercept form to find the equation of the line having a slope of 3 and a y-intercept of 5.

39. Determine the equation of a line passing through the point (5, -3) with an undefined slope.

40. Determine the equation of a line passing through the point (-4, 2) with a slope of 0.

41. Use point-slope form to find the equation of the line passing through the point (0, 5) with a slope of 2/3.

5
42. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2, 8) and parallel to the line y = x −1.
6

43. Find the equation of a line perpendicular to the y- axis passing through the point (4, 7).

44. Find the equation of a line passing through the points (-3, 6) and (1, 2).

45. Find the equation of a line with an x-intercept (2, 0) and a y-intercept (0, 3).

9
Radian and Degree Measure

180 π radians
Use to get rid of radians and Use to get rid of degrees and
π radians 180
convert to degrees. convert to radians.

5π 4π
46. Convert to degrees: a. b. c. 2.63 radians
6 5

47. Convert to radians: a. 45 b. −17 c. 237 

Angles in Standard Position

48. Sketch the angle in standard position.

11π 5π
a. b. 230 c. − d. 1.8 radians
6 3

10
Reference Triangles

49. Sketch the angle in standard position. Draw the reference triangle and label the sides, if possible.

2
a. π b. 225 
3

π
c. − d. 30 
4

Unit Circle

You can determine the sine or cosine of a quadrantal angle by using the unit circle. The x-coordinate of the
circle is the cosine and the y-coordinate is the sine of the angle.
2

π
Example: sin 90 = 1 cos =0 (0,1)
2
(-1,0) (1,0)

(0,-1)
-2

50. a.) sin180 b.) cos 270

2

(0,1)

c.) sin(−90 ) d.) sin π (-1,0) (1,0)

(0,-1)
e.) cos 360 
f .) cos(−π ) -2

11
Graphing Trig Functions

f(x) = sinx
( ) f(x) = cos(x)
2 2

-5 5 -5 5

-2 -2

y = sin x and y = cos x have a period of 2 π and an amplitude of 1. Use the parent graphs above to help you
2π
sketch a graph of the functions below. For f (x) = Asin(Bx + C) + K , A = amplitude, = period,
B
C
= phase shift (positive C/B shift left, negative C/B shift right) and K = vertical shift.
B

Graph two complete periods of the function.

51. f (x) = 5 sin x 52. f (x) = sin 2x

⎛ π⎞
53. f (x) = − cos ⎜ x − ⎟ 54. f (x) = cos x − 3
⎝ 4⎠

Trigonometric Equations:

Solve each of the equations for 0 ≤ x < 2π . Isolate the variable, sketch a reference triangle, find all the
solutions within the given domain, 0 ≤ x < 2π . Remember to double the domain when solving for a double
angle. Use trig identities, if needed, to rewrite the trig functions. (See formula sheet at the beginning of the packet.)

1
55. sin x = − 56. 2 cos x = 3
2

12
 1 1
57. cos 2x = 58. sin 2 x =
2 2

3
59. sin 2x = − 60. 2 cos 2 x − 1 − cos x = 0
2

61. 4 cos 2 x − 3 = 0 62. sin 2 x + cos 2x − cos x = 0

13
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Recall: Inverse Trig Functions can be written in one of ways:

()
arcsin x ()
sin −1 x

Inverse trig functions are defined only in the quadrants as indicated below due to their restricted domains.

cos-1x < 0 sin-1x >0

cos-1 x >0
tan-1 x >0

sin-1 x <0
tan-1 x <0

Example:
Express the value of “y” in radians.
−1
y = arctan Draw a reference triangle.
3

2 -1

π π
This means the reference angle is 30° or . So, y = – so that it falls in the interval from
6 6
−π π π
<y< Answer: y = –
2 2 6

For each of the following, express the value for “y” in radians.

− 3
62.2 y = arcsin
2
62.4 y = arccos −1 ( ) 62.6 y = arctan(−1)

14
 Example: Find the value without a calculator.

⎛ 5⎞
cos ⎜ arctan ⎟
⎝ 6⎠
61
Draw the reference triangle in the correct quadrant first. 5
θ
Find the missing side using Pythagorean Thm. 6

Find the ratio of the cosine of the reference triangle.

6
cosθ =
61

For each of the following give the value without a calculator.

⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
63. tan ⎜ arccos ⎟ 64. sec ⎜ sin −1 ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠

⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 7⎞
65. sin ⎜ arctan ⎟ 66. sin ⎜ sin −1 ⎟
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 8⎠

15
Vertical Asymptotes

Determine the vertical asymptotes for the function. Set the denominator equal to zero to find the x-value for
which the function is undefined. That will be the vertical asymptote.

1 x2 2+x
71. f (x) = 2 72. f (x) = 2 73. f (x) =
x x −4 x (1 − x)
2

Horizontal Asymptotes

Determine the horizontal asymptotes using the three cases below.

Case I. Degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. The asymptote is y = 0.

Case II. Degree of the numerator is the same as the degree of the denominator. The asymptote is the ratio of
the lead coefficients.

Case III. Degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator. There is no horizontal
asymptote. The function increases without bound. (If the degree of the numerator is exactly 1 more than the
degree of the denominator, then there exists a slant asymptote, which is determined by long division.)

Determine all Horizontal Asymptotes.

x 2 − 2x + 1 5x 3 − 2x 2 + 8 4x 5
f (x) =
74. x3 + x − 7 75. f (x) = 76. f (x) =
4x − 3x 3 + 5 x2 − 7

17
Laws of Exponents

Write each of the following expressions in the form ca p b q where c, p and q are constants (numbers).

(2a 2 )3 a(2 b )
75. 76. 9ab 3
77.
b 3
a
(Hint: x = x1/2 )

2
−1 ⎛ 23 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞
ab − a a a ⎜ b1 ⎟
78. 79. 80. ⎜ 1 ⎟
b2 − b (b −1 ) a ⎜ 2⎟ ⎜ 2⎟
⎝b ⎠ ⎝a ⎠

Laws of Logarithms

Simplify each of the following:

81. log 2 5 + log 2 (x 2 −1) − log 2 (x −1) 82. 2 log 2 9 − log 2 3 83. 32 log3 5

1 1 1
84. log10 (10 2 ) 85. log10 ( x ) 86. 2 log10 x + log10 x 3
10

Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Solve for x. (DO NOT USE A CALCULATOR)
1
87. 5( x+1) = 25 88. = 32 x+2 89. log 2 x 2 == 3 90. log3 x 2 = 2 log3 4 − 4 log3 5
3

18
Factor Completely

91. x 6 −16x 4 92. 4x 3 − 8x 2 − 25x + 50 93. 8x 3 + 27 94. x 4 −1

Solve the following equations for the indicated variables:

x y z
95. + + = 1, for a. 96. V = 2(ab + bc + ca), for a. 97. A = 2π r 2 + 2π rh, for positive r.
a b c
Hint: use quadratic formula

2x 1 − x
98. A = P + xrP, for P 99. 2x − 2yd = y + xd, for d 100. + = 0, for x
4π 2

Solve the equations for x:

5 x +1 x
101. 4x 2 +12x + 3 = 0 102. 2x +1 = 103. − =0
x+2 x x +1

Polynomial Division

104. (x 5 − 4x 4 + x 3 − 7x +1) ÷ (x + 2) 105. (x 5 − x 4 + x 3 + 2x 2 − x + 4) ÷ (x 3 +1)

19
Summer Review Packet Answer Key

5−a 3
1.) 13.)
a 2

2x 14.) 15
2.)
5 x + 20
15.) 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
4 x − 12
3.)
5x 16.) 2 x 6 + 3

x2 − x −1 17.) 9
4.) 2
x + x +1
18.) -2
x−4
5.) ⎛5 ⎞
3x − 4 x + 32
2
19.) x-int: ⎜ ,0 ⎟ ; y-int: (0, -5)
⎝2 ⎠
6.) 5
20.) x-int: (-2, 0) and (1, 0); y-int: (0, -2)
7.) 17
21.) x-int: (4, 0) and (-4, 0); y-int: (0, 0)
8.) 2t + 3
22.) x-int: (2, 0) and (-2, 0); y-int: (0, 0)
9.) 15
23.) (3, 5)
10.) 8m + 40m + 49
2

24.) (-1, 5) and (2, 2)

11.) 2
25.) (14, -8) and (6, -8)
12.) 1

26.)

Solution Interval Notation Graph

(-2, 4]
( ]
-2 4
−1 ≤ x < 7
[ )
-1 7
x≤8 (−∞,8]
 ⎡1 ⎞ [
27.) ⎢ , ∞ ⎟⎟
⎣2 ⎠ 1
2

⎡1 7 ⎞
28.) ⎢ , ⎟⎟ [ )
⎣2 2 ⎠ 1 7
−
2 2

29.) (30, ∞)
(
30

30.) D: ( −∞, ∞) ; R: [−5, ∞) 40.) y = 2

31.) D: [−3, ∞) ; R: (−∞,0] 2

41.) y = x+5
3
32.) D: ( −∞, ∞) ; R: [−3,3]
5 19
42.) y = x+
33.) D: (−∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞) ; R: (−∞,0) ∪ (0, ∞) 6 3

x −1 43.) y = 7
34.) f −1 ( x) =
2
44.) y = − x + 3
−1
35.) f ( x) = ± 3x
3
45.) y = − x + 3
36.) f ( g ( x)) = x; g ( f ( x)) = x 2

37.) f ( g ( x)) = x; g ( f ( x)) = x 46.) a. 150º b. 144º c. 150.7º

38.) y = 3x + 5 π 17π 237π

47.) a. b. − c.
4 180 180
39.) x = 5
48.) a. b. c. d.

49)

50) a) 0 b) 0 c) -1 d) 0 e) 1 f) -1
 7π 11π π 3π
55) x = , 62) x = 0, ,
6 6 2 2

π 11π π
56) x = , 62.2) x = −
6 6 3

π 7π 9π 15π 62.4) x = π
57) x = , , , ,
8 8 8 8
π
62.6) x = −
π 3π 5π 7π 4
58) x = , , ,
4 4 4 4
5
5π 2π 11π 5π 63) tan(θ ) =
59) x = , , , 2
6 3 6 3
13
2π 4π 64) sec(θ ) =
60) x = 0, , , 5
3 3
12
π 5π 7π 11π 65) sin(θ ) =
61) x = , , , 13
6 6 6 6
7
66) sin(θ ) =
8
71) x=0 4
90) x = ±
25
72) x=2 and x= - 2
91) x 4 (x − 4)(x + 4)
73) x=0 and x=1

74) y=0 92) (2x + 5)(2x − 5)(x − 2)

75) y=-5/3 93) (2x + 3)(4x 2 − 6x + 9)

76) No horizontal asymptote 94) (x 2 +1)(x +1)(x −1)

75) 8a 6 b −1 −xbc
95) a =
1 3
yc + zb − bc
76) 3a 2 b 2

V − 2bc
2 96) a =
77) a 2 b −1 2(b + c)
3
−π h + π 2 h 2 + 2π A
78) ab −1 97) r =
2π
−3
79) a 2
b A
98) P =
5 1
1 + xr
80) a 6 b 2

2x − y
99) d =
81) log 2 (5(x +1)) 2y + x

82) 3 log 2 (3) −π π

100) x = =
1 − π π −1
83) 25
−3 ± 6
84) ½ 101) x =
2
85) – x
102) x= ½ , x= - 3
4
86) log10 (x) 103) x= - ½
3
89
87) x=1 104) x 4 − 6x 3 +13x 2 − 26x + 45 −
x+2
88) x= -3/2
x2 + 3
105) x 2 − x +1 +
89) x = ±2 2 x 3 +1