Complete Python Notes
1. Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and
readability.
It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and
functional programming.
2. Basic Syntax
Python uses indentation to define blocks of code.
Statements end with a newline, not a semicolon (although semicolons are allowed).
3. Variables and Data Types
Variables are created when first assigned.
Common data types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, set, dict.
4. Operators
Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %, **, //
Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
Logical: and, or, not
Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.
5. Control Flow
Conditional statements: if, elif, else
Loops: for, while
Loop control: break, continue, pass
6. Functions
Defined using the def keyword.
Can have default and keyword arguments.
Supports lambda (anonymous) functions.
7. Data Structures
List: Ordered, mutable, allows duplicates.
Tuple: Ordered, immutable, allows duplicates.
Set: Unordered, mutable, no duplicates.
Dictionary: Key-value pairs, mutable.
8. Object-Oriented Programming
Class is defined using the class keyword.
Supports inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.
Special methods like __init__, __str__, __len__, etc.
9. Modules and Packages
Modules are Python files with .py extension.
Packages are directories with __init__.py file.
Use import keyword to include modules.
10. File Handling
Use open() function to open files (modes: r, w, a, etc.).
Read with read(), readline(), or readlines().
Write with write() or writelines().
Always close files with close() or use with statement.
11. Exception Handling
Use try-except block to handle errors.
Can use else and finally blocks as well.
Raise exceptions using raise keyword.
12. Python Libraries
Common libraries: math, random, datetime, os, sys, re.
Third-party: numpy, pandas, matplotlib, requests, etc.
13. Advanced Topics
List comprehensions and generator expressions.
Decorators and generators.
Working with JSON, APIs, and web scraping.