1906: Simla Deputation 1.

Announced at the Delhi Durbar by

King George V. 1. Allowed arrest without warrant and
1. Muslim delegation met Viceroy Lord 2. Done to appease Hindu protests and detention without trial.
Minto to demand political safeguards. Swadeshi Movement. 2. Meant to suppress revolutionary
2. Key demand: separate electorates for 3. Muslims felt betrayed—strengthened activities.
Muslims to ensure fair representation. their separatist aspirations. 3. Sparked nationwide protests and
3. Aimed to maintain the Partition of 4. East and West Bengal reunited; Satyagraha led by Gandhi.
Bengal and counter Hindu protests. Assam separated. 4. Led to the Amritsar Massacre.
4. Improved Muslim–British relations and
laid groundwork for the Muslim League. --- ---

1906: Formation of All India Muslim 1912: Outbreak of the Balkan Wars 1919: Amritsar Massacre
League (AIML)
1. Wars in Eastern Europe where Britain 1. General Dyer ordered troops to fire on
1. Founded in Dhaka to protect Muslim fought against Muslim Turkey. a peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh.
political and religious rights. 2. Indian Muslims saw it as an 2. About 400 killed, 1200 injured.
2. Response to Hindu dominance in the anti-Muslim step by Britain. 3. Caused massive outrage across India.
Indian National Congress. 3. Increased Muslim distrust of British 4. Strengthened the independence
3. Inspired by the success of the Simla foreign policy. movement.
Deputation. 4. Contributed to later Khilafat
4. Aimed to promote loyalty to the British Movement. ---
while advancing Muslim interests.
--- 1919: Treaty of Versailles
---
1914–18: First World War 1. Imposed harsh terms on Germany and
1908: Press Act Passed dismantled the Ottoman Empire.
1. Britain involved India without 2. Muslim lands were divided among
1. British law to curb anti-government consulting Indian leaders. European powers.
publications. 2. Indian soldiers fought for Britain, 3. Indian Muslims feared for the
2. Government could seize printing expecting political rewards after the war. Caliphate in Turkey.
presses and prosecute editors. 3. War weakened Britain economically 4. Triggered the Khilafat Movement.
3. Aimed to suppress nationalist and and politically.
anti-partition propaganda. 4. Post-war discontent fueled demands ---
4. Part of British crackdown on rising for self-rule.
political dissent. 1919: First & Second Khilafat
--- Conferences
---
1919: Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms / 1. Organized to oppose British policies
1909: Morley-Minto Reforms Government of India Act toward Turkey.
2. Demanded protection of the Ottoman
1. Introduced separate electorates for 1. Introduced dyarchy in Caliphate.
Muslims. provinces—some subjects transferred to 3. Gained Congress support under
2. Enlarged legislative councils with Indian ministers. Gandhi.
limited Indian representation. 2. Expanded voting rights but still limited 4. Marked Hindu–Muslim unity in
3. No real power transfer—councils were to a small elite. anti-British agitation.
advisory. 3. Central government retained key
4. Congress opposed it for encouraging powers like defense and finance. ---
communal divisions. 4. Disappointed both Congress and
Muslim League for inadequate 1920: Treaty of Sevres
--- concessions.
1. Partitioned the Ottoman Empire
1911: Reversal of Partition of Bengal --- among Allied powers.
2. Removed Turkish control over holy
1919: Rowlatt Act Muslim sites.
3. Deepened Indian Muslim resentment ---
toward Britain. 1. Gandhi’s civil disobedience against
4. Fueled the Non-Cooperation 1923: Hindu Mahasabha Founded British salt tax.
Movement. 2. Symbolic march from Sabarmati to
1. Hindu nationalist organization formed. Dandi.
--- 2. Advocated for Hindu Rashtra (Hindu 3. Sparked nationwide protests and
nation). arrests.
1920: Non-Cooperation Movement 3. Deepened communal divide between 4. Pressured British to negotiate.
Hindus and Muslims.
1. Launched by Gandhi in support of 4. Countered by Muslim political ---
Khilafat and self-rule. mobilization.
2. Indians boycotted British goods, 1930: Allahabad Address
schools, courts, and councils. ---
3. Temporarily united Hindus and 1. Allama Iqbal proposed a separate
Muslims. 1927: Delhi Proposals Muslim state in northwest India.
4. Suspended after Chauri-Chaura 2. First clear articulation of the
violence in 1922. 1. Muslim League demanded provincial Two-Nation Theory by a major leader.
status for NWFP and Sindh. 3. Argued Hindus and Muslims were
--- 2. Requested Muslim representation distinct nations.
based on population in Punjab and 4. Inspired the later Pakistan Movement.
1920: Hijrat to Afghanistan Bengal.
3. Offered to give up separate electorates ---
1. Thousands of Muslims migrated to if one-third seats in central legislature
Afghanistan protesting British rule. were reserved for Muslims. 1930–32: Round Table Conferences
2. Afghan government did not welcome 4. Congress rejected the proposals.
them. 1. Three conferences held in London to
3. Migrants returned to find homes and --- discuss India’s constitutional future.
jobs lost. 2. First RTC: Muslim demands accepted,
4. Weakened the Khilafat Movement. 1928: Nehru Report but Congress absent.
3. Second RTC: Gandhi attended but
--- 1. Proposed dominion status for India rejected minority safeguards.
with a unitary government. 4. Third RTC: Congress absent; little
1921: Third Khilafat Conference 2. Rejected separate electorates for achieved; led to 1935 Act.
Muslims.
1. Declared British police and military 3. Suggested Hindi as national language. ---
service unlawful for Muslims. 4. Muslim League rejected it, leading to
2. Urged resignation from government Jinnah’s 14 Points. 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact
posts.
3. Led to mass arrests of leaders. --- 1. Temporary truce between Gandhi and
4. Movement began losing momentum. British government.
1929: Jinnah’s 14 Points 2. Civil disobedience suspended; political
--- prisoners released.
1. Safeguards for Muslim political rights3. Gandhi agreed to attend Second RTC.
1922: Chauri-Chaura Incident in any future constitution. 4. Pact soon collapsed due to lack of
2. Demanded one-third Muslim progress.
1. Protesters set fire to a police station, representation in central legislature.
killing 22 policemen. 3. Called for provincial autonomy and ---
2. Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation separation of Sindh from Bombay.
Movement. 4. Became the basis for Muslim demands 1932: Communal Award
3. Weakened Hindu–Muslim unity and in later negotiations.
Khilafat Movement. 1. British announced separate
4. Many leaders imprisoned; movement --- electorates for Muslims, Sikhs, and
lost direction. others.
1930: Salt March
2. Congress opposed it but could not 4. Led to Congress Rule (1937–39). 4. Rejected by Muslim League for not
prevent it. explicitly promising Pakistan.
3. Poona Pact between Gandhi and ---
Ambedkar reserved seats for Dalits ---
within Hindu electorate. 1937–39: Congress Rule
4. Deepened political divisions along 1942: Quit India Movement
communal lines. 1. Congress ministries introduced
Wardha Scheme, Bande Mataram, and 1. Launched by Gandhi demanding
--- Vidya Mandir. immediate British withdrawal.
2. Muslims felt culturally and religiously 2. British arrested Congress leaders;
1933: “Now or Never” by Rahmat Ali threatened. Muslim League did not participate.
3. Muslim League reorganized under 3. Jinnah called it “blackmail” and used
1. Pamphlet coined the name “Pakistan”. Jinnah. the opportunity to strengthen Muslim
2. Argued for a separate Muslim 4. Ended with Congress resignation over League.
homeland. WWII, leading to Day of Deliverance in 4. Movement crushed by British but
3. Initially ignored by mainstream Muslim 1939. weakened their legitimacy.
leadership.
4. Later became central to the Pakistan --- ---
Movement.
1939: Outbreak of WWII 1944: Gandhi–Jinnah Talks
---
1. Britain declared war for India without 1. Attempt to resolve Hindu–Muslim
1934: White Paper Bill consulting Indian leaders. political deadlock.
2. Congress ministries resigned in 2. Gandhi rejected Two-Nation Theory;
1. British government’s proposal for protest. Jinnah insisted on Pakistan.
constitutional reforms. 3. Muslim League celebrated Day of 3. Talks failed; no agreement reached.
2. Basis for the Government of India Act Deliverance. 4. Showed irreconcilable differences
1935. 4. Political vacuum used by Muslim between Congress and Muslim League.
3. Discussed federal structure and League to gain support.
provincial autonomy. ---
4. Criticized by both Congress and ---
Muslim League. 1945: Simla Conference
1940: Pakistan Resolution
--- 1. Viceroy Wavell proposed interim
1. Passed at Lahore session of Muslim government with equal Congress and
1935: Government of India Act League. Muslim League representation.
2. Demanded independent states for 2. Deadlock over Muslim League’s right
1. Introduced provincial autonomy and Muslims in northwest and northeast to nominate all Muslim members.
federal structure. India. 3. Conference failed; no agreement.
2. Separate electorates retained. 3. Formalized the Two-Nation Theory. 4. Cleared path for partition.
3. Limited franchise—only 25% of 4. Marked the start of the Pakistan
Indians could vote. Movement. ---
4. Rejected by Congress and Muslim
League for retaining British control. --- 1945: Elections

--- 1942: Cripps Mission 1. Muslim League won 90% of Muslim

seats in central assembly.
1937: Elections 1. British offer of dominion status after 2. Proved Muslim League as sole
war. representative of Muslims.
1. Congress won majority in 8 provinces; 2. Allowed provinces to opt out of Indian 3. Congress won majority of general
Muslim League performed poorly. Union. seats.
2. Congress refused to share power with 3. Rejected by Congress for being too 4. Mandate for Pakistan strengthened.
Muslim League. little, too late.
3. Muslim alienation increased. ---
1946: Cabinet Mission Plan

1. Proposed a three-tier federal structure

with grouped provinces.
2. Rejected by Congress and Muslim
League for different reasons.
3. Plan collapsed; direct confrontation
followed.
4. Led to Direct Action Day in August
1946.

---

1946: Direct Action Day

1. Muslim League called for protests to

demand Pakistan.
2. Led to communal riots in Calcutta;
thousands killed.
3. Convinced British that partition was
inevitable.
4. Hastened British decision to leave
India.

---

1947: 3rd June Plan

1. Announced by Lord Mountbatten.

2. Proposed partition of India into India
and Pakistan.
3. Princely states given choice to join
either dominion.
4. Accepted by Congress and Muslim
League.

---

1947: Independence & Partition

1. August 14, 1947: Pakistan created.

2. August 15, 1947: India became
independent.
3. Mass migration and violence followed.
4. End of British rule; start of two nation