Johar Public

School
Baraut (Baghpat)

Practical
File
On
Information
Technology
Submitted to: Submitted
by:
Mrs. Poonam Saayan Ali
Class 10th
 Roll
No.:1030

Subject: Information

Technology (402)

Session: 2024-25
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my

Information Technology teacher, Mrs., for her invaluable
guidance and support throughout the completion of this
practical file. Her dedication and insights have been
instrumental in shaping this work.

I am also sincerely grateful to our Principal Ma’am for her

unwavering support and encouragement, which provided me
with the motivation and resources to excel in this project.

Lastly, I extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and friends

for their constant encouragement and understanding during
this journey.
 Index
Teac
Sr Page her’s
Topic
No. no. signa
ture
Magnetic Effect of
Electric Current
1-
Magnetic Field and

1. Magnetic Field Lines

3
3-5
Magnetic Field Due

2. to
Electric Current

5-8
Force on a Current-

3. Carrying Conductor in a
Magnetic Field

4.
Electromagnetic
Induction 8-
11
Electric 11-
5. Motor 15
6.
7.
Topic 1: Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Lines

A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet or a current-

carrying conductor in which its magnetic influence can be

experienced. When a small magnetic needle or iron filings are

brought near a magnet, they get affected due to the presence of this

magnetic field. This clearly proves that a magnet produces a magnetic

field around it even when it is not in contact with other objects. The

magnetic field is strongest near the poles of the magnet and becomes

weaker as the distance from the magnet increases. Since a magnetic

field has both magnitude and direction, it is considered a vector

quantity.

To represent a magnetic field in a simple and understandable way, we

use magnetic field lines. Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines

which are drawn to show the pattern, direction, and relative strength

of a magnetic field. These lines are not real, but they help us visualize

how the magnetic field behaves around a magnet. When iron filings

are sprinkled on a paper placed over a bar magnet, the filings arrange
themselves in curved patterns. These patterns give a clear idea of the

magnetic field lines.

The direction of magnetic field lines is taken as the direction in

which a north pole of a magnetic compass would move. Outside

the magnet, the magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and

enter the south pole. Inside the magnet, the direction of magnetic

field lines is from south to north. Thus, magnetic field lines always

form continuous closed loops, showing that magnetic monopoles do

not exist independently.

Magnetic field lines follow certain important properties. They never

intersect each other, because if they did, it would indicate two

different directions of the magnetic field at the same point, which is

not possible. The density of magnetic field lines indicates the

strength of the magnetic field. Where the field lines are closer

together, the magnetic field is strong, and where they are farther

apart, the field is weak. This is why magnetic field lines are most

crowded near the poles of a magnet, indicating maximum field

strength at the poles.

The concept of a uniform magnetic field is also important. A

magnetic field is said to be uniform when the magnetic field lines are

parallel, straight, and equally spaced. In a uniform magnetic field,

the strength and direction of the magnetic field remain the same at

every point. Such a field is usually obtained between the pole pieces of
a powerful magnet. Uniform magnetic fields are useful in many

practical applications and experiments.

The strength of a magnetic field depends on various factors such

as the distance from the source of the magnetic field, the

nature and shape of the magnet, and the medium surrounding it.

As we move away from the magnet, the magnetic field gradually

weakens. This explains why the effect of a magnet is strong only

within a limited region.

Understanding magnetic fields and magnetic field lines is very

important because they form the foundation of the magnetic

effect of electric current. The same concept of magnetic field lines

is later used to explain how electric current produces magnetic fields

and how electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy in

devices like electric motors.

Topic 2: Magnetic Field Due to Electric Current

The discovery that electric current produces a magnetic field was

a major breakthrough in science. This was first demonstrated by Hans

Christian Oersted in 1820. He observed that when an electric

current flows through a straight conductor, a magnetic compass

needle placed nearby gets deflected. This experiment clearly proved

that a current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it.

This phenomenon is known as the magnetic effect of electric

current.

When current flows through a straight current-carrying conductor,

a magnetic field is produced around it in the form of concentric

circular magnetic field lines. These circles lie in planes

perpendicular to the conductor. The conductor acts as the center of

these circular field lines. The magnetic field is strongest near the

conductor and decreases as the distance from the conductor

increases. This can be understood from the fact that the field lines are

closely spaced near the wire and become farther apart as we move

away.

The direction of the magnetic field around a straight conductor is

given by the Right-Hand Thumb Rule. According to this rule, if the

conductor is held in the right hand such that the thumb points in the

direction of the current, then the curled fingers indicate the direction

of the magnetic field lines. If the direction of current is reversed, the

direction of the magnetic field also reverses. This shows that the

magnetic field produced depends directly on the direction of current.

In a circular current-carrying loop, the magnetic field at different

points combines to produce a stronger magnetic field at the center of

the loop. Each small segment of the loop produces a magnetic field,

and all these magnetic fields add together at the center. The magnetic

field lines near the wire are circular, but near the center of the loop
they become almost straight and parallel. This indicates that the

magnetic field at the center of a circular loop is nearly uniform. The

strength of the magnetic field produced by a circular loop increases

with an increase in current, increase in the number of turns of the

loop, and decrease in the radius of the loop.

A solenoid is a long cylindrical coil consisting of a large number of

closely wound circular turns of insulated copper wire. When an electric

current flows through a solenoid, it produces a magnetic field that is

very similar to that of a bar magnet. One end of the solenoid behaves

like a north pole and the other end behaves like a south pole. The

magnetic field lines inside the solenoid are straight, parallel, and

closely spaced, which shows that the magnetic field inside a solenoid

is strong and uniform. Outside the solenoid, the magnetic field lines

are widely spaced, indicating a weak magnetic field.

The magnetic field produced by a solenoid depends on the number of

turns per unit length, the current flowing through it, and the

nature of the core material. When a soft iron core is placed inside

the solenoid, the magnetic field becomes much stronger. This

arrangement forms an electromagnet. Electromagnets are widely

used because their magnetic strength can be controlled by changing

the current. Unlike permanent magnets, electromagnets can be

switched on and off as required.

The concept of magnetic field due to electric current has many

practical applications. It is used in devices such as electric bells,

electric relays, loudspeakers, motors, and generators. The

understanding of how current produces magnetism is essential for

explaining how electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy

and vice versa.

Topic 3: Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic

Field

The force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a

magnetic field is one of the clearest demonstrations of the interaction

between electricity and magnetism. This phenomenon confirms

that an electric current not only produces a magnetic field but also

reacts to an external magnetic field. This interaction results in a

mechanical force, which can produce motion. This effect is the

backbone of all electrical machines that involve rotation or movement.

When an electric current flows through a conductor, moving electric

charges are produced inside it. A magnetic field always exerts a force

on moving charges. Therefore, when a current-carrying conductor is

placed in a magnetic field, the charges inside the conductor

experience a force. Since these charges are confined inside the

conductor, the entire conductor experiences a force and starts

moving.
This effect is best understood by a controlled laboratory experiment. A

straight conductor is placed between the poles of a strong horseshoe

magnet in such a way that the conductor is perpendicular to the

magnetic field. The conductor is free to move. When current is

switched on, the conductor immediately gets displaced. If the direction

of current is reversed, the direction of displacement also reverses. If

the direction of the magnetic field is reversed by interchanging the

poles of the magnet, the direction of motion again reverses. These

repeated observations confirm that the force depends on both the

direction of current and the direction of the magnetic field.

The magnitude of force acting on a current-carrying conductor is

given by the relation:

Force ∝ Magnetic field strength × Current × Length of

conductor

This means that:

 A stronger magnetic field produces a greater force

 A higher current produces a greater force

 A longer conductor inside the magnetic field experiences more

force

If the conductor is placed parallel to the magnetic field, the force

acting on it becomes zero because the magnetic field cannot push the

charges sideways. The force is maximum when the conductor is

perpendicular to the magnetic field. This is why, in electric motors,

conductors are always arranged at right angles to the magnetic field.

The reason for the force can be explained using magnetic field line

interaction. The magnetic field produced by the current-carrying

conductor interacts with the external magnetic field. On one side of

the conductor, both magnetic fields act in the same direction, making

the field stronger. On the other side, the fields act in opposite

directions, making the field weaker. This unequal strength of magnetic

field on the two sides of the conductor creates an unbalanced force,

which pushes the conductor towards the weaker field region. This

imbalance results in motion.

To easily determine the direction of force, Fleming’s Left-Hand

Rule is used. According to this rule, when the thumb, forefinger, and

middle finger of the left hand are stretched mutually perpendicular to

each other, the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field,

the middle finger indicates the direction of current, and the thumb

gives the direction of force or motion of the conductor. This rule

provides a simple visual method to predict motion without complex

calculations.

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule is extremely important in practical

applications. It is used in understanding the working of electric motors,

cranes, and other electromechanical devices. The rule is valid only

when the conductor is placed in a magnetic field and carries current.

The concept of force on a current-carrying conductor has wide

applications in daily life. Electric motors convert electrical energy into

mechanical energy using this principle. Electric fans rotate due to this

force. Lifts, mixers, washing machines, water pumps, electric vehicles,

and industrial machines all depend on this effect. Without this force,

electricity would only produce heat and light, not motion.

This topic forms a strong conceptual bridge between simple magnetic

effects and advanced electrical machines. It prepares the foundation

for understanding the construction, principle, and working of an

electric motor, where continuous rotation is achieved by repeatedly

reversing the direction of current.

Topic 4: Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of producing electric

current in a conductor by changing the magnetic field around

it. This important concept was discovered by Michael Faraday. It

shows that just as electric current can produce magnetism, magnetism

can also be used to produce electricity. This discovery laid the

foundation of modern power generation.

In electromagnetic induction, no battery is required to produce

current. The current is produced due to the motion of a magnet or

conductor, or due to a change in magnetic field. The current produced

in this way is called induced current, and the voltage produced is

called induced electromotive force (emf).

When a conductor is placed in a magnetic field and remains stationary,

no current is induced, even though the magnetic field is present.

This clearly shows that the presence of a magnetic field alone is not

enough. There must be a change in magnetic field or relative

motion between the conductor and the magnet for

electromagnetic induction to take place.

The idea of electromagnetic induction can be understood using a

simple experiment. When a bar magnet is moved towards a coil of

wire connected to a galvanometer, the galvanometer shows a

deflection, indicating the flow of induced current. When the magnet is

moved away from the coil, the galvanometer again shows a deflection,

but in the opposite direction, which means the direction of induced

current has changed. When the magnet is kept stationary inside or

near the coil, the galvanometer shows no deflection, proving that

motion or change is necessary to induce current.

The induced current is produced due to the change in magnetic flux

linked with the coil. Magnetic flux refers to the number of magnetic

field lines passing through the area of the coil. When the magnet

moves closer to the coil, the number of magnetic field lines through

the coil increases. When the magnet moves away, the number of field
lines decreases. This change in magnetic flux is the real cause of

induced current.

The magnitude of induced current depends on how fast the magnetic

field changes. If the magnet is moved slowly, a small current is

induced. If the magnet is moved faster, a larger current is induced.

This shows that greater the rate of change of magnetic field,

greater is the induced current.

The direction of induced current depends on:

 The direction of motion of the magnet or conductor

 The direction of the magnetic field

If either of these is reversed, the direction of induced current also

reverses. This shows that induced current always follows definite rules

and is not random.

To find the direction of induced current, Fleming’s Right-Hand

Rule is used. According to this rule, the thumb, forefinger, and middle

finger of the right hand are stretched perpendicular to each other.

The forefinger shows the direction of the magnetic field, the thumb

shows the direction of motion of the conductor, and the middle finger

gives the direction of induced current. This rule is mainly used in

electric generators, where electricity is produced using

electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic induction has great practical importance. It is the

basic principle behind electric generators, where mechanical energy

is converted into electrical energy. It is also used in transformers,

which increase or decrease the voltage of alternating current. Devices

like induction cooktops, electric bells, microphones, and

wireless charging systems also work on the principle of

electromagnetic induction.

One of the biggest advantages of electromagnetic induction is that

electricity can be produced without direct contact between the

magnet and the conductor. This makes power generation efficient,

safe, and suitable for large-scale production of electricity.

Thus, electromagnetic induction is a very important concept that

connects electricity and magnetism and plays a key role in modern

electrical technology. It completes the understanding of how magnetic

fields and electric currents are closely related.

Topic 5: Electric Motor

An electric motor is an electrical device that converts electrical

energy into mechanical energy. Electric motors are widely used in

our daily life in appliances such as electric fans, mixers, washing

machines, water pumps, coolers, and electric vehicles. The working of

an electric motor is based on the interaction between electric

current and magnetic field.

Principle of Electric Motor

The electric motor works on the principle that a current-carrying

conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. When

a rectangular coil carrying current is placed between the poles of a

magnet, forces act on the two sides of the coil in opposite directions.

These forces cause the coil to rotate. The direction of force acting on

the conductor is given by Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule.

Thus, the basic principle of an electric motor is the conversion of

electrical energy into mechanical energy due to the force

acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

Construction of Electric Motor

A simple electric motor consists of the following main parts:

1. Rectangular Coil (Armature):

The rectangular coil is made of insulated copper wire wound around a

soft iron core. The coil is placed between the north and south poles of

a strong magnet. The soft iron core helps in strengthening the

magnetic field and increasing the efficiency of the motor.

2. Magnet:

A strong permanent magnet or electromagnet is used to provide a

uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field is necessary for the

interaction with the current-carrying coil.

3. Split-Ring Commutator:

The split-ring commutator consists of two semicircular copper rings

attached to the ends of the coil. It plays a very important role in the

working of the motor. The commutator reverses the direction of

current in the coil after every half rotation, which helps the coil to

rotate continuously in the same direction.

4. Carbon Brushes:

Carbon brushes are used to maintain electrical contact between the

rotating split rings and the external circuit. They allow current to flow

into the coil without restricting its rotation.

5. Battery (DC Source):

A battery or DC power supply is used to provide electric current to the

motor.

Working of Electric Motor

When the battery is switched on, electric current flows through the

rectangular coil. The coil is placed in a magnetic field between the

poles of the magnet. According to Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, the two

sides of the coil experience force in opposite directions. One side of

the coil is pushed upward, while the other side is pushed downward.

Due to these opposite forces, the coil starts rotating.

After half a rotation, the split-ring commutator comes into action. It

reverses the direction of current flowing through the coil. As a result,

the direction of force on each side of the coil also reverses. However,

the coil continues to rotate in the same direction. This process

repeats continuously, and the coil keeps rotating as long as current

flows through it.

Thus, continuous rotation of the coil is obtained, and electrical energy

is converted into mechanical energy.

Role of Split-Ring Commutator

The split-ring commutator is an essential part of an electric motor. Its

main function is to reverse the direction of current in the coil after

every half rotation. Without the commutator, the coil would rotate only

half a turn and then stop. Therefore, the commutator ensures

continuous rotation of the motor.

Applications of Electric Motor

Electric motors are used in many devices and machines such as:

 Electric fans

 Mixers and grinders

 Washing machines

 Water pumps

 Electric vehicles

 Refrigerators and air conditioners

 The use of electric motors has made daily life easier by saving

time and effort

Conclusion

An electric motor is a very important device that converts electrical

energy into mechanical energy using the magnetic effect of electric

current. It works on the principle of force acting on a current-carrying

conductor in a magnetic field. The electric motor is a practical

application of electromagnetism and plays a vital role in modern

technology and everyday life.