Formative Assignment 2

𝐮 𝐲
1- For laminar flow, the linear profile of the boundary layer, = 𝛈, where 𝛈 =
𝐔 𝛅
compute:
a. The constants a and b.
b. The displacement thickness (δ∗ ) in terms of δ.
c. The momentum thickness (Θ) in terms of δ.
d. The boundary layer thickness (δ) in terms of x.

δ
u
δ∗ = ∫ (1 − ) dy
U
0

y dy
η = , then dη =
δ δ
1

δ∗ = δ ∫(1 − η)dη
0

∗
1 21
δ = δ [η − η ]
2 0

𝟏
𝛅∗ = 𝛅
𝟐
δ
u u
Θ = ∫ (1 − ) dy
U U
0
1

Θ = δ ∫ η(1 − η)dη
0
1
2 )dη
1 2 1 31
Θ = δ ∫(η − η = δ[ η − η ]
2 3 0
0

𝟏
𝚯= 𝛅
𝟔
The wall shear stress:
du μU
τw = μ | =
dy y=0 δ
From Von-Karman equation:
dΘ μU
τw = ρU 2 =
dx δ

1 dδ μU
τw = ρU 2 =
6 dx δ

6μ
δdδ = dx
ρU
δ2 6μx
= + constant
2 ρU
At x = 0, δ = 0, therefore the constant equals zero

δ 12μ
=√
x ρUx

𝛅 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔
=
𝐱 √𝐑𝐞𝐱

2- Oil with a density of 800

kg/m3 flows from a C
30 m
pressurized tank through a po
A
pipeline to a delivery point
(D) where the pressure is
atmospheric. The pipeline
is ascending uphill, and it B
D
acts as a siphon, as shown
in the figure. The length of
the pipeline from (B) to
(C) is 500 m, and 1 km from (C) to (D). The diameter of the pipeline is 1m, and
the friction factor is 0.02. If the pressure inside the tank (po) is 3 bar (g), and the
vapor pressure of the oil is 30 kPa vacuum. Neglect the minor losses in the
pipeline.
a. Sketch the E.G.L and H.G.L.
b. What is the maximum discharge at the delivery point (D) to maintain
cavitation-free operation?
c. What pressure (po) is required to double the discharge at the delivery point (D)
without cavitation?

𝑝𝑜 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑣 8𝑄 2 8𝑓𝐿𝑄2
+ 0 + 70 = + 2 4 + 100 + 2 5
𝛾 𝛾 𝜋 𝑔𝑑 𝜋 𝑔𝑑

300000 −30000 8 ∗ 𝑄2 8 ∗ 0.02 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝑄2

+0+0= + 2 + 30 +
800 ∗ 9.81 800 ∗ 9.81 𝜋 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 14 𝜋 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 15

𝑄 = 3.63 𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑝𝑜 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑣 8𝑄 2 8𝑓𝐿𝑄2
+ 0 + 70 = + 2 4 + 100 + 2 5
𝛾 𝛾 𝜋 𝑔𝑑 𝜋 𝑔𝑑

𝑝𝑜 −30000 8 ∗ 7.262 8 ∗ 0.02 ∗ 500 ∗ 7.262

+0+0= + 2 + 30 +
800 ∗ 9.81 800 ∗ 9.81 𝜋 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 14 𝜋 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 15

𝑝𝑜 = 581.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎

3. A water pump station consists of two identical pumps. The single pump
characteristic is defined as 𝐇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 𝐐𝟐 , where Q is the discharge in m3/s.
The pump station is
located in a system
shown in the figure. If
the pipe length is 1 km 20 m
with a diameter of 50
cm. Take the friction Pump
factor as 0.01. neglect station
any minor losses in the
pipe.
 a- If the two pumps are connected in series, define the operating point of the
two pumps
b- If the two pumps are connected in parallel, define the operating point of the
two pumps

8𝑄2 8𝑓𝐿𝑄2
0 + 0 + 20 + 𝐻𝑠 = 0 + 2 4 + 0 + 2 5
𝜋 𝑔𝑑 𝜋 𝑔𝑑

8 ∗ 𝑄2 8 ∗ 0.01 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝑄2
𝐻𝑠 = −20 + +
𝜋 2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 0.54 𝜋 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.55

𝐻𝑠 = −20 + 27.8 𝑄2
For series connection:

𝐻𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = −20 + 27.8𝑄2 = 200 − 100𝑄2

𝑄 = 1.3𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 13.9 𝑚

For parallel connection:

2
𝑄 2
𝐻𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = −20 + 27.8𝑄 = 100 − 50 ( )
2
𝑄𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 0.86 𝑚3 /𝑠

𝐻 = 62.8 𝑚
4. A sheet of metal is required to be
painted in an automated process. The
sheet is moving upwards with a Paint stream
velocity (Uo), and an inclination angle
of 30 degrees with the horizontal. h
g
Meanwhile, the paint is poured
Wall
automatically from a tank and moves Metal sheet
downwards by gravity on the surface
of the moving sheet. The paint is
restricted to move in a gap of height Uo
(h) between the moving sheet and an 30o Y
upper cover (wall). At some point, the
paint is moving on the surface with X
fully-developed flow conditions (unidirectional). Take the origin of the
coordinate system on the surface of the moving sheet as shown. For the
unidirectional fluid flow:
a. Derive an expression for the velocity profile.
b. Determine the volumetric flow rate per unit width of the metal sheet.
c. Determine the average flow velocity of the paint stream.
d. What is the position at which the flow velocity is maximum?
e. What is the velocity of the metal sheet that would produce a zero net flow
rate?
The density of the paint is 𝛒, its viscosity is 𝛍, and g is the gravitational
acceleration
The linear momentum for a Newtonian and incompressible fluid in x-direction:
𝛛𝐩 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮
𝛒𝐠 𝐱 − + 𝛍( 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) = 𝛒( + 𝐮 +𝐯 +𝐰 )
𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛 𝐳 𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐳

With steady, fully developed and laminar flow with zero pressure gradient:
∂2 u
ρg ∗ sin30 + μ ( 2 ) = 0
∂y

∂2 u ρg
2
= −0.5 ∗
∂y μ
du ρg
= −0.5 ∗ ( ) y + C1
dy μ
 ρg 2
u = −( ) y + C1 y + C2
4μ
Boundary conditions (BCs):
At y = 0, u = −Uo , C2 = −Uo
ρg 1 ρgh2
At y = h, u = 0 = − ( ) (h2 ) + C1 ∗ h − Uo , ∴ C1 = ( + Uo )
4μ h 4μ

𝛒𝐠 𝟐 𝟏 𝛒𝐠𝐡𝟐
𝐮 = −( )𝐲 + ( + 𝐔𝐨 ) 𝐲 − 𝐔𝐨
𝟒𝛍 𝐡 𝟒𝛍
𝛒𝐠 𝐲
𝐮=( ) (𝐲𝐡 − 𝐲 𝟐 ) − (𝟏 − ) 𝐔𝐨
𝟒𝛍 𝐡
h h
ρg 2 1 ρgh2
Q = ∫ u. dy (per unit width) = ∫ [− ( ) y + ( + Uo ) y − Uo ] dy
4μ h 4μ
0 0
h
ρg 1 ρgh2
Q = [− ( ) y3 + ( + Uo ) y 2 − Uo y]
12μ 2h 4μ 0

ρgh3 1 ρgh2
Q = (− + ( + Uo ) h2 − Uo h)
12μ 2h 4μ

𝛒𝐠𝐡𝟑 𝐔𝐨 𝐡
𝐐= −
𝟐𝟒𝛍 𝟐
The average velocity will be:
ρgh3 Uo h
Q = hUavg = −
24μ 2
𝛒𝐠𝐡𝟐 𝐔𝐨
𝐔𝐚𝐯𝐠 = −
𝟐𝟒𝛍 𝟐
The location at which the velocity is maximum (y ∗ )
du ρg 1 ρgh2
= −0.5 ∗ ( ) y ∗ + ( + Uo ) = 0
dy μ h 4μ
𝐡 𝟐𝛍𝐔𝐨
𝐲∗ = +
𝟐 𝛒𝐠𝐡
ρgh3 Uo∗ h
Q= − =0
24μ 2
 𝛒𝐠𝐡𝟐
𝐔𝐨∗ =
𝟏𝟐𝛍