CONSTRUCTION
SCHEDULING
Engr. NICO E. FUNA
Engineer III
Bureau of Construction
1
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OUTLINE
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• LEGAL BASIS
• INTRODUCTION
• CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TECHNIQUES
• Defining Activities
• Sequencing Activities
• Estimating Activity Durations
• Assigning Resources
• CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING TOOLS
• Network Diagrams
• Bar Chart
• Cash Flow
• S-Curve
• Resource Charts
• CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE REVISION
• FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 2
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
SCHEDULE
A plan of procedure for a proposed objective,
characterized by sequence and duration of activities
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
The arrangement of construction work activities required
by construction logics and sequence
CONSTRUCTION LOGIC
It is an acceptable line of reasoning in construction
purview
SEQUENCE
It is the order of preference or occurrence of work
Department of activities
Public Works for a proposed
and Highways objective
– Bureau of Construction 3
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PERT/CPM AND PDM NETWORK DIAGRAMS
This will show work activities in accomplishing a project
or a project component. Likewise, would show the
critical path which is the basis of contract time/duration
estimate, a useful guide/ tool in the project site as it
shows job sequence, significant events and predictions
BAR CHART
Uses time lines and other symbols to illustrate scheduled
completion of a project, e.g. bars drawn horizontally and
parallel to the timeline representing project activities, the
completed portions are usually shaded/darkened, to
depict item completion
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 6
DEFINITION OF TERMS
S-CURVE
Means schedule curve established by jointing the
cumulative monthly accomplishment derived from the bar
chart scheduled accomplishments on each work pay item
represented by bars drawn parallel to the timeline
CASH FLOW
Cash flow is predicted/projected/correlated from
cumulative monthly target accomplishment in percent
along the duration of the project. Inflow and outflow of
cash maybe developed below the Bar Chart presentation
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
MANPOWER DEPLOYMENT SCHEDULE
It is a tabulation of the number, category and
classification of workmen which are necessary in each
month of the contract duration.
EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION SCHEDULE
It is a tabulation of the number of units, capacity and
type of equipment which are required in each month of
contract duration
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 8
LEGAL BASIS
Revised IRR of RA 9184
Annex “A” – Detailed Engineering for the Procurement of
Infrastructure Projects
“Program of Work - …The program of work shall include, among
other things, estimates of the work, items, quantities and costs
and a PERT/CPM network of the project activities…”
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LEGAL BASIS
Revised IRR of RA 9184
Rule XI – Award, Implementation and Termination of the
Contract
37.2.3 The following documents shall form part of the
contract:
“Other contract documents that may be required by existing laws
and/or the procuring Entity concerned in the Bidding Documents,
such as the construction schedule and S-Curve, manpower
schedule, construction methods, equipment utilization
schedule, construction safety and health program approved by
the DOLE, and PERT/CPM or other acceptable tools of
project scheduling for infrastructure projects.”
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 10
LEGAL BASIS
Department Order No. 133, series of 2015
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 11
INTRODUCTION
WHAT? WHERE?
PERT/CPM Network Diagram* Microsoft Excel
PDM Network Diagram AutoCAD
Bar Chart w/ S-Curve MS Project*
Manpower Deployment Schedule
Equipment Utilization Schedule
WHO?
WHEN? During Procurement –
Implementing Office
During Procurement Prior to Contract Award –
Prior to Contract Award Contractor to be evaluated
by the Implementing Office
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INTRODUCTION
USES AND IMPORTANCE
• Determination of Construction Duration*
• Customization
• Monitoring of Accomplishments
• Decision Making
• Investigations (Delays, Failures, For Future Reference, etc.)
• Time Extension and Price Escalation
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 13
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TECHNIQUES
DEFINING ACTIVITIES
Activities are considered the building blocks of a
construction schedule. An activity is a distinct, scheduled
portion of work performed during the course of the
project.
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TECHNIQUES
SEQUENCING ACTIVITIES
Activities must be arranged in a manner where
construction logic is satisfied. As in defining activities,
construction methodologies and standard specifications
adopted by this Department shall be the basis in
determining the logical order in which activities can be
accomplished.
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TECHNIQUES
SEQUENCING ACTIVITIES
Predecessor - an activity that logically comes before a
dependent activity in a construction schedule
Successor - a dependent activity that logically comes
after another activity in a construction schedule
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TECHNIQUES
ESTIMATING ACTIVITY DURATIONS
Duration - the total number of work periods required to
complete a schedule activity, usually expressed in
Calendar Days
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TECHNIQUES
ASSIGNING ACTIVITY RESOURCES
Resources – include manpower, equipment, space, and
other things that are needed to accomplish a particular
activity.
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS
PERT/CPM – Program Evaluation Review Technique /
Critical Path Method are a combined project scheduling
tool that uses a network diagram to visualize the
project timeline and the sequence of activities, including
dependencies, that must be done for the project
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PERT/CPM
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 20
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PERT/CPM
Critical Path – the sequence of activities that represents
the longest path through the project, which determines
the shortest possible duration
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PERT/CPM
Early Start – the earliest possible point in time on which
uncompleted portions of a schedule activity can start,
based upon the schedule network logic, the data date,
and any schedule constraints
Early Finish – the earliest possible point in time on
which uncompleted portions of a schedule activity can
finish, based upon the schedule network logic, the data
date, and any schedule constraints
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PERT/CPM
Late Start – the latest possible point in time in which
uncompleted portions of a schedule activity can start,
based upon the schedule network logic, the project
completion date, and any schedule constraints
Late Finish – the latest possible point in time in which
uncompleted portions of a schedule activity can finish,
based upon the schedule network logic, the project
completion date, and any schedule constraints
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PERT/CPM
Dummy – a simulated activity of sorts, one that is of a
zero duration and is created for the sole purpose of
demonstrating a specific relationship and path of action
on the activity network diagram
Float – the amount of time a scheduled activity may
either be delayed or extended from its early start date
without delaying the project finish date
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM
PDM – Precedence Diagram Method is a tool that shows
the activity network as much as how the PERT and CPM
display the durations and sequence of each individual
activity.
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM
Finish-to-Start – a logical relationship in which a
successor activity cannot start until a predecessor activity
has finished
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 28
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM
Finish-to-Finish – a logical relationship in which a
successor activity cannot finish until a predecessor activity
has finished
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM
Start-to-Start – a logical relationship in which a
successor activity cannot start until a predecessor activity
has started
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM
Start-to-Finish – a logical relationship in which a
successor activity cannot finish until a predecessor activity
has started
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM
Lead – the amount of time whereby a successor activity
can be advanced with respect to a predecessor activity
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 32
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM (Lead)
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM
Lag – the amount of time whereby a successor activity is
required to be delayed with respect to a predecessor
activity
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – PDM (Lag)
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 35
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – DEPENDENCIES
Dependencies may be characterized by many attributes. Some
may include the following: Physical Limitations, Preferred Logic,
and other External Factors.
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 36
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – Symbols (Nodes)
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 38
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS – Symbols (Arrows)
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 39
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS
Forward Pass – a critical path method technique for
calculating the early start and early finish dates by
working forward through the schedule model from the
project start.
Early Start + Duration = Early Finish
**Early Finish (PA) + Lead/Lag* = Early Start (SA)
*Not considered in PERT/CPM
**For F-S
Department of relationship
Public Works only
and Highways – Bureau of Construction 40
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS
Backward Pass – a critical path method technique for
calculating the late start and late finish dates by working
backward through the schedule model from the project
end date.
Late Finish – Duration = Late Start
**Late Start(SA) – Lead/Lag* = Late Finish(PA)
*Not considered in PERT/CPM
**For F-S
Department of relationship
Public Works only
and Highways – Bureau of Construction 41
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
NETWORK DIAGRAMS
Float – the amount of time a scheduled activity may either be
delayed or extended from its early start date without delaying
the project finish date
Float = Late Start – Early Start
or
Float = Late Finish – Early Finish
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 42
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
BAR CHART
A simple visual diagram that represents each activity in
the form of horizontal bars which are laid out in a time
scaled chart. The completed portions are usually
shaded/darkened, to depict activity completion
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 43
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
CASH FLOW
The cash flow displays the physical and financial
scheduled accomplishments of the project. The Cash Flow
is derived from the Bar Chart where weighted physical
accomplishments of individual activities are tallied per
period of time, usually in months
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 45
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
S-CURVE
The S-Curve is a graphical representation of the
cumulative accomplishments of all activities within a
project displayed over time. It is drafted with the
cumulative accomplishment set in the y-axis while the x-
axis remains as the duration of the project
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
Cumulative Percent Accomplishment
Duration
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
RESOURCE CHARTS
It is a tabulation of the number, classification and
description of resources such as manpower and
equipment which are necessary to perform the scheduled
activities in each month of the contract duration.
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 53
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
MANPOWER DEPLOYMENT SCHEDULE
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 54
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING
TOOLS
EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION SCHEDULE
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 55
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
REVISION
COMMON REASONS FOR REVISION
• Work suspensions, whether partial or total, which affected the
critical path of the project.
• Variation order (Change or Extra Work Order) with/without
additional contract time.
• Lawful instructions of the Head of Implementing Office.
• Change in plans/ schemes.
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
REVISION
• DETERMINE THE REASON FOR REVISION
• IDENTIFY CHANGES CAUSED BY REVISION
• UPDATE THE CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULES
• REVISE ALL REMAINING WORKS
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
REVISION
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
REVISION
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FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 60
THANK YOU!
Engr. NICO E. FUNA
Department of Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Construction 62
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