2 Complex Numbers

√ √
1. (a) (3 − −9)(2
√ + −4) √ √
We know that −9 = 3i and −4 = 2i, where i = −1.
= (3 − 3i)(2 + 2i).
= (3 − 3i)(2 + 2i)
= 3 · 2 + 3 · 2i − 3i · 2 − 3i · 2i.
= 6 + 6i − 6i − 6i2.
Since i2 = −1, we have:
−6i2 = −6(−1) = 6.
6 + 6i − 6i + 6 = 6 + 6 = 12.
= 12.
(b) i3 + i13

The powers of i cycle as follows:

i1 = i, i2 = −1, i3 = i.i2 = i.(−1) = −i, i4 = (i2)2 = (−1)2 = 1.
Now substitute into the original expression:
1 1
i3 + 3 = −i +
i −i
−i2 − 1
=
i
1−1
i
=0
2. Three complex numbers:
Z1 = a + ib, Z2 = c + id, Z3 = e + if
(a) Prove that Z1Z2 = Z2Z1

Z1Z2 = (a + ib)(c + id).

Z1Z2 = ac + iad + ibc + i2bd.

28
Since i2 = −1:
Z1Z2 = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc).

Similarly, for Z2Z1 = (c + id)(a + ib), we expand:

Z2Z1 = ca + icb + ida + i2db.

Z2Z1 = (ca − db) + i(cb + da).

∴ Z1Z2 = Z2Z1.

(b) Prove that (Z1Z2)Z3 = Z1(Z2Z3)

Let’s first compute (Z1Z2)Z3:

Z1Z2 = (a + ib)(c + id) = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc)

Now, multiply this result by Z3 = e + if :

(Z1Z2)Z3 = [(ac − bd) + i(ad + bc)](e + if )

Expanding:

(Z1Z2)Z3 = (ac − bd)(e + if ) + i(ad + bc)(e + if )

This expands to:

(Z1Z2)Z3 = (ac − bd)e + i(ac − bd)f + i(ad + bc)e − (ad + bc)f

= [(ac − bd)e − (ad + bc)f ] + i[(ac − bd)f + (ad + bc)e]
= (ace − bde − adf − bcf ) + i(acf − bdf + ade + bce)
Now, compute Z1(Z2Z3):

Z2Z3 = (c + id)(e + if ) = (ce − df ) + i(cf + de)

Now multiply this result by Z1 = a + ib:

Z1(Z2Z3) = (a + ib)[(ce − df ) + i(cf + de)]

Expanding:

29
 Z1(Z2Z3) = a[(ce − df ) + i(cf + de)] + ib[(ce − df ) + i(cf + de)]
This expands to:

Z1(Z2Z3) = a(ce − df ) + ai(cf + de) + ib(ce − df ) − b(cf + de)

= [a(ce − df ) − b(cf + de)] + i[a(cf + de) + b(ce − df )]
= (ace − adf − bcf − bde) + i(acf + ade + bce − bdf )
Since both expressions for (Z1Z2)Z3 and Z1(Z2Z3) are the same, we con-
clude that:

(Z1Z2)Z3 = Z1(Z2Z3)

(c) Prove that Z1(Z2 + Z3) = Z1Z2 + Z1Z3

Now, let’s compute Z1(Z2 + Z3):

Z1(Z2 + Z3) = (a + ib) [(c + id) + (e + if )]

= (a + ib) [(c + e) + i(d + f )]
Expanding:

Z1(Z2 + Z3) = a[(c + e) + i(d + f )] + ib[(c + e) + i(d + f )]

= a(c + e) + ai(d + f ) + ib(c + e) − b(d + f )
= [a(c + e) − b(d + f )] + i[a(d + f ) + b(c + e)]
Now, compute Z1Z2 + Z1Z3:

Z1Z2 = (a + ib)(c + id) = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc)

Z1Z3 = (a + ib)(e + if ) = (ae − bf ) + i(af + be)
Adding these:

Z1Z2 + Z1Z3 = [(ac − bd) + (ae − bf )] + i[(ad + bc) + (af + be)]

= [a(c + e) − b(d + f )] + i[a(d + f ) + b(c + e)]
Since both expressions are the same, we conclude that:

Z1(Z2 + Z3) = Z1Z2 + Z1Z3

Thus, the required results are proved.

3.
30
 (5,3)
(a) (x, y) = (1,2)

(5, 3) = 5 + 3i and (1, 2) = 1 + 2i.

To divide, multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator:
5 + 3i (5 + 3i)(1 − 2i)
= .
1 + 2i (1 + 2i)(1 − 2i)
5(1) + 5(−2i) + 3i(1) + 3i(−2i)
=
12 − (2i)2
5 − 10i + 3i − 6i2
=
1 − (−4)
5 + 6 − 7i
=
5
11 − 7i
=
5
11 7
= −i
5 5 
11 −7
(x, y) = , .
5 5
 
11 −7
, .
5 5
(b) (2, 5) = (x, y) + (−4, 3)
The addition of two complex numbers (x, y) and (−4, 3) is given by:
(x, y) + (−4, 3) = (x − 4, y + 3).
Equating this to (2, 5), we get:
(x − 4, y + 3) = (2, 5).
This gives two equations:
x − 4 = 2 and y + 3 = 5.
Solve for x and y:
x = 2 + 4 = 6, y = 5 − 3 = 2.
Thus:
(x, y) = (6, 2).
31
 ∴ (6, 2).

4. (a) (1, 0)100

The notation (1, 0) represents the complex number 1 + 0i = 1. Raising
this to the power of 100 gives:
(1, 0)100 = 1100.
Since 1n = 1 for any positive integer n, we have:
(1, 0)100 = 1.
(b) (0, 1)17
The notation (0, 1) represents the complex number 0 + 1i = i. We need to
compute i17.
To find i17,
= (i2)8.i
= (−1)8.i
=i

5. (a) (4 − 2i)(3 + 5i)

(4 − 2i)(3 + 5i) = 4(3 + 5i) − 2i(3 + 5i)

= 12 + 20i − 6i − 10i2
Since i2 = −1, we substitute:

= 12 + 14i + 10

= 22 + 14i
= (22, 14)
√
1+√−2
(b) 3+ −2
√ √
First, express −2 as 2i:
√
1+i 2
√
3+i 2
32
 Multiply the
√ numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denom-
inator 3 − i 2:
√ √
(1 + i 2)(3 − i 2)
= √ √
(3 + i 2)(3 − i 2)
√ √ √
1(3 − i 2) + i 2(3 − i 2)
= √
32 − (i 2)2
√ √ 2
√ 2
3 − i 2 + 3i 2 − i ( 2)
=
9 − (−2)
√ √
3 − i 2 + 3i 2 + 2
=
11√
5 + 2 2i
=
11 √
5 2 2
= + i
11 11
√
5 2 2
=( , )
11 11
6. (a) The multiplicative inverse is:
1
2 + 5i
Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate 2 − 5i:
(2 − 5i)
(2 + 5i)(2 − 5i)
2 − 5i
= 2
2 − (5i)2
2 − 5i
=
4 + 25
2 5
= − i
29 29
(b) Multiplicative inverse of:
x + iy
x − iy
33
  −1
x + iy x − iy
=
x − iy x + iy
Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate x − iy:
(x − iy)(x − iy)
(x + iy)(x − iy)
x2 − 2ixy + i2y 2
=
x2 − (iy)2
x2 − y 2 − 2xyi
=
x2 + y 2
=
x2 − y 2 2xy
= 2 − i
x + y 2 x2 + y 2

(c) Multiplicative inverse of:

√
3 − −25
√
2 − −16
Expressing square roots:
√ √ √
−25 = 5i, −16 = 4i where i= −1
Rewriting:
3 − 5i
2 − 4i
The inverse is:
2 − 4i
3 − 5i
Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate 3 + 5i:
(2 − 4i)(3 + 5i)
=
(3 − 5i)(3 + 5i)
6 + 10i − 12i − 20i2
=
32 − (5i)2
26 − 2i
=
9 − (−25)
34
 26 − 2i
=
34
26 2
= − i
34 34
13 1
= − i
17 17

7. (a). LHS
1
= (1 + i)4(1 + )4
i
1
= [(1 + i)(1 + ]4
i
1
= [1 + + i + 1]4
i
i + 1 + i2 + i 4
=[ ]
i
2i + 1 − 1 4
=[ ]
i
=
2i
=
i
= 24
= 16 RHS,Proved

(b) LHS
1 1 1 1
= + 2+ 3+ 4
i i i i
=
i3 + i2 + i + 1
=
i4
i2.i − 1 + i + 1
=
i4
−i + i
=
i4
= 0 RHS, Proved

35
8.
x = 2 − 3i
LHS
x2 − 4x + 13
= (2 − 3i)2 − 4(2 − 3i) + 13
= 22 − 2.2.3i + (3i)2 − 8 + 12i + 13
= 4 − 12i + 9i2 − 8 + 12i + 13
= 4 − 9 − 8 + 13
= 0 RHS, Proved

9. p
x − iy = a − ib
We need to prove that:
p
x + iy = a + ib
Squaring both sides:

x − iy = (a − ib)2
Expanding the right-hand side:

(a − ib)(a − ib) = a2 − 2iab + i2b2

Since i2 = −1, we substitute:

∴ x − iy = a2 − 2iab − b2
Equating real and imaginary parts:

x = a2 − b2 , y = 2ab
√
LHS: x + iy

p
= a2 − b2 + 2abi
= p
a2 + [Link] + (ib)2

36
 p
= (a + ib)2
= a + ib RHS, Proved

10.
(a + 3) + 2bi = (1 + 2i) + (3 + 5i).
∴ (a + 3) + 2bi = 3 + 5i + 6i + 10i2.
∴ (a + 3) + 2bi = 3 + +11i − 10
∴ (a + 3) + 2bi = −7 + 11i
Thus, the equation becomes:
(a + 3) + 2bi = 4 + 7i.
∴ a + 3 = −7
∴ a = −10.

Similarly,
∴ 2b = 11
11
∴b=
2

11. Given the complex number:

a + ib
c + id
Multiplying by conjugate of denominator c − id:
a + ib c − id
·
c + id c − id
ac − adi + bci − bdi2
=
c2 − (id)2
ac + (bc − ad)i − bd.(−1)
=
c2 − d2.(−1)
(ac + bd) + (bc − ad)i
=
c2 + d2
ac + bd bc − ad
= 2 + 2 i
c + d2 c + d2
37
(a) Purely Imaginary
For the complex number to be purely imaginary, the real part must be 0.
Therefore, we need the condition:
ac + bd
=0
c2 + d2
This implies:

ac + bd = 0
which simplifies to:

ac = −bd
Thus, the complex number is purely imaginary if ac = −bd, as required.

(b) Purely Real

For the complex number to be purely real, the imaginary part must be 0.
Therefore, we need the condition:
bc − ad
=0
c2 + d2
This implies:

bc − ad = 0
which simplifies to:

ad = bc
Thus, the complex number is purely real if ad = bc, as required.

12. Let Z = a + bi, where a = Re(Z) is the real part and b = Im(Z) is
the imaginary part. The conjugate of Z, denoted Z, is:
Z = a − bi.

(a) Prove that Re(Z) = 12 (Z + Z):

Z + Z = (a + bi) + (a − bi) = 2a.

Solve for Re(Z):
1
Re(Z) = a = (Z + Z).
2
38
 Thus, we have proved:
1
Re(Z) = (Z + Z) .
2
(b) Prove that Im(Z) = 2i1 (Z − Z):

Z − Z = (a + bi) − (a − bi) = 2bi.

Solve for Im(Z):
1
Im(Z) = b = (Z − Z).
2i
Thus, we have proved:
1
Im(Z) = (Z − Z) .
2i

13. Let Z = a + ib and W = c + id, where a, b, c, d ∈ R.

The conjugate of Z is denoted by Z = a − ib and conjugate of W is denoted
by W = c − id.

(a) Prove that Z + W = Z + W :

Z + W = (a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i(b + d).

Taking the conjugate of Z + W :
Z + W = (a + c) − i(b + d).
Z + W:
Z + W = (a − ib) + (c − id) = (a + c) − i(b + d).
Comparing results:
Z +W =Z +W .

(b) Prove that ZW = Z · W :

ZW = (a + ib)(c + id) = ac + iad + ibc + i2bd = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc).

39
Takimg the conjugate of ZW :
ZW = (ac − bd) − i(ad + bc).
Computing Z · W :
Z = a − ib, W = c − id.
Multiply these:
Z · W = (a − ib)(c − id) = ac − iad − ibc + i2bd = (ac − bd) − i(ad + bc).
Comparing results:
ZW = Z · W .

(c) Prove that (Z)2 = Z 2:

Z 2 = (a + ib)2 = a2 + 2iab + i2b2 = (a2 − b2) + i(2ab).
Taking the conjugate of Z 2:
Z 2 = (a2 − b2) − i(2ab).
Computing (Z)2:
Z = a − ib.
Square this:
(Z)2 = (a − ib)2 = a2 − 2iab + i2b2 = (a2 − b2) − i(2ab).
Comparing results:
(Z)2 = Z 2 .

(d) Prove that ZZ is a real number:

ZZ = (a + ib)(a − ib) = a2 − iab + iab − i2b2 = a2 + b2.

Since a2 + b2 is a sum of squares of real numbers, it is always a real number.
Thus:
ZZ is a real number .

(e) Prove that |Z| = |Z|:

40
Recall the modulus formula:
√ p √
|Z| = a + b , |Z| = a + (−b) = a2 + b2.
2 2 2 2

|Z| = |Z| .

(f) Prove that |Z| = 0 if and only if Z = 0:

If |Z| = 0, then:
√
a2 + b2 = 0 =⇒ a2 + b2 = 0 =⇒ a = 0, b = 0 =⇒ Z = 0.
If Z = 0, then a = 0 and b = 0,Z = 0 + 0i
√
|Z| = 02 + 02 = 0.
Thus:
|Z| = 0 ⇐⇒ Z = 0 .

(g) Prove that |ZW | = |Z||W |:

p
|ZW | = (ac − bd)2 + (ad + bc)2
p
= a2c2 − 2acbd + b2d2 + a2d2 + 2adbc + b2c2.
√
= a2c2 + a2d2 + b2d2 + b2c2.
p
= a2(c2 + d2) + b2(c2 + d2).
p
= (a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)
√ √
|Z||W | = a + b · c2 + d2.
2 2
p
= (a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)

|ZW | = |Z||W | .

|Z| Z
(h) Prove that |W | = W :
|Z|
|W |
√
a2 + b2
=√
c2 + d2
41
 Z
| |
W
(ac + bd) bc − ad
=| 2 + 2 i|
c + d2 c + d2
r
ac + bd 2 bc − ad 2
= ( 2 ) + ( )
c + d2 c2 + d2
s
a2c2 + 2acbd + b2d2 + b2c2 − 2bcad + a2d2
=
(c2 + d2)2
s
a2(c2 + d2) + b2(c2 + d2)
=
(c2 + d2)2
s
(a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)
=
(c2 + d2)2
√
a2 + b2
=√
c2 + d2
So,
|Z| Z
=| |
|W | W

(i) Prove that ZZ = |Z|2:

ZZ = (a + ib)(a − ib) = a2 + abi − abi − (ib)2
= a2 + b2
As, √
|Z| = a2 + b2
|Z|2 = a2 + b2

ZZ = |Z|2 .

(j) Prove that Re(Z) ≤ |Z| and Im(Z) ≤ |Z|:

42
 √
|Z| = a2 + b2.
Analyzing Re(Z) and Im(Z):
√ √
a ≤ a2 + b2, b ≤ a2 + b2 =⇒ |a| ≤ |Z|, |b| ≤ |Z|.

Re(Z) ≤ |Z|, Im(Z) ≤ |Z| .

14. (a.) RHS,

|Z + W |
squaring,
= |Z + W |2
= (Z + W )(Z + W )
= (Z + W )(Z + W )
= ZZ + ZW + W Z + W W
= |Z|2 + ZW + ZW + |W |2
= |Z|2 + 2Re(ZW ) + |W |2
As, Re(Z)≤ |Z|

≤ |Z|2 + 2|ZW | + |W |2
≤ |Z|2 + 2|Z||W | + |W |2
≤ |Z|2 + 2|Z||W | + |W |2
≤ (|Z| + |W |)2
Removing square and rearranging,

|Z| + |W | ≥ |Z + W |

(b) RHS,
|Z − W |
squaring,
= |Z − W |2
= (Z − W )(Z − W )
43
 = (Z − W )(Z − W )
= ZZ − ZW − W Z + W W
= |Z|2 − ZW − ZW + |W |2
= |Z|2 − (ZW + ZW ) + |W |2
= |Z|2 − 2Re(ZW ) + |W |2
As, Re(Z)≤ |Z|

≥ |Z|2 − 2|Z||W | + |W |2
≥ |Z|2 − 2|Z||W | + |W |2
≥ |Z|2 + 2|Z||W | − |W |2
≥ (|Z| − |W |)2
Removing square and rearranging,

|Z − W | ≥ |Z| − |W |

15.
Let Z = 3 − 4i and W = 1 + 2i.

(a) Verify that |ZW | = |Z||W |:

p √ √
2 2
|Z| = 3 + (−4) = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5.
√ √ √
2 2
|W | = 1 + 2 = 1 + 4 = 5.

ZW = (3 − 4i)(1 + 2i).
ZW = 3(1) + 3(2i) − 4i(1) − 4i(2i)
3 + 6i − 4i − 8i2.
Since i2 = −1, substitute −8i2 = 8:
ZW = 3 + 6i − 4i + 8 = 11 + 2i.
The modulus of ZW = 11 + 2i is:
√ √ √ √
2 2
|ZW | = 11 + 2 = 121 + 4 = 125 = 5 5.
Compute |Z||W |: √ √
|Z||W | = 5 · 5 = 5 5.
44
 Thus, we have verified:
|ZW | = |Z||W | .
|Z| Z
(b) Verify that |W | = W :
From part (a), we know:
√
|Z| = 5, |W | = 5.
Thus:
|Z| 5 √
= √ = 5.
|W | 5
Z
Now, compute W:
Z 3 − 4i
= .
W 1 + 2i
Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator:
Z (3 − 4i)(1 − 2i)
= .
W (1 + 2i)(1 − 2i)
3(1) + 3(−2i) − 4i(1) − 4i(−2i)
= .
12 − (2i)2
3 − 6i − 4i + 8i2
= .
1 − 4i2
3 − 8 − 10i
=
1+4
−5 − 10i
= = −1 − 2i
5
Z
The modulus of W = −1 − 2i is:
Z p √ √
2 2
= (−1) + (−2) = 1 + 4 = 5.
W
Thus, we have verified:
|Z| Z
= .
|W | W

(c) Verify that |Z + W | ≤ |Z| + |W |:

45
 Z + W = (3 − 4i) + (1 + 2i) = (3 + 1) + (−4i + 2i) = 4 − 2i.
The modulus of Z + W = 4 − 2i is:
p √ √ √
|Z + W | = 42 + (−2)2 = 16 + 4 = 20 = 2 5.
From part (a), we know:
√
|Z| = 5, |W | = 5.
√
|Z| + |W | = 5 + 5.
Comparing results:
√ √
|Z + W | = 2 5, |Z| + |W | = 5 + 5.
√ √
Since 2 5 ≈ 4.47 and 5 + 5 ≈ 7.24, it is clear that:
|Z + W | ≤ |Z| + |W |.
Thus, we have verified:
|Z + W | ≤ |Z| + |W | .

16. Given, r
1+i
x + iy =
1−i
squaring,
1+i
∴ x2 + 2xyi + (iy)2 =
1−i
1+i
∴ x2 − y 2 + 2xyi =
1−i
Taking modulus:
1+i
∴ |x2 − y 2 + 2xyi| = | |
1−i
Z |Z|
As, | W |= |W | ,
√
p
2 2 2 2
12 + 1 2
∴ (x − y ) + (2xy) = p
12 + (−1)2

46
 √
p 2
∴ x4 + y 4 − 2x2y 2 + 4x2y 2 = √
2
p
∴ x4 + y 4 + 2x2y 2 = 1
p
∴ (x2 + y 2)2 = 1
∴ x2 + y 2 = 1, Proved

17. Given,
(a + 1)2
p + iq =
2a − i
Taking Modulus:
(a + 1)2
∴ |p + iq| = | |
2a − i
As, | Z1 | = 1
|Z| ,
2
p (a + 1)
∴ p2 + q 2 = p
(2a)2 + (−1)2
p (a + 1)2
∴ p +q = √
2 2
4a2 + 1
Squaring,
2 (a + 1)4
2
p +q = 2 , Proved.
4a + 1

18. (a) LHS,

|Z + W |2 + |Z − W |2
= (Z + W )(Z + W ) + (Z − W )(Z − W )
= (Z + W )(Z + W ) + (Z − W )(Z − W )
= ZZ + W Z + ZW + W W + ZZ − ZW − W Z + W W
= |Z|2 + |W |2 + |Z|2 + |W |2
= 2|Z|2 + 2|W |2, RHS Proved

47
 (b) LHS,
|Z − W |2
= (Z − W )(Z − W )
= (Z − W )(Z − W )
= ZZ − ZW − W Z + W W
= |Z|2 − ZW − ZW + |W |2
= |Z|2 − (ZW + ZW ) + |W |2
= |Z|2 + |W |2 − 2Re(ZW ), =RHS Proved

19. (a) a + ib
Let x+iy be root
√
x + iy = a + ib
squaring,
∴ x2 − y 2 + 2xy = a + ib
Comapring real and imaginary parts:
∴ x2 − y 2 = a, 2xy = b
Using formula: p
2 2
x +y = (x2 − y 2)2 + (2xy)2
2 2
√
x + y = a2 + b2
Now solving, √
2 2
x +y = a2 + b2 , x2 − y 2 = a
√ √
2 a2 + b2 − a a2 + b2 − a 2
∴x = y = , .
2 2
√ √
a2 + b2 − a a2 + b2 − a
∴x=± , y=± .
2 2
x and y signs are taken to match sign of xy above.

(b) 7 − 24i
Let x+iy be root,
√
x + iy = 7 − 24i
48
squaring,
∴ x2 − y 2 + 2xy = 7 − 24i
Comapring real and imaginary parts:
∴ x2 − y 2 = 7, 2xy = −24
Using formula: p
2 2
x +y = (x2 − y 2)2 + (2xy)2
2 2
p
x + y = 72 + (−24)2 = 25
Now solving,
x2 + y 2 = 25, x2 − y 2 = 7

∴ x2 = 16, y 2 = 9.

∴ x = ±4, y = ±3.
x and y signs are taken to match sign of xy above.

As xy is -ve take x and y so that xy is negative. So roots are:

(4 − 3i), (−4 + 3i)

(8,−15)
(c) (0,1)
8 − 15i
=
i
Multiplying denominator and numerator by i,
8i − 15i2
=
i2
15 + 8i
= =⇒ −15 − 8i
−1
Let x+iy be root,
√
x + iy = −15 − 8i
squaring,
∴ x2 − y 2 + 2xy = −15 − 8i
Comapring real and imaginary parts:
∴ x2 − y 2 = −15, 2xy = −8
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Using formula: p
2 2
x + y = (x2 − y 2)2 + (2xy)2
2 2
p
x + y = (−15)2 + (−8)2 = 17
Now solving,
x2 + y 2 = 17, x2 − y 2 = −15

∴ x2 = 1, y 2 = 16.

∴ x = ±1, y = ±4.
x and y signs are taken to match sign of xy above.

As xy is -ve take x and y so that xy is negative. So roots are:

(1 − 4i), (−1 + 4i)

20. For complex number x + iy =⇒ (x, y)

Imaginary line(y)

(−, +) =⇒ (180 − θ) (+, +) =⇒ θ

Real line(x)
O

(−, −) =⇒ (180 + θ) (+, −) =⇒ (360 − θ)

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 √ √
(a) 2, 2 3) =⇒ 2 + 2 3i
√
∴ x = 2, y = 2 3
p q √
2
∴ r = x + y =⇒ 2 2 + (2 3)2 = 4
2
√
y 2 3
∴ θ = tan−1 | | =⇒ θ = tan−1( ) = 60◦
x 2
As it is in first quadrant i.e (+, +)

So the Polar form is:

r(cosθ + i sin θ) =⇒ 4(cos 60◦ + i sin 60◦)

(b)
i
1−i
Multiplying by conjugate of denominator i.e 1 + i
i(1 + i)
=
(1 − i)(1 + i)
i + i2
= 2
1 − i2
−1 + i
=
1+1
1 i
=− +
2 2
−1 1
∴x= , y=
2 2
r
p −1 1 1
∴ r = x2 + y 2 =⇒ ( )2 + = √
2 2 2
1
−1 y −1 2
∴ θ = tan | | =⇒ θ = tan ( 1 ) = 45◦
x 2
As it is in second quadrant i.e (−, +)

θ = 180◦ − 45◦ =⇒ 135◦

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 So the Polar form is:
1
r(cosθ + i sin θ) =⇒ √ (cos 135◦ + i sin 135◦)
2

21. (a)
π π
3(cos + i sin )
4 4
1 1
= 3( √ + √ i)
2 2
3 3
=√ +√ i
2 2

(b) √
2 3(cos 300◦ + i sin 300◦)
√ √
= 2 3 cos 300 + 2 3 sin 300◦
◦
√
= 3 − 3i.

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