LAC (M1) – R23
All Units Formula Sheet
UNIT–I: Differential Calculus
• Limit: lim(x→a) f(x)
• Continuity: lim(x→a) f(x) = f(a)
• Derivative: dy/dx = lim(h→0)[f(x+h)−f(x)]/h
• Product Rule: (uv)' = u'v + uv'
• Quotient Rule: (u/v)' = (vu'−uv')/v²
• Chain Rule: dy/dx = (dy/du)(du/dx)
• Implicit differentiation
• Rolle’s Theorem conditions
• Mean Value Theorem: f'(c) = [f(b)−f(a)]/(b−a)
UNIT–II: Applications of Derivatives
• Maxima/Minima: f'(x)=0, f''(x) test
• Radius of curvature: R = [1+(dy/dx)²]^(3/2)/|d²y/dx²|
• Curvature: k = 1/R
• Tangents & Normals equations
• Approximation: f(x+h) ≈ f(x)+hf'(x)
UNIT–III: Integral Calculus
• ∫x■ dx = x■■¹/(n+1) + C
• ∫e■ dx = e■ + C
• ∫sinx dx = −cosx + C
• ∫cosx dx = sinx + C
• Integration by parts: ∫u dv = uv − ∫v du
• Definite integral property
• Beta function: B(m,n)=∫■¹ x^(m−1)(1−x)^(n−1) dx
• Gamma function: Γ(n)=∫■^∞ x^(n−1)e^(−x) dx
UNIT–IV: Multiple Integrals
• Double integral: ■ f(x,y) dx dy
• Change of order of integration
• Area using double integrals
• Triple integrals: ■ f(x,y,z) dV
• Jacobian J = ∂(x,y)/∂(u,v)
UNIT–V: Differential Equations
• Order and degree of DE
• Variable separable form
• Linear DE: dy/dx + Py = Q
• Integrating factor: IF = e^(∫P dx)
• Exact equation condition
• Second order linear DE with constant coefficients