Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya (BVM) Engineering College

An Autonomous Institution
Computer Workshop – II (103SB)
(LTP = 0-0-4)

Unit 6: Introduction of Python

❖ Introduction to Python Language

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and versatility.
Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python emphasizes readability and ease
of use, making it an excellent choice for both beginners and experienced developers. Python’s
syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code compared to other
languages, enhancing productivity and reducing the likelihood of errors.
Python is an open-source language, supported by a vibrant community of developers who
continually contribute to its growth. Its design philosophy prioritizes code readability and
simplicity, making it a popular choice for a wide range of applications.

➢ Advantages of Python

1. Easy to Learn and Use: Python’s straightforward syntax mimics natural language, making
it accessible to beginners.
2. Versatility: It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-
oriented, and functional programming.
3. Extensive Libraries: Python has a rich standard library and thousands of third-party
modules for tasks ranging from web development to data analysis.
4. Platform Independence: Python programs can run on various operating systems without
requiring modification.
5. Active Community Support: The extensive Python community provides ample resources,
tutorials, and forums for troubleshooting and learning.
6. Integration Capabilities: Python can easily integrate with other languages and
technologies, such as C, C++, and Java, and supports APIs for seamless interaction.
7. Automation and Scripting: Python excels in automating repetitive tasks and building
robust scripts.

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➢ Applications of Python

1. Web Development: Frameworks like Django, Flask, and Pyramid allow developers to
build scalable and secure web applications.
2. Data Science and Analytics: Python is a dominant language for data analysis,
visualization, and machine learning, with libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and Scikit-learn.
3. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Python’s flexibility and powerful
libraries, such as TensorFlow and PyTorch, make it ideal for AI projects.
4. Scientific Computing: Researchers and scientists use Python for simulations,
computational tasks, and numerical analysis with tools like SciPy and Matplotlib.
5. Game Development: Libraries such as Pygame allow developers to create games and
interactive applications.
6. Automation and Scripting: Python is widely used for automating system tasks, data
scraping, and test scripting.
7. Embedded Systems: Python can interface with hardware components and is used in
Internet of Things (IoT) projects.
8. Desktop Application Development: GUI frameworks like Tkinter, PyQt, and Kivy enable
the development of cross-platform desktop applications.

Python’s adaptability and efficiency continue to make it one of the most sought-after programming
languages across diverse industries, shaping the future of technology and innovation.

❖ Local Environment Setup

To start working with Python, you need to set up a local development environment. Follow these
steps:

1. Download and Install Python:

• Visit the official Python website and download the latest version suitable for your
operating system.
• Run the installer and ensure you select the option to add Python to the system
PATH.
2. Verify Installation:
• Open a terminal or command prompt.
• Type python --version or python3 --version to confirm Python is installed.
3. Set Up an Integrated Development Environment (IDE):
• Popular IDEs include PyCharm, Visual Studio Code, and Jupyter Notebook.
• Install your preferred IDE and configure it for Python development.

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 4. Install Required Libraries:
• Use pip, Python’s package manager, to install libraries.

For example:
pip install numpy pandas matplotlib

5. Test Your Setup:

• Create a file named [Link] with the following content:
print("Hello, Python!")

• Run the file in the terminal using:

python [Link]

For further details, refer to the official Python documentation.

❖ Basic Syntax of Python

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and
readability. It uses indentation to define code blocks, making it distinct from many other
programming languages.

➢ Key Features of Python Syntax :-

1. Case Sensitivity: Python is case-sensitive. For example, Variable and variable are two
different identifiers.

2. Indentation: Python uses indentation to define blocks of code. Incorrect indentation

results in an error.
if True:
print("This is indented correctly.")

3. Comments:
• Single-line comments begin with #.
• Multi-line comments use triple quotes (''' or """).
# This is a single-line comment
"""
This is a multi-line comment
spanning multiple lines.
"""

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 4. Variables: Variables in Python are dynamically typed and do not require explicit
declaration.
x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "Python" # String

5. Statements: Python typically executes one statement per line. To write multiple statements
on a single line, use a semicolon (;).
print("Hello"); print("World")

6. Keywords: Python has a set of reserved keywords that cannot be used as variable names
(e.g., if, else, while, import).
import keyword
print([Link]) # Displays all keywords

7. Input and Output:

• Input from the user: input()
• Display output: print()
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello,", name)

8. Basic Data Types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict, and set are commonly used.
age = 25 # int
pi = 3.14159 # float
is_valid = True # bool
colors = ["red", "green", "blue"] # list

➢ Exercise 1: Display a Message

Problem Statement: Write a Python program to display the message "Hello, Python!".

Solution:

print("Hello, Python!")

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➢ Exercise 2: Input Name and Age

Problem Statement: Create a program that asks the user for their name and age, then prints a
message using the input.

Solution:

name = input("Enter your name: ")

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

➢ Exercise 3: Use of Multi-line Comments

Problem Statement: Write a Python program to demonstrate the use of multi-line comments.

Solution:

"""
This program demonstrates the use of multi-line comments.
Author: Your Name
Date: Today's Date
"""
print("Multi-line comments are useful for documentation.")

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❖ Variable Types in Python
In Python, variables are used to store data, and their type is determined automatically based on
the value assigned. Python supports several built-in data types that can be broadly categorized
into the following:

1. Numeric Types

• int: Represents integers, e.g., 10, -5

• float: Represents decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.01
• complex: Represents complex numbers, e.g., 3 + 4j

x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
z = 2 + 3j # complex

2. Sequence Types

• str (String): A sequence of characters enclosed in quotes (single or double).

name = "Python"

• list: An ordered, mutable collection of items.

colors = ["red", "green", "blue"]

• tuple: An ordered, immutable collection of items.

coordinates = (10, 20, 30)

• range: immutable sequence of numbers, commonly used for looping a specific number of
times in for loops.

range(start, stop, step) # syntax

# Example
for i in range(1, 10, 2):
print(i)

▪ start (optional) – The starting value (default is 0).

▪ stop – The end value (not included in the range).
▪ step (optional) – The increment (default is 1).

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3. Set Types

• set: An unordered collection of unique items.

unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3} # Output: {1, 2, 3}

• frozenset: An immutable version of a set.

immutable_set = frozenset({1, 2, 3})

4. Mapping Types

• dict (Dictionary): A collection of key-value pairs.

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

5. Boolean Type

• bool: Represents True or False values.

is_active = True

6. None Type

• NoneType: Represents a null or no value.

result = None

➢ Type Checking and Conversion

• Use the type() function to check the type of a variable.

x = 42
print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>

• Convert between types using functions like int(), float(), str(), etc.

num = "123"
num_int = int(num) # Converts string to integer

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➢ Exercise 4: Create Variables of Different Types

Problem Statement: Create variables of different data types (int, float, str, list, tuple, set, dict,
bool) and print their values.

Solution:

x = 42 # int
y = 3.14 # float
name = "Python" # str
colors = ["red", "green", "blue"] # list
coordinates = (10, 20, 30) # tuple
unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3} # set
person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25} # dict
is_active = True # bool

# Print values
print("Integer:", x)
print("Float:", y)
print("String:", name)
print("List:", colors)
print("Tuple:", coordinates)
print("Set:", unique_numbers)
print("Dictionary:", person)
print("Boolean:", is_active)

➢ Exercise 5: Check Variable Types

Problem Statement: Write a program to check the type of a variable using type().

Solution:

x = 42
name = "Python"
is_active = True

print("Type of x:", type(x))

print("Type of name:", type(name))
print("Type of is_active:", type(is_active))

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➢ Exercise 6: String to Integer and Float Conversion

Problem Statement: Convert a string containing a number (e.g., "45") into an integer and a
float.

Solution:
num_str = "123"
num_int = int(num_str) # Convert to integer
num_float = float(num_str) # Convert to float

print("String:", num_str)
print("Integer:", num_int)
print("Float:", num_float)

➢ Exercise 7: Sum of List Elements

Problem Statement: Create a list of numbers and calculate their sum using the sum()
function.

Solution:

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

result = sum(numbers)

print("Numbers:", numbers)
print("Sum:", result)

➢ Exercise 8: Dictionary Operations

Problem Statement: Define a dictionary with at least three key-value pairs and display its
keys and values.

Solution:

person = {
"name": "Alice",
"age": 25,
"city": "New York"
}

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 print("Keys:", [Link]())

print("Values:", [Link]())

❖ Numbers in Python

Python provides robust support for numerical data types and operations. Numbers in Python
can be categorized into different types:
1. Integer (int):
• Whole numbers, positive or negative, without decimals.
• Examples: 5, -10, 0.
2. Floating Point (float):
• Numbers with decimal points or in exponential form.
• Examples: 3.14, -0.001, 1.2e3.
3. Complex Numbers (complex):
• Numbers with a real and an imaginary part.
• Represented as a + bj, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part.
• Example: 3 + 4j.

➢ Key Numerical Operations

Python supports standard arithmetic operations and built-in functions for numerical
computations.

• Arithmetic Operators:
Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition 5+3 8
- Subtraction 10 - 4 6
* Multiplication 2*3 6
/ Division 8/2 4.0
// Floor Division 7 // 2 3
% Modulus (Remainder) 10 % 3 1
** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 8

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 • Built-in Functions for Numbers:

Function Description Example Result

abs(x) Absolute value of x abs(-7) 7
pow(x, y) x raised to the power y pow(2, 3) 8
round(x) Rounds x to nearest integer round(4.6) 5
int(x) Converts x to an integer int(4.9) 4
float(x) Converts x to a float float(7) 7.0
complex(a, b) Creates complex number a + bj complex(3, 4) 3 + 4j

➢ Number Type Conversion

Python allows type casting between different numerical types:

• int(x) → Converts x to an integer.
• float(x) → Converts x to a floating-point number.
• complex(x, y) → Converts x and y to a complex number (y defaults to 0 if not
provided).

Examples of Number Usage

# Example 1: Basic Arithmetic

x = 10
y = 3
print("Addition:", x + y) # Output: 13
print("Exponentiation:", x ** y) # Output: 1000

# Example 2: Type Conversion

z = 7.5
print("Integer Conversion:", int(z)) # Output: 7

# Example 3: Complex Numbers

c = complex(2, 3)
print("Real Part:", [Link]) # Output: 2.0
print("Imaginary Part:", [Link]) # Output: 3.0

Key Points to Remember

• Division / always returns a float, even if both operands are integers.

• Floor division // truncates the decimal part and returns an integer.
• Python's numerical operations handle large integers gracefully without overflow errors.
• Complex numbers are not supported in all mathematical libraries; use cmath for advanced
operations.

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➢ Exercise 9: Arithmetic Operations

Problem Statement: Write a Python program that performs the following operations on two
user-provided numbers:

1. Calculates and prints their sum, difference, product, and division result.
2. Finds and displays the remainder when the first number is divided by the second.
3. Calculates and prints the result of raising the first number to the power of the second.

Solution:

# Input two numbers from the user

num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

# Perform arithmetic operations

print("Sum:", num1 + num2)
print("Difference:", num1 - num2)
print("Product:", num1 * num2)
print("Division:", num1 / num2)
print("Remainder:", num1 % num2)
print("Exponentiation:", num1 ** num2)

➢ Exercise 10: Type Conversion and Complex Numbers

Problem Statement: Write a Python program to:

1. Convert a floating-point number to an integer and vice versa.

2. Create a complex number from two user inputs (real and imaginary parts) and display its
real and imaginary components.
3. Calculate the conjugate of the complex number.

Solution:

# Input a floating-point number

float_num = float(input("Enter a floating-point number: "))

# Convert to integer
int_num = int(float_num)
print("Integer value:", int_num)

# Convert back to float

converted_float = float(int_num)

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 print("Converted back to float:", converted_float)

# Input real and imaginary parts for a complex number

real_part = float(input("Enter the real part of the complex
number: "))
imaginary_part = float(input("Enter the imaginary part of the
complex number: "))

# Create and display the complex number

complex_num = complex(real_part, imaginary_part)
print("Complex number:", complex_num)
print("Real part:", complex_num.real)
print("Imaginary part:", complex_num.imag)

# Calculate and display the conjugate

print("Conjugate of the complex number:", complex_num.conjugate())

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Practical 1: Collecting and Displaying Student Details
Problem Statement: Write a Python program that Problem Statement: Write a Python
program that collects basic student details and displays them in a structured format. The program
should:
1. Ask the user to enter their full name, age, course preference, and expected graduation
year.
2. Store the data in variables.
3. Use arithmetic operations to calculate the number of years left until graduation.
4. Print the details in a well-formatted output, displaying:

------ Student Enrollment Form ------

Name: Patel Harsh
Age: 18
Course: Computer Engineering
Expected Graduation Year: 2028
Years Left Until Graduation: 4
--------------------------------------

Objective:
• To understand how to take user input in Python.
• To store and manipulate variables.
• To perform basic arithmetic operations.
• To display formatted output using print statements.

Theory (Recap):
Python provides various ways to collect and manipulate user input. The input() function is used
to receive input from the user, which is stored as a string. Numeric data can be converted using
int() or float(). Basic arithmetic operations such as subtraction (-) can be used to calculate values
like the years left until graduation. Python also supports formatted output using multiple print()
statements.
Key concepts used in this program:
1. Input Handling: input() function.
2. Data Types: Strings and Integers.
3. Arithmetic Operations: Subtraction.
4. Formatted Output: Using multiple print() statements.

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Procedure:
1. Start the Python script.
2. Use the input() function to collect the student's full name, age, course preference, and
expected graduation year.
3. Convert the numeric input values (age and graduation year) to integers using int().
4. Compute the years left until graduation by subtracting the current age from the expected
graduation year.
5. Display the collected details in a structured format using multiple print() statements.
6. Execute the program and verify the output.

Implementation and Result:

1. Students are required to implement this practical on their own using the above procedure.
2. After successful execution, students must:
• Manually write the source code (Python) in their record book.
• Write the expected output in their record book.
3. Save the Python files and results in the college server at the following location:
• Server Path: \\[Link]
• Folder: New Anonymous Share > 103SB CW-2 > Division Folder (e.g., D12 or
D03) > Batch Folder
• Create a folder inside the batch folder with your Enrollment ID (e.g., 24CP01).
• Inside your folder, create a subfolder named Python > Practical_1.
• Save the Python file in this folder.

Conclusion:
Students must write the conclusion in their record book themselves based on their experience and
understanding of the practical.

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❖ Strings in Python
Strings in Python are sequences of characters enclosed in single quotes ('), double quotes ("),
or triple quotes (''' or """). They are immutable, meaning once a string is created, it cannot be
modified.

➢ Creating Strings

Strings can be defined in the following ways:

# Single-quoted string
a = 'Hello'

# Double-quoted string
b = "World"

# Triple-quoted string for multi-line text

c = '''This is
a multi-line string.'''

print(a, b, c)

➢ Accessing Characters in Strings

Characters in a string can be accessed using indexing and slicing:

• Indexing: s[index] retrieves the character at the specified position.

o Example: s[0] gives the first character.
• Slicing: s[start:end:step] retrieves a portion of the string.
o Example: s[1:5] retrieves characters from index 1 to 4.

s = "Python"
print(s[0]) # Output: P
print(s[1:4]) # Output: yth
print(s[-1]) # Output: n (last character)

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➢ String Operations

Operation Syntax Example Result

Concatenation str1 + str2 'Hello' + 'World' 'HelloWorld'
Repetition str * n 'Hi' * 3 'HiHiHi'
Length len(str) len('Python') 6
Membership substr in str 'Py' in 'Python' True
String Comparison str1 == str2 'abc' == 'ABC' False

➢ String Methods

Method Description Example Result

lower() Converts string to lowercase 'Python'.lower() 'python'
upper() Converts string to uppercase 'python'.upper() 'PYTHON'
strip() Removes leading and trailing spaces ' hello '.strip() 'hello'

replace(old, Replaces occurrences of a substring 'hello 'hello Python'

new) world'.replace('world',
'Python')
split(delim) Splits string into a list 'a,b,c'.split(',') ['a', 'b', 'c']
join(iterable) Joins elements of a list into a string ','.join(['a', 'b', 'c']) 'a,b,c'

find(sub) Finds first occurrence of a substring 'hello'.find('e') 1

startswith() Checks if string starts with a substring 'Python'.startswith('Py') True

endswith() Checks if string ends with a substring 'Python'.endswith('on') True

➢ String Formatting

1. Using format() Method:

name = "Alice"
age = 25
print("My name is {} and I am {} years old.".format(name, age))

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 2. Using f-Strings (Python 3.6+):

name = "Alice"
age = 25
print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.")

➢ Escape Characters

Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline
\t Tab
\\ Backslash
\' Single Quote
\" Double Quote

Examples of String Usage :-

# Example 1: Basic String Operations

s = "Hello, Python!"
print([Link]()) # Output: HELLO, PYTHON!
print([Link]()) # Output: hello, python!
print([Link]("Python", "World")) # Output: Hello, World!

# Example 2: String Slicing

print(s[7:13]) # Output: Python

# Example 3: f-String Formatting

name = "Bob"
age = 30
print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")

# Example 4: Escape Characters

print("He said, \"Python is fun!\"") # Output: He said, "Python
is fun!"

➢ Key Points to Remember

• Strings are immutable.

• Indexing starts at 0 and negative indices can be used to access elements from the end.
• String methods do not modify the original string but return a new string.
• Use triple quotes for multi-line strings or strings containing both single and double quotes.

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❖ Date and Time in Python
Handling date and time is essential in programming for applications like logging, scheduling, or
measuring durations. Python provides the datetime module to manage date and time efficiently.

➢ Importing the datetime Module

To work with date and time, you need to import the datetime module:

import datetime

➢ Getting the Current Date and Time

The datetime module provides methods to retrieve the current date and time:
• [Link]() gives the current date and time.
• [Link]() gives the current date without the time.

import datetime

# Get current date and time

dt_now = [Link]()
print("Current Date and Time:", dt_now)

# Get only the current date

current_date = [Link]()
print("Current Date:", current_date)

➢ Creating Date and Time Objects

You can create custom date or time objects using the datetime class:
• [Link](year, month, day)
• [Link](hour, minute, second)
• [Link](year, month, day, hour, minute, second)

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 import datetime

# Create a date object

custom_date = [Link](2024, 12, 25)
print("Custom Date:", custom_date)

# Create a time object

custom_time = [Link](14, 30, 15)
print("Custom Time:", custom_time)

# Create a datetime object

custom_datetime = [Link](2024, 12, 25, 14, 30, 15)
print("Custom Date and Time:", custom_datetime)

➢ Formatting Date and Time

Use the strftime method to format dates and times into readable strings:

Directive Meaning Example Output

%Y Year (4 digits) 2024

%m Month (01-12) 12
%d Day of the month 25
%H Hour (00-23) 14
%M Minute (00-59) 30
%S Second (00-59) 15
%A Weekday name Monday
%B Month name December

import datetime

now = [Link]()
formatted = [Link]("%A, %B %d, %Y %H:%M:%S")
print("Formatted Date and Time:", formatted)

➢ Parsing Strings into Date/Time Objects

Use the strptime method to parse strings into date or datetime objects:

import datetime

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 # Parse a date string
date_string = "2024-12-25"
date_object = [Link](date_string, "%Y-%m-%d")
print("Parsed Date Object:", date_object)

➢ Date Arithmetic
The timedelta class allows you to perform date and time arithmetic, such as adding or
subtracting days:

import datetime

# Current date
today = [Link]()

# Add 7 days
a_week_later = today + [Link](days=7)
print("A Week Later:", a_week_later)

# Subtract 30 days
thirty_days_ago = today - [Link](days=30)
print("Thirty Days Ago:", thirty_days_ago)

➢ Getting Components of a Date/Time

You can extract individual components (year, month, day, etc.) from a date or datetime object:

import datetime

now = [Link]()
print("Year:", [Link])
print("Month:", [Link])
print("Day:", [Link])
print("Hour:", [Link])
print("Minute:", [Link])
print("Second:", [Link])

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➢ Key Points to Remember

• datetime module is used for working with dates and times.

• strftime is used to format dates into readable strings.
• strptime parses strings into date objects.
• timedelta enables arithmetic on dates and times.

➢ Exercise 11: Formatting and Calculations with Date and Time

Problem Statement: Write a Python program to perform the following:

1. Display the current date and time in the format: Weekday, Month Day, Year
Hour:Minute:Second.
2. Calculate the number of days left until the user-specified date (e.g., New Year).
3. Add 45 days to the current date and display the result in YYYY-MM-DD format.

Solution:

import datetime

# 1. Display current date and time in the specified format

now = [Link]()
formatted_now = [Link]("%A, %B %d, %Y %H:%M:%S")
print("Current Date and Time:", formatted_now)

# 2. Calculate days until user-specified date

user_date = input("Enter a target date (YYYY-MM-DD): ")
target_date = [Link](user_date, "%Y-%m-%d")
days_left = (target_date - now).days
print("Days left until target date:", days_left)

# 3. Add 45 days to the current date

future_date = now + [Link](days=45)
print("Date after 45 days:", future_date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))

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❖ Basic Operators in Python
Operators in Python are special symbols or keywords that perform operations on operands. They
are classified into several types based on the operation they perform.

➢ Types of Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators
Used to perform basic mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example Result

+ Addition 5+3 8

- Subtraction 5-3 2

* Multiplication 5*3 15

/ Division 5/3 1.666...

% Modulus (Remainder) 5%3 2

** Exponentiation 5 ** 3 125

// Floor Division 5 // 3 1

Example:-
x = 10
y = 3

print(x + y) # Output: 13
print(x - y) # Output: 7
print(x * y) # Output: 30
print(x / y) # Output: 3.333...
print(x % y) # Output: 1
print(x ** y) # Output: 1000
print(x // y) # Output: 3

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2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
Used to compare two values. The result is a Boolean value (True or False).

Operator Description Example Result

== Equal to 5 == 3 False

!= Not equal to 5 != 3 True

> Greater than 5>3 True

< Less than 5<3 False

>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 3 True

<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 False

Example:

a = 10
b = 20

print(a == b) # Output: False

print(a != b) # Output: True
print(a > b) # Output: False
print(a < b) # Output: True
print(a >= b) # Output: False
print(a <= b) # Output: True

3. Logical Operators
Used to perform logical operations. The result is a Boolean value.

Operator Description Example Result

and Returns True if both are True True and False

False

or Returns True if at least one is True or False True

True

not Reverses the Boolean value not True False

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Example:

x = True
y = False

print(x and y) # Output: False

print(x or y) # Output: True
print(not x) # Output: False

4. Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to variables.

Operator Description Example Result

= Assign x=5 x=5

+= Add and assign x += 3 x=x+3

-= Subtract and assign x -= 3 x=x-3

*= Multiply and assign x *= 3 x=x*3

/= Divide and assign x /= 3 x=x/3

%= Modulus and assign x %= 3 x=x%3

//= Floor divide and assign x //= 3 x = x // 3

**= Exponentiation and assign x **= 3 x = x ** 3

&= Bitwise AND and assign x &= 3 x=x&3

|= Bitwise OR and assign x |= 3 x=x|3
^= Bitwise XOR and assign x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= Right shift and assign x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= Left shift and assign x <<= 3 x = x << 3
:= Walrus operator (assign and print(x := Prints 3 and assigns 3
return) 3) to x

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Example:

x = 5
x += 3 # Equivalent to x = x + 3
print(x) # Output: 8
x -= 3 # Equivalent to x = x - 3 ,here the x = 8
print(x) # Output: 5
x *= 3 # Equivalent to x = x * 3 ,here the x = 5
print(x) # Output: 15
x /= 3 # Equivalent to x = x * 3 ,here the x = 15
print(x) # Output: 5.0

5. Bitwise Operators
Used to perform operations on binary numbers.

Operator Name Description Example

& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 x&y

| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 x|y

^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1 x^y

~ NOT Inverts all the bits ~x

<< Zero fill left Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the
x << 2
shift leftmost bits fall off

>> Signed right Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in
x >> 2
shift from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off

Example:

a = 5 # Binary: 101
b = 3 # Binary: 011

print(a & b) # Output: 1 (Binary: 001)

print(a | b) # Output: 7 (Binary: 111)
print(a ^ b) # Output: 6 (Binary: 110)
print(~a) # Output: -6 (Binary: ...11010)
print(a << 2) # Output: 20 (Binary: 10100)
print(a >> 2) # Output: 1 (Binary: 001)

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
6. Membership Operators
Used to test membership in sequences like strings, lists, or tuples.

Operator Description Example Result

in Returns True if found 'a' in 'apple' True

not in Returns True if not found 'x' not in 'apple' True

Example:

x = 'apple'
print('a' in x) # Output: True
print('x' not in x) # Output: True

7. Identity Operators
Used to compare memory locations of two objects.

Operator Description Example Result

is Returns True if same object x is y True/False

is not Returns True if not same object x is not y True/False

Example:
x = [1, 2, 3]
y = x
z = [1, 2, 3]

print(x is y) # Output: True (same object)

print(x is z) # Output: False (different objects)
print(x == z) # Output: True (same values)

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
➢ Exercise 12: Arithmetic and Logical Operators

Problem Statement : Write a Python program that takes three numbers as input from the user.
Perform the following operations:

1. Compute the sum, product, and difference of the numbers.

2. Check if all the numbers are positive using a logical operator.
3. Determine if the sum of the numbers is greater than 100.

Solution

# Input three numbers from the user

num1 = int(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter the second number: "))
num3 = int(input("Enter the third number: "))

# Perform arithmetic operations

sum_of_numbers = num1 + num2 + num3
product_of_numbers = num1 * num2 * num3
difference = num1 - num2 - num3

# Display results
print("Sum of numbers:", sum_of_numbers)
print("Product of numbers:", product_of_numbers)
print("Difference of numbers:", difference)

# Logical operations
all_positive = (num1 > 0) and (num2 > 0) and (num3 > 0)
print("All numbers are positive:", all_positive)

# Check if sum is greater than 100

is_sum_greater = sum_of_numbers > 100
print("Sum greater than 100:", is_sum_greater)

➢ Exercise 13: Bitwise and Identity Operators

Problem Statement: Develop a Python program that:

1. Performs bitwise AND, OR, and XOR operations on two user-provided integers.
2. Verifies if two variables point to the same object in memory.

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Solution

# Input two integers from the user

num1 = int(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter the second number: "))

# Bitwise operations
print("Bitwise AND:", num1 & num2)
print("Bitwise OR:", num1 | num2)
print("Bitwise XOR:", num1 ^ num2)
print("Bitwise NOT (num1):", ~num1)
print("Bitwise Left Shift (num1 by 2):", num1 << 2)
print("Bitwise Right Shift (num2 by 2):", num2 >> 2)

# Identity operation
x = [num1]
y = [num1]
z = x

print("x is y:", x is y) # Should be False

print("x is z:", x is z) # Should be True
print("x == y:", x == y) # Should be True (same value)

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Practical: 2 Automated Billing System for a Coffee Shop
Problem Statement: Design a Python program that simulates an automated billing system for
a coffee shop. The program should:

1. Display a menu with prices (e.g., Coffee - ₹70, Tea - ₹50, Sandwich - ₹100).
2. Ask the user to enter the item name and quantity.
3. Calculate the total bill using arithmetic operators. Apply 18% GST on the total. Display
final bill amount after tax. (For computation, do not use if statements or any other concepts
beyond what has been covered so far.)
4. Display the current date and time when generating the bill.
5. Format and display the bill in a structured manner using string manipulation.

Objective:

• To understand how to take user input in Python.

• To perform arithmetic operations.
• To display formatted output using string manipulation.
• To use Python's built-in functions for date and time handling.

Theory:

Python provides various functionalities to create a simple billing system using basic concepts such
as:

• User Input: input() function to collect item names and quantities.

• Data Storage: Variables to store item prices and calculations.
• Arithmetic Operations: Multiplication for total calculation and percentage computation for
tax.
• String Formatting: Displaying the bill in a structured format.
• Date and Time: The datetime module is used to fetch the current date and time.

Key concepts used in this program:

1. Input Handling: input() function.

2. Data Types: Strings, Integers, and Floats.
3. Arithmetic Operations: Multiplication and Addition.
4. String Manipulation: Formatting output.
5. Date and Time Handling: [Link]() from the datetime module.

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Procedure:

1. Start the Python script.

2. Display the menu with item prices.
3. Use the input() function to get the item name and quantity.
4. Define prices for menu items and calculate the total amount using arithmetic operators.
5. Compute the final bill amount by adding 18% GST.
6. Retrieve the current date and time.
7. Format and print the structured bill.

Implementation and Result:

1. Students are required to implement this practical on their own using the above procedure.
2. After successful execution, students must:
• Manually write the source code (Python) in their record book.
• Write the expected output in their record book.
3. Save the Python files and results in the college server at the following location:
• Server Path: \\[Link]
• Folder: New Anonymous Share > 103SB CW-2 > Division Folder (e.g., D12 or
D03) > Batch Folder
• Create a folder inside the batch folder with your Enrollment ID (e.g., 24CP01).
• Inside your folder, create a subfolder named Python > Practical_2.
• Save the Python file in this folder.

Conclusion:
Students must write the conclusion in their record book themselves based on their experience and
understanding of the practical.

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
❖ Control Structures
Control structures in Python dictate the flow of execution within a program. They include:

1. Sequential Control
2. Selection Control (Decision Making)
3. Iteration Control (Loops)

1. Sequential Control

Sequential control means that statements execute one after another in the order they appear.

Example:

print("Welcome to Python")
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello,", name)

Here, each statement is executed sequentially.

2. Selection Control (Decision Making)

Selection control allows decision-making by executing different blocks of code based on
conditions.

a) if Statement

The if statement in Python is a fundamental control structure used for decision-

making. It allows a program to execute a block of code only when a specified
condition evaluates to True. If the condition is False, the block is [Link] if
statement is written by using the if keyword.

Syntax:

if condition:
# Indented block executes if condition is True
statement(s)

Python uses indentation (typically 4 spaces) to define the block of code that belongs
to the if statement.

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 How Conditions Work: A condition in an if statement is an expression that evaluates
to a Boolean value (True or False). Python considers the following values as False
(Falsy values):

• None
• False
• 0 (Integer or Float)
• "" (Empty String)
• [] (Empty List)
• {} (Empty Dictionary)
• () (Empty Tuple)
• set() (Empty Set) All other values are considered True (Truthy values).

Example:

if 50:
print("This statement will execute.")

# Output:
This statement will execute.

Here, 50 is a non-zero number, so it is considered True.

▪ Single Condition if Statement:

x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")

Since x > 5 evaluates to True, the print statement executes.

▪ if with a False Condition:

x = 0
if x:
print("This won't be printed")

Since x = 0, which is a Falsy value, the print statement is not executed.

▪ Using Comparison Operators in if:

x = 10
y = 20
if x < y:
print("x is less than y")

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 Python supports various comparison operators in if conditions, such as:

o == (Equal to)
o != (Not equal to)
o > (Greater than)
o < (Less than)
o >= (Greater than or equal to)
o <= (Less than or equal to)

▪ Logical Operators in if: Logical operators (and, or, not) can be used to combine
multiple conditions.

x = 15
y = 10
if x > 10 and y < 20:
print("Both conditions are True")

▪ if with Membership Operators: Membership operators (in, not in) check if a value
exists in a sequence.

name = "Python"
if 'y' in name:
print("'y' is present in the string")

▪ Nested if Statements: An if statement inside another if statement is called a nested

if.

num = 10
if num > 0:
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Positive even number")

b) if-else Statement

The if-else statement in Python is used when a program needs to execute one block
of code if a condition is True and a different block if the condition is False. It extends
the basic if statement by providing an alternative path of execution.

Syntax
if condition:
# Executes if the condition is True
statement(s)
else:
# Executes if the condition is False
statement(s)

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 The else block must be indented at the same level as the corresponding if block.

Example:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even Number")
else:
print("Odd Number")

• If the input number is divisible by 2, it is even, and the if block executes.

• Otherwise, the else block runs, printing that the number is odd.

▪ Nested if-else: An if-else statement inside another if-else is called a nested if-else.

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num > 0:
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Positive Even Number")
else:
print("Positive Odd Number")
else:
print("Negative Number")

• If num > 0, it enters the nested if.

• The nested if further checks if the number is even or odd.
• If num is not greater than zero, the else block executes.

▪ Short Hand If ... Else: If you have only one statement to execute, one for if, and one
for else, you can put it all on the same line

a = 11
b = 510

print("A") if a > b else print("B")

This technique is known as Ternary Operators, or Conditional Expressions.

You can also have multiple else statements on the same line:

a = 221
b = 221

print("A") if a > b else print("=") if a == b else

print("B")

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 c) if-elif-else Statement

The if-elif-else statement in Python is used for multiple conditional checks. It allows
a program to evaluate multiple conditions sequentially and execute the block of code
corresponding to the first True condition. If none of the conditions are met, the else
block executes.

Syntax

if condition1:
# Executes if condition1 is True
statement(s)
elif condition2:
# Executes if condition2 is True (only if condition1 is
False)
statement(s)
else:
# Executes if none of the above conditions are True
statement(s)

Example:

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num > 0:
print("Positive Number")
elif num < 0:
print("Negative Number")
else:
print("Zero")

• If num is greater than 0, the first if block executes.

• If num is less than 0, the elif block executes.
• If neither condition is met, the else block executes.

Example of Multiple elif Conditions:

marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))

if marks >= 90:
print("Grade: A")
elif marks >= 80:
print("Grade: B")
elif marks >= 70:
print("Grade: C")
elif marks >= 60:

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 print("Grade: D")
else:
print("Grade: F")

• The program evaluates the marks and assigns a grade accordingly.

• It stops checking further conditions once a True condition is met.

➢ Exercise 14: if Statement

Problem: Write a Python program that asks the user for their age. If the age is 18 or above,
print "You are eligible to vote".

Solution:

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote")

➢ Exercise 15: if-else Statement

Problem: Write a Python program that asks the user for their exam score. If the score is 40
or more, print "Pass", otherwise print "Fail".

Solution:

score = int(input("Enter your exam score: "))

if score >= 40:
print("Pass")
else:
print("Fail")

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 ➢ Exercise 16: if-elif Statement

Problem: Write a Python program that asks the user for the temperature in Celsius and
classifies it as "Cold", "Warm", or "Hot" based on the following conditions:

• Below 15°C: Cold

• 15°C to 30°C: Warm
• Above 30°C: Hot

Solution:

temp = float(input("Enter temperature in Celsius: "))

if temp < 15:
print("Cold")
elif temp <= 30:
print("Warm")
else:
print("Hot")

➢ Exercise 17: Nested if-else Statement

Problem: Write a Python program that asks the user for a year and checks whether it is a
leap year or not. A year is a leap year if:

• It is divisible by 4, and
• If it is a century year (ending in 00), it must also be divisible by 400.

Solution:

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if year % 4 == 0:
if year % 100 == 0:
if year % 400 == 0:
print(year, "is a leap year")
else:
print(year, "is not a leap year")
else:
print(year, "is a leap year")
else:
print(year, "is not a leap year")

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Practical:3 University Admission Eligibility Check

Problem Statement:
Write a Python program that checks if a student is eligible for university admission. The program
should:
1. Ask the user to enter their percentage marks in three subjects.
2. Calculate the average marks.
3. If the average is above 75%, print "Eligible for Admission"; otherwise, print "Not
Eligible".
4. If the student scores above 90%, display a message saying "You qualify for a
scholarship!".
5. Handle edge cases (e.g., if the user enters marks below 0 or above 100, display an error
message).

Objective:

• To understand conditional statements (if, if-else, if-elif).

• To implement user input validation in Python.
• To apply mathematical calculations (average calculation).
• To develop a program that handles real-world admission criteria.

Theory (Recap):

1. Conditional Statements (if, if-else, if-elif)

• Used to make decisions based on conditions.
• if executes a block of code if the condition is true.
• if-else provides an alternative action if the condition is false.
• if-elif allows checking multiple conditions sequentially.
2. User Input and Validation
• input() is used to take user input, which needs to be converted to float for
calculations.
• Input validation ensures marks are between 0 and 100 before processing.
3. Mathematical Calculation (Average Marks)
• The average is calculated using:

39
BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 • If the average is above 75%, the student is eligible for admission.
• If the average is above 90%, they qualify for a scholarship.

Procedure:

1. Ask the user to enter marks for three subjects.

2. Validate the input to ensure marks are between 0 and 100.
3. Compute the average of the three marks.
4. Use conditional statements:
• If the average is above 75%, print "Eligible for Admission".
• Otherwise, print "Not Eligible".
• If the average is above 90%, print "You qualify for a scholarship!".
5. Handle invalid input cases and display an appropriate error message.

Implementation and Result:

1. Students are required to implement this practical on their own using the above procedure.
2. After successful execution, students must:
• Manually write the source code (Python) in their record book.
• Write the expected output in their record book.
3. Save the Python files and results in the college server at the following location:
• Server Path: \\[Link]
• Folder: New Anonymous Share > 103SB CW-2 > Division Folder (e.g., D12 or
D03) > Batch Folder
• Create a folder inside the batch folder with your Enrollment ID (e.g., 24CP01).
• Inside your folder, create a subfolder named Python > Practical_3.
• Save the Python file in this folder.

Conclusion:
Students must write the conclusion in their record book themselves based on their experience and
understanding of the practical.

40
BVM 103SB(CW-2)
3. Iteration Control (Loops)

Iteration control, also known as loops, allows a program to execute a block of code multiple
times. Python provides two main types of loops:

1. for loop – Used for iterating over a sequence (e.g., list, tuple, dictionary, string, or range).
2. while loop – Repeats execution as long as a condition remains True.

Loops help automate repetitive tasks and essential in programming, as they help reduce
redundancy, improve efficiency, and enhance code readability.

1. The for Loop

The for loop in Python is used for iterating over sequences (like lists, tuples, dictionaries,
sets, or strings). It executes the block of code once for each element in the sequence.

Syntax:

for variable in sequence:

# loop body

• The loop iterates over each element in the sequence.

• The variable takes on the value of each element in the sequence, one at a time.
• The block of code inside the loop executes for each element in the sequence.

Example 1: Iterating Over a List

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
#Output
apple
banana
cherry

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 Example 2: Using range() with for Loop

The range() function is commonly used to generate a sequence of numbers in loops.

for i in range(5):
print(i)

#Output
0
1
2
3
4
(The range(5) generates numbers from 0 to 4 (excluding 5).)

Example 3: Using for Loop with a String

word = "Python"
for letter in word:
print(letter)

#Output
P
y
t
h
o
n

Example 4: Iterating Over a Dictionary

student = {"name": "John", "age": 20, "course": "Computer

Science"}
for key, value in [Link]():
print(key, ":", value)

#Output
name : John
age : 20
course : Computer Science

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 2. The while Loop

The while loop executes a block of code as long as the given condition is True.

Syntax:

while condition:
# loop body

• The condition is evaluated before each iteration.

• If the condition is True, the block of code executes.
• The loop continues until the condition becomes False.

Example 1: Basic while Loop

count = 1
while count <= 5:
print("Count:", count)
count += 1

#Output
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Count: 4
Count: 5

Example 2: Using while Loop for User Input

number = int(input("Enter a number greater than 0: "))

while number <= 0:
print("Invalid input! Try again.")
number = int(input("Enter a number greater than 0: "))
print("You entered:", number)

# The loop keeps running until the user enters a number

greater than 0.

Example 3: Infinite Loop (Avoiding Pitfalls)

while True:
print("This is an infinite loop!")

• Warning: This loop runs indefinitely because the condition True never changes.
• Solution: Use break to exit the loop when a specific condition is met

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 ➢ Loop Control Statements

Python provides special control statements to modify loop behavior.

1. break Statement

The break statement is used to exit the loop prematurely when a certain condition is
met.

Example: Using break in a while Loop

num = 1
while num <= 10:
if num == 5:
break
print(num)
num += 1

#Output
1
2
3
4
(The loop terminates when num reaches 5.)

2. continue Statement

The continue statement skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the
loop.

Example: Using continue in a for Loop

for num in range(1, 6):

if num == 3:
continue
print(num)

#Output
1
2
4
5
(When num is 3, the continue statement skips that iteration.)

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
 3. else Clause in Loops

Python allows an else block to be used with loops. The else block executes after the
loop completes normally (without a break).

Example: Using else with a for Loop

for i in range(5):
print(i)
else:
print("Loop completed successfully!")

#Output
0
1
2
3
4
Loop completed successfully!

Example: Using else with a while Loop

num = 1
while num < 5:
print(num)
num += 1
else:
print("Loop finished normally!")

#Output
1
2
3
4
Loop finished normally!

45
BVM 103SB(CW-2)
➢ Nested Loops

A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop.

Example: Nested for Loop

for i in range(1, 4):

for j in range(1, 4):
print(f"i={i}, j={j}")

#Output
i=1, j=1
i=1, j=2
i=1, j=3
i=2, j=1
i=2, j=2
i=2, j=3
i=3, j=1
i=3, j=2
i=3, j=3

Example: Nested while Loop

i = 1
while i <= 3:
j = 1
while j <= 3:
print(f"i={i}, j={j}")
j += 1
i += 1
#Output
i=1, j=1
i=1, j=2
i=1, j=3
i=2, j=1
i=2, j=2
i=2, j=3
i=3, j=1
i=3, j=2
i=3, j=3

• This structure is useful for working with multi-dimensional data like matrices.

46
BVM 103SB(CW-2)
➢ Exercise 18: while Loop

Problem:
Write a Python program that asks the user for a number and calculates the factorial of that
number using a while loop.

Solution:

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

factorial = 1
i = 1

while i <= num:

factorial *= i
i += 1

print("Factorial of", num, "is", factorial)

47
BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Practical 4: Basic ATM Simulation
Problem Statement:

Create a Python program that acts as a basic ATM. The program should:
1. Display an initial balance (e.g., ₹5000).
2. Allow the user to withdraw money, ensuring they do not withdraw more than the available
balance.
3. Use a loop to allow multiple transactions until the user exits.
4. Deduct the amount and display the remaining balance after each transaction.
5. If the balance goes below ₹100, warn the user about a low balance.

Objective:
• To practice loops for repeated user interactions.
• To implement if-else conditions for checking withdrawal limits.
• To work with user input and numeric calculations.
• To simulate a simple banking system.

Theory (Recap):
• Loops (while loop): Used to repeatedly execute a block of code until a specific condition
is met. It helps in scenarios where continuous execution is required until the user decides
to stop.
• Conditional Statements (if, if-else, if-elif): Allow decision-making in programs. These
statements check conditions and execute different blocks of code based on whether the
condition is True or False.
• Nested if-else: When an if or else statement contains another if-else, it helps in handling
multiple levels of conditions, ensuring detailed decision-making.
• User Input Handling: The input() function is used to accept user data, which can be
validated to ensure correct values are processed.
• Mathematical Calculations: Variables are updated dynamically based on arithmetic
operations, ensuring that computed values are accurate as per given conditions.

48
BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Procedure:
1. Initialize the account balance (e.g., ₹5000).
2. Use a while loop to allow continuous transactions.
3. Prompt the user to enter a withdrawal amount.
4. Check if the withdrawal is valid:
• If the withdrawal amount exceeds the balance, display an error.
• Otherwise, deduct the amount and update the balance.
5. Warn the user if the balance falls below ₹100.
6. Ask the user if they want another transaction or want to exit.

Implementation and Result:

1. Students are required to implement this practical on their own using the above procedure.
2. After successful execution, students must:
• Manually write the source code (Python) in their record book.
• Write the expected output in their record book.
3. Save the Python files and results in the college server at the following location:
• Server Path: \\[Link]
• Folder: New Anonymous Share > 103SB CW-2 > Division Folder (e.g., D12 or
D03) > Batch Folder
• Create a folder inside the batch folder with your Enrollment ID (e.g., 24CP01).
• Inside your folder, create a subfolder named Python > Practical_4.
• Save the Python file in this folder.

Conclusion:
Students must write the conclusion in their record book themselves based on their experience and
understanding of the practical

49
BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Practical 5: Pattern Printing using Loops
Problem Statement: Write a Python program that prints the following three patterns using
loops. The program should:

1. Use nested loops to generate the patterns.

2. Ensure correct alignment of characters and numbers.
3. Allow the user to enter n to control the size of the patterns dynamically.

Pattern 1: Right-Angled Pattern 2: Pyramid of Pattern 3: Inverted

Triangle with Stars Numbers Alphabet Triangle

*
** 1 EDCBA
*** 12 DCBA
**** 123 CBA
*** 1234 BA
** 12345 A
* 123456

Objective:
• To practice the use of for loops and while loops for pattern generation.
• To understand nested loops and how they control printed output.
• To take user input (n) to create dynamic patterns.

Theory:
• Loops (for and while): Used to iterate through a sequence of numbers, printing characters
or numbers in a structured format.
• Nested Loops: The outer loop controls the rows, while the inner loop controls the number
of elements printed in each row.
• Mathematical Calculations: The pattern structures are derived using incremental or
decremental logic, ensuring correct formatting and positioning of elements.

50
BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Procedure:

1. Take user input n to define the number of rows for the patterns.
2. Use nested loops to generate each pattern based on logical conditions.
3. Print the patterns while ensuring correct formatting and alignment.

Implementation and Result:

1. Students are required to implement this practical on their own using the above procedure.
2. After successful execution, students must:
• Manually write the source code (Python) in their record book.
• Write the expected output in their record book.
3. Save the Python files and results in the college server at the following location:
• Server Path: \\[Link]
• Folder: New Anonymous Share > 103SB CW-2 > Division Folder (e.g., D12 or
D03) > Batch Folder
• Create a folder inside the batch folder with your Enrollment ID (e.g., 24CP01).
• Inside your folder, create a subfolder named Python > Practical_5.
• Save the Python file in this folder.

Conclusion:
Students must write the conclusion in their record book themselves based on their experience and
understanding of the practical.

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❖ List
A list in Python is a mutable, ordered collection of elements that can hold items of different
data types. Lists are one of the most commonly used data structures in Python because of their
flexibility and ease of use. List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.

Characteristics of Lists

• Ordered: Items have a specific order, and they maintain this order unless modified.
• Mutable: Elements in a list can be modified (added, removed, or changed).
• Heterogeneous: A list can store different types of elements (integers, strings, floats, even
other lists).
• Indexing: Supports both positive and negative indexing.
• Slicing: Supports retrieving a subset of elements using slicing.

➢ Creating a List

A list is created by enclosing elements within square brackets [ ], separated by commas.

Example: Creating Lists

# Empty list
empty_list = []

# List with integers

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# List with different data types

mixed_list = [10, "Python", 3.14, True]

# List containing another list (Nested List)

nested_list = [1, 2, [3, 4], 5]

➢ Accessing List Elements

Elements in a list can be accessed using indexing or slicing.

Example: Indexing

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

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 print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple
print(fruits[-1]) # Output: cherry (Negative indexing)

the first item has index [0], the second item has index [1] etc. Negative indexing means start
from the end. -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.

Example: Slicing

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]

print(numbers[1:4]) # Output: [20, 30, 40]
print(numbers[:3]) # Output: [10, 20, 30] (First 3 elements)
print(numbers[2:]) # Output: [30, 40, 50, 60] (From index 2 to
end)

You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where to end the range.
When specifying a range, the return value will be a new list with the specified items.

➢ Modifying Lists

Adding Elements

[Link](100) # Adds 100 to the end

[Link](2, 25) # Inserts 25 at index 2

To append elements from another list to the current list, use the extend() method.

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

tropical = ["mango", "pineapple", "papaya"]

[Link](tropical)

print(thislist) # The elements will be added to the end of

the list.

Removing Elements

[Link](30) # Removes first occurrence of 30

[Link](1) # Removes element at index 1
del numbers[2] # Deletes element at index 2
[Link]() # Empties the list

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 • The pop() method removes the specified index. If you do not specify the index,
the pop() method removes the last item.
• The del keyword also removes the specified index
• The clear() method empties the list. The list still remains, but it has no content.

Updating Elements

numbers[0] = 99 # Modifies first element

➢ List Operations

# Concatenation
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5, 6]
result = list1 + list2 # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

# Repetition
repeat = ["Hello"] * 3 # Output: ['Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello']

# Membership
print(2 in list1) # Output: True

➢ List Comprehensions

List comprehension offers a shorter syntax when you want to create a new list based on
the values of an existing list.

Example:

Based on a list of fruits, you want a new list, containing only the fruits with the letter "a"
in the name.

Without list comprehension you will have to write a for statement with a conditional test
inside:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]

newlist = []

for x in fruits:

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 if "a" in x:
[Link](x)

print(newlist)

With list comprehension you can do all that with only one line of code:

Syntax:

newlist = [expression for item in iterable if condition ==

True]

The return value is a new list, leaving the old list unchanged.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]

newlist = [x for x in fruits if "a" in x]

print(newlist)

You can use the range() function to create an iterable:

squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]

print(squares) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

➢ Exercise 19: List Manipulation

Problem Statement:

1. Create a list of five subjects: ["Math", "Science", "History", "English", "Computer"].

2. Add a new subject "Physics" to the list.
3. Remove "History" from the list.
4. Insert "Geography" at the second position.
5. Print the final list.

Solution:

# Step 1: Create a list

subjects = ["Math", "Science", "History", "English", "Computer"]

# Step 2: Add a new subject

[Link]("Physics")

# Step 3: Remove "History"

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 [Link]("History")

# Step 4: Insert "Geography" at the second position (index 1)

[Link](1, "Geography")

# Step 5: Print the final list

print("Final Subject List:", subjects)

❖ Tuples
A tuple is an immutable, ordered collection of elements. It is similar to a list, but once a
tuple is created, its elements cannot be changed.

Characteristics of Tuples

• Ordered: Elements are stored in a defined order.

• Immutable: Cannot be modified after creation.
• Heterogeneous: Can contain different data types.
• Indexing & Slicing: Supports both positive and negative indexing, like lists.

➢ Creating Tuples

Tuples are defined using parentheses ( ).

# Empty tuple
empty_tuple = ()

# Tuple with integers

numbers = (10, 20, 30)

# Tuple with mixed data types

mixed_tuple = (5, "Python", 3.14)

# Single element tuple (comma required)

single_tuple = (42,) # Without the comma, it's not a tuple!

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 ➢ Accessing Tuple Elements

Tuples support indexing and slicing, similar to lists.

Example: Indexing

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(fruits[1]) # Output: banana

print(fruits[-1]) # Output: cherry

Example: Slicing

numbers = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

print(numbers[1:4]) # Output: (20, 30, 40)

➢ Tuple Operations

# Concatenation
tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
result = tuple1 + tuple2 # Output: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

# Repetition
repeat = ("Hello",) * 3 # Output: ('Hello', 'Hello',
'Hello')

# Membership
print(2 in tuple1) # Output: True

➢ Exercise 20: Tuple Operations

Problem Statement:

1. Create a tuple numbers containing (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30).
2. Access and print the third element from the tuple.
3. Use slicing to extract and print elements from the second to the fifth position.
4. Try to modify the fourth element (observe what happens).
5. Concatenate another tuple (50, 60, 70) with numbers.

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 Solution:
# Step 1: Create a tuple
numbers = (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30)

# Step 2: Access the third element

print("Third element:", numbers[2])

# Step 3: Slice from second to fifth position

print("Sliced elements:", numbers[1:5])

# Step 4: Attempt to modify an element (this will cause an error)

# numbers[3] = 50 # Uncommenting this will raise TypeError

# Step 5: Concatenate with another tuple

new_tuple = numbers + (50, 60, 70)
print("Concatenated Tuple:", new_tuple)

❖ Dictionary
A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. Dictionaries are mutable and
provide efficient data retrieval.

Characteristics of Dictionaries

• Unordered: Elements do not have a fixed order (Python 3.7+ maintains insertion
order).
• Key-Value Pairs: Each key maps to a specific value.
• Mutable: Elements can be modified.
• Keys Must Be Unique: Duplicate keys are not allowed.

➢ Creating a Dictionary

Dictionaries are created using curly braces {}.

# Empty dictionary
empty_dict = {}

# Dictionary with values

student = {
"name": "Rajan",
"age": 22,

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 "course": "Computer Science"
}

➢ Accessing Dictionary Elements

print(student["name"]) # Output: Rajan

print([Link]("age")) # Output: 22

➢ Modifying a Dictionary

Adding Elements

student["city"] = "New York" # Adds a new key-value pair

Updating Elements

student["age"] = 23 # Modifies existing value

Removing Elements

del student["course"] # Removes key "course"

➢ Dictionary Methods

print([Link]()) # Output: dict_keys(['name', 'age',

'city'])
print([Link]()) # Output: dict_values(['Rajan', 23,
'New York'])
print([Link]()) # Output: dict_items([('name',
'Rajan'), ('age', 23), ('city', 'New York')])

➢ Looping Through a Dictionary

for key, value in [Link]():

print(key, ":", value)

# Output
name : Rajan
age : 23
city : New York

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➢ Exercise 21: Dictionary Operations

Problem statement:

1. Create a dictionary student with the following key-value pairs:

• "name": "Krish"
• "age": 21
• "course": "Computer Science"
2. Add a new key "grade" with the value "A".
3. Modify the "age" value to 22.
4. Delete the "course" key.
5. Print all keys and values of the final dictionary.
6. Loop through the dictionary and print each key-value pair.

Solution:

# Step 1: Create a dictionary

student = {
"name": "Krish",
"age": 21,
"course": "Computer Science"
}

# Step 2: Add a new key-value pair

student["grade"] = "A"

# Step 3: Modify the "age" value

student["age"] = 22

# Step 4: Delete the "course" key

del student["course"]

# Step 5: Print the final dictionary

print("Final Student Dictionary:", student)

# Step 6: Loop through dictionary and print each key-value pair

print("Student Details:")
for key, value in [Link]():
print(f"{key} : {value}")

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Practical 6: University Course Management System
Problem Statement: Create a Python program that manages courses offered in a university.
The program should:

1. Store a list of courses using a list (e.g., ["Python", "Java", "C++", "Data Science"]).
2. Allow the user to add a new course.
3. Allow the user to remove an existing course.
4. Use a tuple to store immutable information (e.g., university name, established year).
5. Use a dictionary to store course details (e.g., {"Python": "3 months", "Java": "4 months"})
and allow the user to search for a course duration.

Objective:
• Understand the use of lists, tuples, and dictionaries in Python.
• Perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on lists and dictionaries.
• Learn how to work with user input and manipulate data structures dynamically.

Theory:
1. Lists in Python

• A list is a mutable data structure used to store multiple items in a single variable.
• Lists allow dynamic modification (adding/removing elements).

2. Tuples in Python

• A tuple is an immutable data structure that stores ordered values.

• Once defined, tuple elements cannot be changed.

3. Dictionaries in Python

• A dictionary stores data in key-value pairs, making it easy to look up values using keys.
• Used to store course details with course name as key and duration as value.

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Procedure:

1. Initialize a list to store available courses.

2. Initialize a tuple to store immutable university details.
3. Initialize a dictionary to store course names as keys and durations as values.
4. Display a menu to the user with options:
• Add a new course.
• Remove an existing course.
• View all available courses.
• Search for a course duration.
• Exit the program.
5. Based on the user's choice, perform the corresponding action.
6. Use a loop to keep the program running until the user chooses to exit.

Implementation and Result:

1. Students are required to implement this practical on their own using the above procedure.
2. After successful execution, students must:
• Manually write the source code (Python) in their record book.
• Write the expected output in their record book.
3. Save the Python files and results in the college server at the following location:
• Server Path: \\[Link]
• Folder: New Anonymous Share > 103SB CW-2 > Division Folder (e.g., D12 or
D03) > Batch Folder
• Create a folder inside the batch folder with your Enrollment ID (e.g., 24CP01).
• Inside your folder, create a subfolder named Python > Practical_6.
• Save the Python file in this folder.

Conclusion:
Students must write the conclusion in their record book themselves based on their experience and
understanding of the practical.

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 ❖ NumPy and Pandas

Data manipulation and numerical computing are essential in programming, especially in fields like
data science, machine learning, and scientific computing. NumPy (Numerical Python) and
Pandas are two of the most powerful Python libraries that allow us to efficiently handle and
process large datasets.
• NumPy is used for numerical computations, providing fast array processing, mathematical
functions, and multi-dimensional data handling.
• Pandas is a data analysis library that offers powerful tools for handling structured data,
including DataFrames and Series.

1. NumPy

NumPy (Numerical Python) is a powerful Python library used for working with arrays. It also
provides functions for linear algebra, Fourier transforms, and matrices. Created in 2005 by Travis
Oliphant, NumPy is open-source and freely available.

Why Use NumPy?

Python has lists that function as arrays, but they are slow. NumPy offers an array object, ndarray,
which is up to 50 times faster. It is extensively used in data science, where performance and
memory efficiency are crucial.

Why is NumPy Faster?

• NumPy arrays are stored in a continuous block of memory, enabling efficient data access.
• This behavior, called locality of reference, makes NumPy faster than lists.
• NumPy is optimized to leverage modern CPU architectures.

Language & Codebase

• NumPy is written in Python, but performance-critical sections are implemented in C and
C++.
• Its source code is available at NumPy GitHub Repository.

What is NumPy?
NumPy is a Python library used for numerical operations. It provides:
• Multidimensional arrays (ndarray)
• Mathematical functions for data processing
• Efficient operations compared to Python lists
• Linear algebra, statistics, and random number generation functions

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Advantages of NumPy
Feature Python List NumPy Array
Speed Slower Faster (Optimized in C)
Memory Usage Higher Lower (Efficient
memory handling)
Functionality Basic operations Advanced
mathematical
operations

Installation & Importing NumPy

To install NumPy using pip:
pip install numpy

To import NumPy:
import numpy as np # np is a common alias for NumPy

➢ Creating NumPy Arrays

NumPy provides the ndarray object, which supports fast and efficient operations. NumPy
arrays (ndarray) can be created using the array() function. arrays can be created from lists,
tuples, or other array-like objects.

import numpy as np

# Creating a 1D array
marks = [Link]([75, 88, 92, 67, 80])
print("Student Marks:", marks)

#Output
Student Marks: [75 88 92 67 80]

Array Dimensions:
import numpy as np
# 0-D Array (Scalar):
arr0 = [Link](42)
print(arr0)

# 1-D Array (Vector):

arr1 = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(arr1)

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 # 2-D Array (Matrix):
arr2 = [Link]([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print(arr2)

# 3-D Array (Tensor):

arr3 = [Link]([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[7, 8, 9], [10, 11,
12]]])
print(arr3)

# To check the number of dimensions:

print([Link]) # Returns the number of dimensions

To create an array with a specific number of dimensions:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4], ndmin=5)
print(arr)
print("Number of dimensions:", [Link])

Accessing Array Elements:

#Indexing in NumPy starts at 0.

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4])

print(arr[0]) # Output: 1
print(arr[1] + arr[2]) # Output: 5(2+3=5)

#Accessing 2-D & 3-D Arrays

arr = [Link]([[1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]])

print(arr[0, 1]) # 2nd element from 1st row which is 2
print(arr[1, -1]) # Last element from 2nd row which is 10

arr = [Link]([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[7, 8, 9], [10, 11,

12]]])
print(arr[0, 1, 2]) # Output: 6

Slicing Arrays
#Slicing in 1-D arrays:
arr1 = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
print(arr1[1:5]) # Output: [2 3 4 5]
print(arr1[:4]) # Elements from beginning to index 4 (exclusive)
print(arr1[-3:-1]) # Negative slicing
print(arr1[1:5:2]) # Step slicing (every second element)

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 #Slicing in 2-D arrays:
arr2 = [Link]([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]])
print(arr2[1, 1:4]) # Elements from 2nd row, index 1 to 4
print(arr2[0:2, 2]) # 3rd column from both rows
print(arr2[0:2, 1:4]) # 2-D slice

➢ Creating Special NumPy Arrays

NumPy allows creating special arrays using built-in functions.

Example:
import numpy as np

zeros = [Link]((3, 3)) # 3x3 matrix of zeros

ones = [Link]((2, 4)) # 2x4 matrix of ones
identity_matrix = [Link](3) # 3x3 Identity matrix

print("Zeros Array:\n", zeros)

print("Ones Array:\n", ones)
print("Identity Matrix:\n", identity_matrix)

#Output:
Zeros Array:
[[0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0.]]
Ones Array:
[[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]]
Identity Matrix:
[[1. 0. 0.]
[0. 1. 0.]
[0. 0. 1.]]

➢ NumPy Data Types

Python's built-in types include:

• Strings: "Hello"
• Integers: 1, -2
• Floats: 1.5, 3.14
• Booleans: True, False
• Complex: 1.5 + 2.5j

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NumPy extends these with specialized types:
• i: Integer • b: Boolean
• u: Unsigned integer • M: Datetime
• f: Float • O: Object
• c: Complex float • S/U: String/Unicode string

Checking the data type:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4])
print([Link]) # Output: int32

Creating an array with a specific type:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype='S')
print([Link]) # Output: S1 (string type)

Converting data types:

arr = [Link]([1.1, 2.2, 3.3])
new_arr = [Link](int)
print(new_arr) # Floats converted to integers

➢ NumPy Array Operations

NumPy provides several useful functions for array operations.

Function Description Example

[Link]() Computes the average value [Link](marks)
[Link]() Returns the maximum value [Link](marks)
[Link]() Returns the minimum value [Link](marks)
[Link]() Sums all elements [Link](marks)
[Link]() Sorts the array [Link](marks)

Example:
import numpy as np
marks = [Link]([75, 88, 92, 67, 80])

average = [Link](marks)
maximum = [Link](marks)
minimum = [Link](marks)

print("Average Marks:", average)

print("Highest Marks:", maximum)
print("Lowest Marks:", minimum)

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 #Output:
Average Marks: 80.4
Highest Marks: 92
Lowest Marks: 67

➢ Exercise 22: Working with Arrays and Basic Operations

Problem Statement: Create a dataset that stores the daily temperature readings of a city for a
week and perform the following operations on it.
1. Create a NumPy array to store the temperature data.
2. Find the average temperature for the week.
3. Identify the highest and lowest temperatures recorded.
4. Convert the temperature readings from Celsius to Fahrenheit using the formula:
F=(C×95)+32
5. Extract temperature readings that are above the weekly average.

Solution:
import numpy as np

# Step 1: Create a NumPy array with temperature readings (in Celsius)

temperatures = [Link]([22, 25, 19, 23, 26, 24, 20])

# Step 2: Calculate the average temperature

average_temp = [Link](temperatures)
print("Average Temperature for the week:", average_temp)

# Step 3: Find the highest and lowest temperatures

max_temp = [Link](temperatures)
min_temp = [Link](temperatures)
print("Highest Temperature:", max_temp)
print("Lowest Temperature:", min_temp)

# Step 4: Convert temperatures to Fahrenheit

temperatures_fahrenheit = (temperatures * 9/5) + 32
print("Temperatures in Fahrenheit:", temperatures_fahrenheit)

# Step 5: Extract temperatures above the weekly average

above_avg_temps = temperatures[temperatures > average_temp]
print("Temperatures above average:", above_avg_temps)

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2. Pandas

What is Pandas?
Pandas is a powerful open-source Python library designed for data manipulation and analysis. It
provides data structures and functions to efficiently handle structured data, such as tables, matrices,
and time series.
• The name "Pandas" refers to "Panel Data" and "Python Data Analysis."
• Created by Wes McKinney in 2008, Pandas has become an essential tool in data science
and analytics.
Pandas is a data analysis library built on top of NumPy. It provides two primary data structures:
1. Series – A one-dimensional labeled array.
2. DataFrame – A two-dimensional table, similar to an Excel spreadsheet.

Why Use Pandas?

Pandas is widely used for:
• Analyzing large datasets efficiently.
• Cleaning messy data and handling missing values.
• Performing complex statistical computations.
• Enabling data visualization through integration with Matplotlib and Seaborn.

Installation of Pandas
If you have Python and PIP installed, install Pandas using the following command:
pip install pandas

Importing Pandas
After installation, import Pandas in your Python script:
import pandas
To confirm that Pandas is installed, check its version:
import pandas as pd
print(pd.__version__)

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➢ Pandas Series
A Pandas Series is a one-dimensional labeled array capable of holding data of any type (integer,
string, float, etc.).

Creating a Pandas Series

Create a Series from a list:
import pandas as pd

a = [1, 7, 2]
myvar = [Link](a)
print(myvar)

#Output:
0 1
1 7
2 2
dtype: int64

Custom Index Labels

By default, Pandas assigns an index starting from 0. However, you can specify custom index labels:
marks_series = [Link]([85, 90, 78, 92], index=["Neel", "Meet",
"geet", "Jeet"])
print(marks_series)

#Output:
Neel 85
Meet 90
geet 78
Jeet 92
dtype: int64

Creating a Series from a Dictionary

A dictionary can be converted into a Pandas Series, where keys become the index:
calories = {"day1": 420, "day2": 380, "day3": 390}
myvar = [Link](calories)
print(myvar)

#Output:
day1 420
day2 380
day3 390
dtype: int64

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➢ Pandas DataFrame
A Pandas DataFrame is a two-dimensional data structure, similar to a table with rows and
columns.

Creating a DataFrame from a Dictionary

import pandas as pd

data = {
"calories": [420, 380, 390],
"duration": [50, 40, 45]
}

df = [Link](data)
print(df)

#Output:
calories duration
0 420 50
1 380 40
2 390 45

Selecting Rows in a DataFrame

Use loc to retrieve specific rows:
# Get a single row
print([Link][0])

# Get multiple rows

print([Link][[0, 1]])

➢ Reading CSV Files with Pandas

CSV (Comma-Separated Values) files are commonly used to store tabular data.

Loading a CSV File into a DataFrame

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv("[Link]")
print(df.to_string()) # Prints the entire DataFrame

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➢ Data Cleaning and Manipulation
#Checking for Missing Data
print([Link]().sum()) # Counts missing values in each column

#Dropping Missing Values

[Link](inplace=True)

#Replacing Missing Values

[Link]("Unknown", inplace=True)

#Finding Correlations Between Columns

print([Link]()) # Returns correlation matrix

➢ Data Analysis in Pandas

Pandas provides several built-in functions to analyze datasets efficiently. These functions help
in understanding the dataset structure, performing statistical analysis, and sorting or
summarizing data.

Common Data Analysis Functions in Pandas

Function Description Example
[Link](n) Displays the first n rows of the DataFrame [Link](3)
[Link](n) Displays the last n rows of the DataFrame [Link](3)
[Link]() Provides information about the dataset, [Link]()
such as column names, non-null values,
and data types
[Link]() Generates summary statistics (mean, min, [Link]()
max, standard deviation) for numerical
columns
df.sort_values(by= Sorts the values in the DataFrame based df.sort_values(by="Salar
"column") on a specific column y")

Example:
import pandas as pd

# Creating a dataset of employee salaries

data = {
"Employee": ["John", "Sarah", "Mike", "Emma", "David"],
"Department": ["IT", "HR", "Finance", "IT", "HR"],
"Salary": [60000, 55000, 75000, 72000, 50000],
"Experience (Years)": [5, 7, 10, 6, 4]
}

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 df = [Link](data)

# Display first 3 rows

print("First 3 rows of the dataset:")
print([Link](3))

# Display dataset info

print("\nDataset Information:")
print([Link]())

# Display statistical summary

print("\nSummary Statistics:")
print([Link]())

# Sorting employees by Salary

sorted_df = df.sort_values(by="Salary", ascending=False)
print("\nEmployees sorted by Salary:")
print(sorted_df)

#Output:

First 3 rows of the dataset:

Employee Department Salary Experience (Years)
0 John IT 60000 5
1 Sarah HR 55000 7
2 Mike Finance 75000 10

Dataset Information:
<class '[Link]'>
RangeIndex: 5 entries, 0 to 4
Data columns (total 4 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 Employee 5 non-null object
1 Department 5 non-null object
2 Salary 5 non-null int64
3 Experience (Years) 5 non-null int64
dtypes: int64(2), object(2)
memory usage: 292.0+ bytes
None

Summary Statistics:
Salary Experience (Years)
count 5.000000 5.000000

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 mean 62400.000000 6.400000
std 10784.247772 2.302173
min 50000.000000 4.000000
25% 55000.000000 5.000000
50% 60000.000000 6.000000
75% 72000.000000 7.000000
max 75000.000000 10.000000

Employees sorted by Salary:

Employee Department Salary Experience (Years)
2 Mike Finance 75000 10
3 Emma IT 72000 6
0 John IT 60000 5
1 Sarah HR 55000 7
4 David HR 50000 4

➢ Filtering Data in Pandas

Filtering allows us to extract specific rows from a DataFrame based on conditions. This is
useful when analyzing data to find relevant information.

Example: Filtering Employees with High Salaries , Suppose we want to filter employees who earn
more than 60,000.
import pandas as pd

# Creating a dataset of employee salaries

data = {
"Employee": ["John", "Sarah", "Mike", "Emma", "David"],
"Department": ["IT", "HR", "Finance", "IT", "HR"],
"Salary": [60000, 55000, 75000, 72000, 50000],
"Experience (Years)": [5, 7, 10, 6, 4]
}

df = [Link](data)

high_earners = df[df["Salary"] > 60000]

print("Employees earning more than 60,000:")
print(high_earners)

#Output:
Employees earning more than 60,000:
Employee Department Salary Experience (Years)
2 Mike Finance 75000 10
3 Emma IT 72000 6

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
➢ Sorting and Displaying Top n Records

Sorting helps us organize a dataset based on the values in a specific column. We can sort the
data in ascending (smallest to largest) or descending (largest to smallest) order.

Sorting a DataFrame : The sort_values(by="column_name") function is used to sort

records based on a specific column. By default, it sorts in ascending order. To sort in
descending order, use ascending=False.

Example: Sorting and Displaying the Top 3 Records

import pandas as pd

# Creating a dataset of employee salaries

data = {
"Employee": ["John", "Sarah", "Mike", "Emma", "David"],
"Department": ["IT", "HR", "Finance", "IT", "HR"],
"Salary": [60000, 55000, 75000, 72000, 50000],
"Experience (Years)": [5, 7, 10, 6, 4]
}

df = [Link](data)

# Sorting employees based on Salary in descending order and

selecting the top 3
top_earners = df.sort_values(by="Salary", ascending=False).head(3)

print("Top 3 Highest-Paid Employees:")

print(top_earners)

#Output:
Top 3 Highest-Paid Employees:
Employee Department Salary Experience (Years)
2 Mike Finance 75000 10
3 Emma IT 72000 6
0 John IT 60000 5

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
➢ Exercise 23: Creating and Manipulating DataFrames

Problem Statement: A small car dealership maintains a record of the cars they have in stock. The
dataset contains the following information for each car:
• Car Brand (e.g., BMW, Ford, Toyota)
• Model Year (e.g., 2019, 2020, 2021)
• Price (in Rupees)
• Mileage (in km)
Your tasks:
1. Create a Pandas DataFrame for the given data.
2. Display the first few rows of the dataset.
3. Find the average price of the cars.
4. Identify the most expensive and the cheapest car.
5. Filter and display cars that have a price above the average.

Solution:
import pandas as pd

# Step 1: Create a dictionary with car data

car_data = {
"Brand": ["Mercedes", "Tata", "Toyota", "Audi", "BMW"],
"Model_Year": [2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2021],
"Price": [35000000, 1220000, 2700000, 15500000, 12600000],
"Mileage": [12, 20, 17, 15, 16]
}

# Step 2: Convert dictionary to DataFrame

df = [Link](car_data)

# Display first few rows

print("Car Inventory DataFrame:")
print([Link]())

# Step 3: Calculate average price of the cars

average_price = df["Price"].mean()
print("\nAverage Car Price:", average_price)

# Step 4: Identify the most expensive and cheapest car

max_price = df["Price"].max()
min_price = df["Price"].min()
print("Most Expensive Car Price:", max_price)
print("Cheapest Car Price:", min_price)

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
# Step 5: Filter cars with price above the average
expensive_cars = df[df["Price"] > average_price]
print("\nCars priced above average:")
print(expensive_cars)

#Output:
Car Inventory DataFrame:
Brand Model_Year Price Mileage
0 Mercedes 2019 35000000 12
1 Tata 2020 1220000 20
2 Toyota 2021 2700000 17
3 Audi 2022 15500000 15
4 BMW 2021 12600000 16

Average Car Price: 13404000.0

Most Expensive Car Price: 35000000
Cheapest Car Price: 1220000

Cars priced above average:

Brand Model_Year Price Mileage
0 Mercedes 2019 35000000 12
3 Audi 2022 15500000 15

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Practical 7: Student Marks Analysis using NumPy and Pandas

Problem Statement: Develop a Python program using NumPy and Pandas to analyze student
marks. The program should:
1. Create a NumPy array to store marks of students in 5 subjects.
2. Calculate and display the average, maximum, and minimum marks using NumPy
functions.
3. Read a CSV file containing student names and marks using Pandas.
4. Display students who have scored above 80%.
5. Sort and display the top 3 students based on total marks.

Objective:
• Understand how to use NumPy arrays for mathematical operations.
• Learn how to handle CSV files using Pandas for data analysis.
• Apply sorting and filtering techniques to extract meaningful insights.

Theory:
• NumPy (numpy): A powerful library used for numerical computations. It provides
functions like mean(), max(), and min() to analyze data efficiently.
• Pandas (pandas): A data manipulation library used for reading, filtering, and sorting
datasets from CSV files. The DataFrame structure allows easy access and processing of
tabular data.
• CSV File Handling: Data is stored in a structured format (.csv), which can be read, written,
and manipulated using Pandas.

Procedure:
1. Create a CSV file ([Link]) with the following columns:
• Student Name
• Marks in 5 Subjects
• Total Marks
• Percentage
2. Load student marks into a NumPy array and perform basic calculations.
3. Use Pandas to read the CSV file and analyze the data.
4. Apply conditions to filter students with above 80% marks.
5. Sort the data based on total marks and display the top 3 students.

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)
Implementation and Result:

1. Students are required to implement this practical on their own using the above procedure.
2. After successful execution, students must:
• Manually write the source code (Python) in their record book.
• Write the expected output in their record book.
3. Save the Python files and results in the college server at the following location:
• Server Path: \\[Link]
• Folder: New Anonymous Share > 103SB CW-2 > Division Folder (e.g., D12 or
D03) > Batch Folder
• Create a folder inside the batch folder with your Enrollment ID (e.g., 24CP01).
• Inside your folder, create a subfolder named Python > Practical_7.
• Save the Python file in this folder.

Conclusion:
Students must write the conclusion in their record book themselves based on their experience and
understanding of the practical.

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BVM 103SB(CW-2)