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SQL and DBMS Concepts Explained

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7 views2 pages

SQL and DBMS Concepts Explained

Uploaded by

ranasafi004
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DBMS & SQL Notes (Detailed with

Examples)
Objective of SQL
SQL is used to define, manipulate, retrieve, and control data in relational databases.

Example:
CREATE TABLE Student (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
age INT
);

Joins
Joins combine data from multiple tables.

Example:
SELECT [Link], c.course_name
FROM Student s
INNER JOIN Course c
ON s.course_id = c.course_id;

Functions
Functions perform calculations on data.

Example:
SELECT AVG(marks) FROM Student;

Referential Integrity
Ensures foreign key values match primary key values.

Example:
FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES Course(course_id);
Transaction & ACID
A transaction is a logical unit of work.

Example:
BEGIN;
UPDATE Account SET balance = balance - 1000 WHERE id = 1;
UPDATE Account SET balance = balance + 1000 WHERE id = 2;
COMMIT;

Deadlock
Deadlock occurs when transactions wait forever for each other.

Example:
T1 holds A, waits for B
T2 holds B, waits for A

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