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Chapter 7 - Alternating Current

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4 views50 pages

Chapter 7 - Alternating Current

Project on Alternating current

Uploaded by

sujalpradhan2007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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S. No. Page No. 1. | Alternating Current 1 2. | Mean or Average value of AC 4 3. | Root mean Square value of AC 5 4. | AC Circuit Containing Resistance Only 8 5. | AC Circuit Containing Inductance Only 10 6. | AC Circuit Containing Capacitance Only 13 7. | Series RLC Circuit 16 8. | Electrical Resonance 20 9. | Q-Factor of Resonance circuit 25 10. | Average in RLC Circuit 31 11. | Power Factor of an AC Circuit 33 12. Choke coil 35 13. Wattless Current 36 14. AC Generator 7 15. | Transformer 40 16. Energy Losses in Transformer 42 If you want to shine like a Sun, first burn like the Sun. Most the lect ts meracteol . wed in tne word ia tal the Rela of SHevcing Cunnent (Q.C.)- This +s because- CG) Altemedcing voltege can eouil ams § iclerch be Cony: ome volur other by at sposIM ex + Gi) The fifeanating conan con be transmilfes) and dutibutesl Zover AE con econdrncablly without much oss of my Attesnating Cuwsant Ca-c Atuce © aera s Cusrent (OC) Chan a eptgesty ier Ane SH olixectin els Tt 48 te by ee ae) Gee Here I da instantencous voluc of Current Te Js the peak Volue or mead ee. aa Ww Js Callect " omgular preguanty of AC HF (frequancy) tne Aime period of 2 I+ Ja Adso f Sa the c. Tt wd equod the number o coPmplare 2, oh (alationt 7 through by ae in secon Minnie the alternating em}. moy be Tepreserctect “ ~ [Eee In 4.0. Circuits , two additional Cheult elomerds ake useol. Thue are inductor LL) ore citer COD: Thus Curment anol Voltoge in ae Ci¥edt okt Umdbvolled by three Cirewit eliments R, L omd C: * Tha voltage aercss & pure unductor Lis qren by- = Lat Ushire AT/At ss rake of Champe Of Coruend, The above eguation shows thet mn Seer SM dine the voltage. only usb # For OM ideal Capacitor of Capacitance c + > r= dev) toh dly/dt va rete of Change of potential. The <9 ior, Shows thot a Cabocitor atyects the Current erly When v Changes with dime Nikola Tesla Thomas Edison AC is easy to be transferred over longer distances — even between two cities — without much energy loss. Direct Current DC cannot be transferred over a very long distance. It loses electric power. The rotating magnets cause the change in direction of electric flow. The steady magnetism makes DC flow in a single direction. The frequency of AC is dependent upon the country. But, generally, the frequency is 50 Hz or 60 Hz. DC has no frequency or zero frequency. In AC the flow of current changes its direction forward and backward periodically. Electrons in AC keep changing their directions — backward and forward. It flows in a single direction steadily. Electrons only move in one direction — forward. Te ws imal as value et & poet Cursent which wroul! ie bees chenne- ho) a uae in me ob JE (i.e. Ta as tb sert the Gc. sY$me Circuit, In te same ime. R I = IeSinwt * The mean or avansge- Value Qc. OVE one Complete. cle 4s % = te | Let= ar] = Ze [Cook - Coaot ] — [40 - Cosco’ ] Ta represencts Th mean ty avernge valut o ack over ist halk ugdle then - b —® from eSucction D ond @ we ge - Tow Sas re enerorke smi costes in a given resistorice iM a ac 5 When pamed though +he sama era OH for the same dime. R ZI = LeSinwt The ms Volue is oso cablel ective. ye a we ov virtual value of a-¢- Tt et by rms OY Iv: Let on odternating currant Js representeot by - —o Let thig Currant floco through o vesistanca R. Ina small time alts the amount of head produceol in resistence R Js - dH = T*Rdt —& In one Cemplete de (ti ° tote! amount of kent Prod m "fre yeu pane e js- or He [Gi sitioreat H = ain [Gngaset) ot H= HER (Lat - [los rot at ] } 2 H = = Tek, [t - sinawt ]" a aes" ie H = DR = Sin 2W0T [7 - S387] (rerean) n So H = IeRT — @ = Tp rms. volue or virtuod volue OC. as repre sentesl by Tm 5 then, the amourtt of heat m Same e8iddance Ro im the Same as T woud be - H= ImRQT —@ —} Henca the rms. value or virtued volue or effective Volue of AC Jy or707 times the Peak value off a.c. Or we Gn Soup TOT of the peek Value of a Note - by oe. ammeter 7 Voltmeley + . dg Thue Inehyuments “aha Calud ot" dive ingbuments and they. measire virtual oy vens, value of alterntifig Currents! Voltases- AHernecdts Current / aed Che measured @* Mat bulb is rated isvw for a20ev 46 Supply BE of Co He. Calculate (a) the vesistance of the bulb G) the m™s cwerent Prrugh Ht butb. Sole Given that- PriIsew , Ve 220V (a) Resistance of the bulb R = > R= aa0 48 = 3227 (e) Iyms = Vrms = 220 = ocean Rg 322-7 Let ar mf met bE st ™ Suppose the atternating emf, supplied is repraented —@ het T be the Current in the Circuit at any instarcd t+ The. ential Aifteronca clevelopect oss R will be IR- TRA mutt be equol so e.m.f-. applied af that imstent - . TR = © = Eo Sinwt ov = 2 sinwt = I. simut -@ cohere =I, = Eo/g (Maximum Vedue of Current) A xotedting vector that + ewds ert varying. Sinusodaf, wrth dime iat Calta ae Ki E ca fe “aiid crakag em. Ce be eratia ar te gid ore inclined 40 horizental axis at Lwt ond tote m the onticlockuise clirecHen. The sate on exerts the maximum Sabai be. Le ancl Eo - Gi) The Pe as the ame on any axis. represents “the Inst ws value si quantity « Gv) me phasor Aiferonce allen etig que ehitien | ie ished ented By The angle. Rehoeen the Cv) In the ae. Crrewit ee R only , Cunent and volte ge axe ‘in te same phase Le. the Phoswe Cm: betwear, adder nating volte, ancl Currin ough R Ga 2er.- A.C. Cireuat Contoaning Inductemce only Let o Source 2b emf. it Comnectect| to QO chreukt Comte pune poluctemece L . Suppose the slaheding —_ Supplied Ga Aver bi oe E> &Sinut Tp AT/oAt us the econ i chernge. of Curent, thwogh L at any Inatemt, then 2 m9 the imeduetoy at He Same Imstomt d4- @= -[Link] The negative Sign Ss thot imducecl e-mf. Oppose Chomge of curred To mountain tre Hom Current “im this Greets applied wot je mud be % esuol enol opposite Be -€L az) = Eo Sinwt ov ar: Ee Sinntot At By imdegroding both sickks we get- Sarr = =o Jsinvot ott Ie Ee —- = =e Cosist z= ~Ee sin (HB -wt) or I= £e Sin(wt-2) TRe Current (TL) will be maximum (Te) , wher Sin (wot -M) = maximum = L Hence I= Te sin (wt-Me) So we find thet in an OC. Circuit Containing, Lonly , atternating cumurt I legs behind the etternading Voltage E by a phate an of 90° er we car! Say ‘one dpwith of a peridd. Phaser Diagram - , In the phasor Aogeam of a0. circuit Contaaning L Cwerent Lage behine) tha ems. by So, So the phosor ft oy re tk tices ch 91 SE thevgh 30° fom the direchon oO Es. The jee thes. j give intimin = ae ot re Here lol represents the effective resistance spend by Induetonee L. Tha 4d Calleel inductonee ctonee Pandas olenateo! bg AL 4 fequaney ob Oe. Sup ¥ In ole civewts fro Se xXL=0 So thot a Pure inductance rb ter resistomee dooce: It means @ Pure imdluchr cannot reduce oc. A 44m H imcuctor us connecter! su 220Vv, SD He ac. Supply. Determme the tems. vue eb Current iv) the Circuit. Sol Given that Le 44my = 44x103y Ems = 220V 5 f= SdH? So XL = WL = 2mfL XL = 2x3duxsoxuyxig? = 1383 ochmOn) Trms =Erms = _220 0 = IS. A Xe 13.83 Eliminate negative people from your life. A.C. Civewt Containing Capacitance Only Let & Source. oan a © eof. ta Conmectes! 40 G& capacitor ont citonce C- Suppose the atteamating any 2 supplied i - E = Eo Smut The Current i in the crreuit transfers ped aipfeonte. b Reopen This product c E=6, sinat instant t, pose Y da the ibe itor. So the potential Hibtersnce aciass fru plates’ of Capacitey cu v= Ue be the em. ve +t = & Smut © ; stom | Hh At ev ins fp ah tifpermen vomust ov qo = CE Sit Fy ag Sh i Petenteggton Veliko} eaiarit tov the. drat at instemt t, then- Ie ae = Fe (Cepsinwt) I= CE. (Coswt): bo = _& ¢ Zot ae Sin (Mt +2) Curent will be maximum I= Te when Sin (Wt +B) = meximum = ft =e So Te se ot [Pon eG] We find that im an ac. circuit Contalmjng ¢ only asting cument I Leads the atlernoctmy ems! by OQ phofe omgle. © gor Phasor Diag ram — The phasor Ie is turned! anticlockwise tho a6 the olivection of phosor Es: Thee, Project ON Y-OK1S gives Hae inittomomoud Voluts © E emd 1. ~ \ 1= Ip sin (wr+90°) Hee Lee repectents thpective eerie the + This 8 CO Capaciti ets oe thenot eat by Xe. “ Xe = we * ange GR Com reduce AC. a well a abc L cannot reduce de. It can reduce only ac. © blocks oC. but etlows a.c. ty pars thigh. Gi) TK Ry abernading Currant Js in phase Vo. 2. watth “Vatternatin: to L oH Cwwrent Le Fe cating saltaget by a prose Thy C, Abternating current Leasls the alternating veltoge. by a prose. bm ) a0, ¢ behind S01 @) A Is UF Capacitor it Connected to 222¥, BEE SO H2 Sountes Find the peck current. Sol Here C= IO MF = IKI ee Eyms = 220V 5 f = SBH2. go Xe = 1 = I te aoe ate 2xB1U x SOx 1x10 § Ke = 212-1 Ivmns = Enns > _220 2 1-037 A Xe 21261 ond Io = J2 Irmo = Luly x 1-037 So To = LU7A Let R,1l,C are Connected in Series a0 m Source. of attermoting emf. So t+Hhe current ot : 4 any instomt ‘the three + (we- Ay = 2R* or wi -ye =tR Fox Pot Ros WyL- che = -R -—@ For Point Pr yb - Ae = +R —& by adding equation © and @ we get (to, ¢u,)L - Wit*’2 , = Cor WW, = ° ov a Le by subtracting equation © by © we get- (or-we + (a, - a) = 2% (Wan we + ban Cw. ov 22R (s2-w))L + “ex = 2R (Wa-&)) x 2b = 2k W.-W, = & The hi fyewnce of frequencies Corresponrcling ao the half power pomts is called) banduriolth Q- Factor of Resonance Circurt The CharoactecisHe of Q series reammorf , Circuit Gs cdetermimedl by “the @ factor or Quality fector of He Circuit . Tt olefines Sharpness of tuning at resonant. eee Q seried resonant Circuit wey wel en He os d a peed acwss the Puduicheee "ov Capacitance at reamance ato the impremest voltege » which us the voltage applies) across R. * As R 4 increased , & factor of the circuit decreases. # The values of Q usually vorug from Lo to loo- The elechonic che utks with high Q values Would yespord to rove yange © fresuancies ond Sharper is the etree ae °b

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