PATHOLOGY PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

AETCOM
1. Principles of communication with patient
2. What is communication? What is the importance of efficient communication in healthcare?
3. Discuss patient autonomy in terminal illness
4. Effective communication skills in breaking bad news
5. What is the importance of good communication skills in a doctor-patient relationship with emphasis on
active listening and data gathering?
6. What are good communication skills for OPD patients
7. Responsibilities of patients and doctors in shared decision making.

PAPER 1
Cellular adaptations and cell injury
LAQ
1. Define Necrosis. Give pathophysiology of types of necrosis with examples
2. Define and classify Kocrosis. Discuss etiopathogenesis, Gross and microscopic features of Tuberculosis
of lymph node.
3. Define and classify Gangrene. Write a note on gas gangrene

SAQ
1. Ischemia reperfusion injury
2. Free radical mediated cell injury
3. Signal transduction pathways
4. Pathology of aging
5. Hypoxic cell injury
6. Difference between reversible and irreversible injury
7. Difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification (pathological calcification)
8. Difference between dry and wet gangrene
9. Difference between hypertrophy with examples
10. Difference between necrosis and apoptosis.
11. Molecular mechanism of Apoptosis
12. Define pigments. Classify with examples. Write in brief about lipofuscin pigment
13. Pathology of endogenous pigments
14. Morphology of fatty change in liver and heart
15. Classify necrosis and describe one type in detail

Inflammation
CASE
1. A 16 year old female present with fever, pain in abdomen since 5 days. On examination rebound
tenderness in right iliac fossa. Lab findings TIC 20,000/cumm, DLC- polymorphs 90%, lymphocytes 8%,
monocytes 1%, eosinophils 1%, CRP raised.
a. Which type of inflammation is this?(1 Mark)
b. Mention its cardinal signs.(1 Mark)
c. Describe its cellular events.(5 Marks)
d. Describe its outcome.(2 Marks)
e. Describe gross and microscopic features of above clinical condition with diagrams (3 Marks)
 2. A 20 year old male complains of fever, cough with expectoration & loss of weight with evening rise of
temperature since 3 months. X Ray showed cavity in upper lobe of lung. He gave similar complaints in
the family. (2+2+4+2)
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. Write etiopathogenesis of your diagnosis.
c. Write microscopic & gross findings of the lesion.
d. Write complications.

LAQ
1. Define acute inflammation & write in details about vascular & cellular changes in acute inflammation
with examples.
2. Define inflammation. Describe the various events taking place in acute inflammatory response.
3. Acute inflammation (events + mediators)
4. Define & name the examples of granulomatous inflammation. Discuss etiopathogenesis & lab diagnosis
of tuberculosis.
5. What is primary complex? Write in detail etiopathogenesis, clinical features and morphology of primary
tuberculosis. (2+2+2+4)

SAQ

1. Mediators of acute inflammation

2. Difference between lepromatous leprosy and tuberculoid leprosy
3. Progressive pulmonary TB
4. Microscopy of granuloma
5. Etiopathogenesis of secondary TB
6. Difference between primary and secondary TB
7. Aetiopathogenesis of ghon's complex
8. Etiology, pathological features and complication of Syphilis
9. Define inflammation. Describe cellular events of inflammation

Repair & healing

CASE
1. A 36-year-old male had a road traffic accident brought to Casualty with complaints of pain, swelling of
left lower leg. On X ray: fracture- shaft of tibia
a. What type of Healing will it undergo? (2 Marks)
b. Write about its different stages. (5 Marks)
c. What are its complications?(3 Marks)

LAQ
1. Wound healing (primary intention + factors affecting)

SAQ
1. Factors affecting wound healing
2. Healing of fracture bone
 Immunopathology & Amyloidosis
LAQ
1. SLE
2. Hypersensitivity
3. Define Amyloidosis, Describe, physical and chemical nature of amyloid. Give its pathology in various
organs. (1+4+5)

SAQ
1. Define Amyloidosis. Enumerate special stains used.
2. Types of hypersensitivity
3. Mode of spread and pathogenesis of AIDS
4. Opportunistic infections in AIDS
5. Type III hypersensitivity
6. Type I hypersensitivity
7. Immune tolerance
8. Immunodeficiency syndromes
9. Pathogenesis of HIV

Derangement of Hemodynamics
LAQ
1. Define Thrombosis? Write in detail about its pathophysiology, morphologic features & fate of thrombus.

SAQ
1. Causes of pulmonary oedema
2. Pathogenesis of thrombus
3. Types of embolism
4. Causes and pathophysiology of oedema
5. Classify shock. Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic shock
6. Stages of shock
7. Thrombogenesis and it’s complications
8. Pathogenesis of septic shock

Neoplasia
LAQ
1. Molecular basis of cancer
2. Define neoplasia. Mention features to differentiate between benign and malignant neoplasms
3. Enumerate carcinogenic agents. Classify chemical carcinogens & describe steps involved in chemical
carcinogenesis.
4. Define and classify neoplasia. Describe the characteristics of neoplasia including gross, microscopy,
biologic behavior and spread.
5. Describe the various routes of spread of malignant tumors. Write in brief about grading and staging of
tumors
6. Define Neoplasia. Classify neoplasms according to tissue of origin and write about different
investigations carried out in diagnosis of cancer.
7. Steps of metastasis
SAQ
1. Tumor marker
2. Anaplasia
3. Effect of tumor on host
4. Paraneoplastic syndrome
5. Hazards of radiation
6. Discuss difference between Benign and Malignant tumors.
7. Classify neoplasms according to tissue or origin
8. Diagnosis of cancer
9. Features of anaplasia
10. Oncogenic viruses (tumor producers)
11. Viral oncogenesis
12. Enumerate benign and malignant epithelial tumors stating tissue of origin and name of tumor.

Infectious disease, nutrition & genetics

SAQ
1. Down’s syndrome
2. Klinefelter syndrome
3. Turner syndrome
4. Gaucher’s disease
5. Autosomal dominant disorders

RBC
CASE
1. A 27-year -old pregnant female comes to hospital with complaints of weakness, easy fatigability and
breathlessness of 5 months duration. She is a laborer of low economic status. Pallor++ spoon shaped nails
and cheilosis.
a. Give your diagnosis (1mark)
b. Give reasons supporting your diagnosis.(2mark)
c. Mention its causes(2mark)
d. What laboratory investigations would you like to perform?(5mark)

2. A 4 year old child with failure to grow. Lab findings show very low Hemoglobin. Smear showed
microcytic with increased normoblasts.
a. What type of anemia and name of the condition (2)
b. What could be the findings on hb electrophoresis(2)
c. Explain pathophysiology of disease(6)

3. A28 year old Vegetarian' female came with history of fatigue, generalized weakness, glossitis, angular
stomatitis & tingling numbness. Lab findings- Hb- 7.6g/di, TLC-3900/min', platelet lac/mm" .
a. Give your diagnosis(1 Mark)
b. Give reasons supporting your diagnosis.(1 Mark)
c. Write the peripheral blood smear findings with diagram(4 Marks)
d. What other investigations you can do to confirm your diagnosis.(4 Marks)

4. A 2 year old pregnant female came with a history of fatigue, generalized weakness, pallor of skin & sclera
with changes in shape of nails (spoon shaped). Lab findings- Hb-8gm/dI, TLC-8000/cumm, platelet
 count- 2 lac/mm, peripheral smear shows microcytes++ & hypochromic RBC'S. Prussian blue reaction on
bone marrow showed deficient reticuloendothelial iron stores. (2+3+5)
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. On what basis would you conclude your diagnosis?
c. What further tests will you do to confirm your diagnosis?
LAQ
1. Discuss lab diagnosis pertaining to peripheral blood smear and bone marrow of iron deficiency anemia.
Enumerate Indications and Contraindications of bone marrow examination.
2. Classification of anemia. Describe lab finding in megaloblastic anemia.
3. Define Megaloblastic anemia. Discuss causes and clinical features of megaloblastic anemia. Comment on
the peripheral blood picture and bone marrow examination finding in this condition.
4. Classify haemolytic anemias, describe Sickle cell anemia
5. Classify [Link] laboratory investigations in hemolytic anemia.
6. Bone marrow examination
7. Define & classify Anemias. Describe laboratory investigations in a case of Hemolytic Anemia.

SAQ
1. Features and lab findings of thalassemia major
2. PBS and bone marrow findings in aplastic anemia
3. Coombs test and it’s diagnostic significance
4. Bombay blood group
5. Erythroblastosis foetalis
6. Hypochromic anemias

Haemostatic system & transfusion biology

LAQ
1. Laboratory investigations in coagulation disorders with interpretation
2. Blood transfusion reaction

SAQ
1. Blood components
2. Lab investigation in case of transfusion reaction
3. Mismatched blood transfusion
4. Methods of blood grouping
5. Enumerate and describe infections transmitted by blood transfusion
6. Apheresis
7. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

WBC
CASE
1. A 45-year-old male came with complaints of high grade fever, bleeding guns and easy fatigability since 6
days. Pallor++, mild hepatosplenomegaly. Investigations: Hb: 6gm%. WBC Count: 95,000/cmm.
Differential count: Polymorphs: 25%, Lymphocytes: 13%, Metamyelocytes: 4% and Blast: 58%
a. What is your probable diagnosis?(2 Marks)
b. Mention reasons supporting your diagnosis.(2Marks)
c. What other investigations would you like to do?(6 Marks)
 2. 40 years male H/o chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6 months. O/E pallor, marked splenomegaly,
laboratory report shows, Hb 9.5 gm/dI, TC 215000/cumm, Platelets 5.5 lacs/cumm. Differential WBC
count: Polymorphs: 17%, Lymphocytes: 13%, Eosinophils: 9%, Basophils: 4% Promyelocytes:4%,
Myelocytes: 23%, Metamyelocytes:25%, Myeloblasts:5%. (2+2+5+1)
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. What is common genetic abnormality?
c. What other laboratory investigations would you like to perform for confirmation?
d. Prognosis of the condition?

3. 24yr old male came with history of fever, rash bleeding gums onexamination. Gingiva was swollen and
mild splenomegaly Hemogram showed leukocytosis with thrombocytopenia. Peripheral smear showed
majority blasts.
a. Give your diagnosis with reasons
b. Give lab investigations
c. Draw peripheral smear findings.

LAQ
1. Mention classification of Leukemia. Write laboratory investigations carried out in a case of chronic
Leukemia.
2. Define and classify [Link] the clinical features, laboratory findings in Chronic myeloid
leukemia
3. Define and classify Leukemia, describe lab diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

SAQ
1. Leukemoid reaction
2. Difference between Leukemoid reaction and CML
3. Blood picture of CML
4. Define and give causes of leukocytosis along with diagram of various WBCs
5. Types of acute leukemia with their blood picture

Lymphoid cells
LAQ
1. Define Hodgkin's disease. What are the histological types and their differentiating features.(2+8)

SAQ
1. Burkitt's lymphoma
 PAPER 2
Lymphoid cells
LAQ
1. Define Hodgkin's disease. What are the histological types and their differentiating features.(2+8)

SAQ
1. Burkitt's lymphoma

CVS
CASE
1. A 50 year female came with left chest pain with ECG showing ST segment elevation.
a. What is your probable diagnosis? (2mark)
b. Enlist the risk factors.(2mark)
c. Name the enzymes, time of increase, that can support the diagnosis.(2mark)
d. Write in detail about microscopic changes seen in this condition.(4mark)

2. A 45 year old man presented with pain in left chest radiating to the shoulder on reaching hospital he was
immediately thrombolysed.
a. What is probable diagnosis
b. What are the serum markers and their significance
c. What are the sequence of changes seen on gross and microscopy (1+5+4)

LAQ
1. Define Rheumatic fever. Describe the etiopathogenesis and pathology of rheumatic heart disease. What is
John's criteria?
2. Ischemic heart disease
3. Gross and microscopic features of Atherosclerosis

SAQ
1. Atheromatous plaque
2. Lab diagnosis and consequences of MI
3. Rheumatic myocarditis
4. Gross and microscopy of RHD
5. Features of pancarditis in RHD
6. Morphology of fatty change in heart
7. Vegetations of heart
8. Define aneurysm. Describe its types
9. Tetralogy of fallots
10. Pathophysiology of Cor pulmonale

RS
CASE
1. A 20 year old male complains of fever, cough with expectoration & loss of weight with evening rise of
temperature since 3 months. X Ray showed cavity in upper lobe of lung. He gave similar complaints in
the family. (2+2+4+2)
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. Write etiopathogenesis of your diagnosis.
 c. Write microscopic & gross findings of the lesion.
d. Write complications

LAQ
1. Classification of lung tumors. Describe gross, microscopy and investigations of Bronchogenic carcinoma.
2. Define Pneumonia. Describe its pathogenesis, classification ation, gross
3. and microscopic findings.
4. What is the primary complex? Write in detail etiopathogenesis, clinical features and morphology of
primary tuberculosis. (2+2+2+4)
5. Define Bronchiectasis. Write in detail about its etiopathogenesis, morphology, complications and its
progression.

SAQ
1. Define and write etiology Morphology of stages and complications of lobar pneumonia
2. α 1 antitrypsin deficiency
3. Asbestosis
4. Pneumoconiosis
5. CVC lung
6. Pulmonary TB
7. Etiopathogenesis of secondary TB
8. Bronchopneumonia
9. Etiology and Pathogenesis of bronchiectasis
10. Difference between primary and secondary TB
11. Aetiopathogenesis of ghon's complex
12. Write etiology and morphological features of CVC Lung

Oral cavity
SAQ
1. Ameloblastoma
2. Gross and microscopy of Pleomorphic adenoma

SPLEEN
SAQ
1. Causes of splenomegaly

GIT
CASE
1. A sixty year old male presented with anemia, loss of weight, persistent abdominal pain, abdominal
distension and vomiting. Upper Gl endoscopy and biopsy done. Biopsy revealed cells having signet ring
appearance. (2+3+5)
a. Give your probable diagnosis.
b. Describe the etiopathogenesis of the condition.
c. Gross and microscopic features of this condition

2. A 16 year old female present with fever, pain in abdomen since 5 days. On examination rebound
tenderness in right iliac fossa. Lab findings TIC 20,000/cumm, DLC- polymorphs 90%, lymphocytes 8%,
monocytes 1%, eosinophils 1%, CRP raised.
a. Which type of inflammation is this?(1 Mark)
 b. Mention its cardinal signs.(1 Mark)
c. Describe its cellular events.(5 Marks)
d. Describe its outcome.(2 Marks)
e. Describe gross and microscopic features of above clinical condition with diagrams (3 Marks)

3. A 50 year male presented with dysphagia since six months .Endoscopy revealed an elevated mass in the
antrum with heaped up borders & central ulceration. Clinically left supraclávicular lymphadenopathy.
(1+4+5)
a. Write your diagnosis.
b. Discuss the Pathogenesis.
c. Describe gross & microscopy of the lesion.

LAQ
1. Etiology, pathogenesis, molecular biology, gross and microscopy findings of colorectal carcinoma.
2. Classify and write in detail about gross, microscopic features and staging of gastric carcinoma
3. Describe the pathogenesis, gross, microscopy and complications of peptic ulcer disease.
4. Classify Peptic Ulcers. Enumerate etiology, pathology & complications.
5. Ulcero Inflammatory lesions of the intestine.

SAQ
1. Morphology of peptic ulcer
2. Crohn’s disease morphology
3. Difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
4. IBD
5. Intestinal lesion in enteric fever (Morphology and complication)
6. Barrett’s esophagus
7. [Link] induced GI lesion
8. [Link] gastritis
9. Adenoma- carcinoma sequence in case of carcinoma colon.
10. Malabsorption syndrome
11. Carcinoid syndrome

Hepatobiliary
CASE
1. A 66 year female developed a mass in liver, for which she was operated and later received chemotherapy.
Few months' laters she developed lung lesions and raised Alfa fetoprotein.
a. what could be the cause of liver mass(2)
b. How is the lesion in lung related to [Link] it's pathogenesis (6)
c. what is significance of Alfa fetoprotein(2)

2. A 55-year-old male was brought to the hospital in a semi comatose condition. Patient is a chronic
alcoholic with history of distension of abdomen, bleeding from rectum & haematemesis. Scan showed
shrunken liver & splenomegaly.
a. What is the probable diagnosis?(2 Marks)
b. Mention the reasons in support of your diagnosis.(3 Marks)
c. Mention the gross & microscopic features seen in liver.(6 Marks)
d. Mention the etiological classification of the given condition.(4 Marks)
LAQ
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma
2. Enlist etiological classification of cirrhosis. Describe Alcoholic cirrhosis in detail.
3. Define cirrhosis Write its classification and details about micronodular cirrhosis.
4. Describe etiology, pathology & investigations in cirrhosis of liver.
5. Define and classify cirrhosis. Describe the pathology and complications of alcoholic cirrhosis. (1+3+4+2)
6. Lab diagnosis of Jaundice

SAQ
1. Gross and microscopy of Fatty liver. Mention different fat stains
2. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Fatty liver
3. Lab investigations of hepatitis
4. Alcoholic liver disease
5. Alcoholic hepatitis
6. Alcoholic cirrhosis : causes & Morphology
7. Chronic hepatitis
8. Indian childhood cirrhosis
9. Complication of liver cirrhosis
10. CVC liver
11. LFT to differentiate different types of jaundice
12. Mention different types of jaundice and one cause of each type.

Kidney
CASE
1. A 12 year old boy was admitted to the casualty with puffiness of face. oliguria and passing cola colored
urine. The child had an episode of sore throat 20 days back.
a. Give your probable diagnosis. (2mark)
b. Which renal syndrome can this patient be characterized into?(1mark)
c. Describe the etiopathogenesis of the condition.(3mark)
d. Gross and microscopic features of this clinical condition(4mark)

2. A 42-year-old female came to the urology clinic with a one week history of left loin pain radiating to
groin. There was history of fever with chills and burning micturition since 2 days. Past History Of passage
of reddish [Link]: Staghorn calculus in pelvis and ureteric calculi with dilatation of pelvicalyceal
system & ureter.
a. What is the probable diagnosis?
b. Mention the reasons in support of your diagnosis.
c. What are the types of renal calculi?
d. How do you collect urine for urine culture
e. Name other causes of obstructive uropathy.

LAQ
1. What is nephrotic syndrome? Mention its causes and describe microscopic features of rapid progressive
glomerulonephritis. (2+4+4)
2. Give etiopathogenesis, gross, microscopic features in Acute Nephritis,
3. Describe briefly etiopathogénesis; Clinical features and diagnosis of Nephrotic syndrome.
4. Acute pyelonephritis
5. Gross and microscopy of Chronic pyelonephritis
 6. Classify Glomerulonephritis. Write etiology, pathology and pathogenesis in acute glomerulonephritis.
7. Etiopathogenesis and Morphology of Renal cell carcinoma (Grawtiz tumor)

SAQ
1. Causes of ketonuria
2. Diabetic kidney
3. Difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome
4. Large white kidney
5. Causes of granular and contracted kidney
6. Acute renal failure
7. Rotheras test and it’s significance
8. Causes and methods to detect glycosuria
9. Causes of proteinuria and methods of detection
10. Microscopic findings in urine
11. Causes and Morphology of hydronephrosis
12. Gross & microscopic features of Wilms tumor
13. Kidney in SLE

MGT
SAQ
1. Seminoma
2. Clinical features Morphology and Secondary effects of BPH
3. Physical and microscopic examination of semen.

FGT + breast
CASE
1. A 62- year-old came with chief complaints of white discharge and bleeding per vaginum. p/v cervis was
unhealthy, indurated, ulcerated and bleeds on touch.
a. Give your diagnosis
b. Give reasons supporting your diagnosis.
c. What laboratory test will confirm your diagnosis?
d. What are the microscopic features of the disease?

2. A 60 year female presented with ill defined breast lump fixed to underlying muscle. The axillary lymph
nodes were enlarged. Answer the following: (2+2+3+3)
a. What is your diagnosis?
b. Discuss pathogenesis.
c. Describe histological types.
d. Add a note on prognostic factors in this condition.

LAQ
1. Classify ovarian neoplasm. Describe pathogenesis, gross & microscopy of mucinous & serous tumors of
ovary in detail. (4+3+3)
2. Classify Ovarian Tumors. Write gross, microscopy and complications of surface epithelial tumors of
ovary
3. [Link] etiology, pathology and investigations in carcinoma breast.
4. Carcinoma of Cervix
SAQ
1. Gross & microscopy of endometrial CA
2. Dermoid cyst of ovary
3. Fibroadenoma breast
4. Paget’s disease of nipple (breast)
5. HPV pathology
6. Gross microscopy and pathogenesis of Hydatidiform mole (vesicular mole)
7. Endometriosis

CNS
LAQ
1. Mention the sites, indications and contraindications of lumbar puncture. Discuss the CSF finding in
pyogenic meningitis.
2. Discuss in detail etiology, pathogenesis and laboratory findings of acute Pyogenic meningitis.
3. CSF examination in meningitis

SAQ
1. Difference between pyogenic and TB meningitis
2. CSF in TB meningitis
3. Morphology of meningioma

Skin
SAQ
1. Basal cell carcinoma (Rodent ulcer)
2. Clinical features and morphology of melanoma
3. Squamous cell carcinoma

Endocrine
LAQ
1. TFT
2. Define Diabetes mellitus. Write in detail classification, pathophysiology, morphological features and
complications of Diabetes mellitus.

SAQ
1. Papillary carcinoma thyroid
2. Gross and microscopic features of Hashimoto's thyroiditis
3. Lab diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

Musculoskeletal system
SAQ
1. Gross microscopy and x ray findings of Giant cell tumor bone (osteoclastoma)
2. Osteogenesis sarcoma

Cytopathology
SAQ
1. Aspiration cytology (FNAC). Explain application & write a note on Stains used in cytology
2. Exfoliative cytology