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AC Board Notes

Alternating Current notes Cbse notes Class 12th

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Khyati Sharma
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13 views40 pages

AC Board Notes

Alternating Current notes Cbse notes Class 12th

Uploaded by

Khyati Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Most of the eheotic. eee enaroted anol wed in the word GJ in form of aHernoding Cument (Q.C.): This 44 because- Advantages of Ac. Ui) AC. 38 Cheaper thon D.C. lis) A.c. can be easily Converted) Ito D.C. (by rectifier) (ii) T+ can be Controlled easily Cby choke Coil) (iv) It can be tyansmited over Long distance at negligible Power Loss. (V) It can be Stepped up or stepped down with the help of transformer. Fundamentals of AMennating Cunt — Woltage or Current is taid 4o be alternating 14 it Changes continuously in magnitude and Peticcically in civection with time. TorE IorE b t Sinusoidal Triangular TorE GN aa f t Rectangular ac super imposed on de It Can be represented by a sine or Cosine Cue I = L,Sinwt or I = TeCostot E = Ee Sinot OF = E = Ee Costot Where Tor © 4s the instantaneous Value of Current or voltege at time +t, E. ov Te = Amplitude /peak volus of Voltage and Cunnent o> Arg yensrey [SEE Whou T= Time period and f= Frequency TorE Positive half cycle 2x tor@ Negative half cycle P. maximum volue Of Current ox voliage in eitnen direction is called amplitude or peak value of Cwoent or voltage. I4 is represented by &o or To - Time Period - The time taken by the atternating current or voltage to Complete one cycle of variation 2a cated Hme period Of the Cwwunt or Voltage ieenet Number of Cle Completed by an alternating Cument of voltage in one second ia cabiid th 2 of the eae tg oe SI Unit — Herxte (Hz) : Me physical quantity Lohich represents both the Instantaneous Vedut and clivection o} alteneding quantity at ary Instant i4 Callid its phase. Its aq climensioless quantity and its unit ia radian. ZI = [Link] (wt +o) od = Inihel Phase —> It does not change. with time bot = TInstomtancous phate —> It changes with time Phase difference — The dittersince between the phased of Cunwunt cmd Voltage is called phase difference. E= & Sin (wt +4) I = Ie Sin (wot +2) Phase ciffernce of I wrt. € dh = bye by Phase Aitbeance of E wrt. T ¢ = d,-d, Phase olifheance = Time i fferance 2 : Ta Phase difference Phase difference remains constant Im 4c. Circuits, too additional arewst elemerns axe uUseol. Thue are inductor (L) . amd 1 to COD Thus Current an voltoge 1m ac Civeuit art tmtrailed by three Circuit elements R, Lond c- Inductance ¥* The Voltage Across a Pure inductor L is qren by - = Lat eae Udntr2 AT/dt db rake of Chomge Of Currant. The above es9uation shows that an inductor atects the voltoge ody. ushin, Current T Chomges with tme- * Inductor 14 Collid Low pars filter because it allow do pars Louw Brequancy: * for O&M ideal Capacitor ©} Copatitane c 5 Q=cv As ae > a= sco oho dly/da 4s rate of Chonge of potential. The ue 4 Tet Cy Gh If Saciaeact 2 fe eer | [earea] ~ Ee [Comot ~ Coao’ | = “Ee [eesst — cose’) a *K The mean or average value of Orc. over one Complete | " 4 Ty ‘epreserds the meom oy averoge valut of ac. over ist halk uygcle then - ae from eSucction DO ond G) we get wet = 2ile = tio = oO UT Hence. mes ov average value of Gc. over positive hot cle. 3 +637 times the perk Value of ac, or Hevcn, so) 637% eb the peak tte ao a Note - The ovdin d.c. ammeter omd a.c- Voltmeter Connot mesure atternoting current / voltoge - sa Zero reocling, When cUsecl i ac. Chaut, bec average value of alternating current | voltage. Ove, A Full cycle us zero. eS thet voldue o Cumerd> whieh wold ieaaee the b heat in a ven resistayice in a done b AC 5 When porsecl Fesistmih for the same time. R ZL = LeSinwt The %m-S Volue js Oso calle! ive. Value Ey Bor virtinl value ck ace Tt wo aL str by rms OY Iy- Let am alternating Cwrant Js representeol by - Let thy Current flovo thro Q resistance R- Ina small time alt, the. amount of heat producect in yYesidtence R is - Be aR ete coe eB In one a Ct fo) total amount” By ant pedal ae ie ceqepeee 10 SP ret E pe (Go Sinzot) eat 2 De 1 * 2 Ci — Cos 20t) Ee os Ia} al toad ae zeR a - Sin 2we ea o ees oa: - Sin 20T oe Singer] ( wt=2n ) = ella = Coieeh a © psi @ Th ne cae oy virtua) volue ok ac. ia re presentecl b Imo then the amount heat ucesl in ae peor vesistonce Rin See ime T would He RT —@® eo pem 89° @ ond |) - Se: ay az Henco the rms. volue or virtue voduc or efecte vodue of OC: Js 0707 times the Peak Value of ac. Or we Gm Soy 70:7 % of the peak value of ac. Note - AHernaling ee Qke measured b ey ammeter / 9 ottmete Tncrarerds ane eee imstuments vishal oy rms, values of ad et Cormanis) Volt! Some Important waveforms and thuy RMS and Average valuss (0) E sends I or 1 lags € * It means E reach maximum before I Peis EF [Link] then Te I. Sinlot-) eget & = Ess (wt +h) then L = Tosinod Ts ence -) | Ee E = Es Sinwt b) E tags T or T beads & * It mems E each maximum after T Let if E=EeSinwt Hun I= 1Sin(wt +o) and \k E= ExSinot—-) Hun I= ToSinwt = LeSin(wot +4) A.C. Cincuit Containing Resistance Only - A Source of alternating emf. Js Cennectes! to OQ pure resistance R, e the atternating emf. s ‘el is repraented a = LE = [Link] | Pet tobe the In the Circuit at ony instant £. The Se rotate A fheren ca. ceveloped across Pegwstl be IR: Thin must be equol to [Link]. Applies! af that instomt - — ee ey where I. = [See C Maximum Vedue of Current) emda ett we Sines sea panied Coptening 1 One In the eae Sr ae in ah gia Ae ipa i ond A wotading vector that v: ends. Hy Varying. Sinusodafy with time eaten re nee Gi) T 0 peak values of alternatt r i “gent Bening emf. Co) De epee Anows Caltect phasors. Gi) They ore indined 4o horizontal axis at Lwt ond tote im the omiclockusise recon. The ae the amon sesents the maximum Susi be. Tags eo: 1=Ig sin wt|? Gi) The projection of the amoly on any ans vepresents “the Instantoneows value ofs quantity. (iv) The phosor Ateronce between aca are genase: ds yepe es bg the angle between the yectors E amd (>) Im the ae. Cire uit Conteming R only , Cunvent pind “one exe Im the Same. phase be. the hone he eee pes ™g- Voltage and Let a Source of em. 44 Comnectec| do Q cireukb Comtedmimg a pure tneluctomce L Suppose the attermeding emf. Supplied Js re by - E = &Simut TH AT/dt ws the wate of chomge of Curent throgh L at any imstemt, then icluced™ emf. mn the Inductor at the Same imstont is- ees iz The negotive Sign modlicotes thot induces! e-m.f. oppose chemnge. of Current. . ,, Te Mountain aca Dee Of Current ‘in this Circuit, applied voltege mut be “equal ancl opposite Fo the inducecl voltoge - E =-Ctaz) = Ee Sint or dr = Ee Sintot dt By paegesina beth sides we get - Sax = Ee fsinwt ot : Tie Eo (~ Seat = TEs Cost cL nO OL E+ ~ Ee sin(E-we) ~ Sin (wt -Z) The current (L) will be maximum (To) , ohen Sin (Wt -M2) = Maximum = L = st hei T= ZT. sin (ot-T,) So we find that in an ac. circudt Containing Lonly , atternodi Curent I Ss behind the etterneding VolteGe E by a phase on of 90° Sr we cary Say one fourth of A peridd- In the phosos ldagsam of OC. Circuit Conteining L Cument Logs behind the ems. by So, So the phosor represerting To is tumecl cleceiiegt Throngh 30° fom the direction of Eo- The projectors of these nS or) anis ave Paes val ieee Y ANLOUA E end tI. Ea] Here WL represents the ctve veasista chpead by ce Ss ry etd pees ctance Sand us olenolteol bq x. ERS] + tees Oc. Sup! F¥ In oe Urewts GO Soa xe Go So tot a Pure inductance ty Tero resistonee to a.c. It means a Pure imduchr cannot reduce oc. A.C. Civeuit Containing Capacitance Only eee SOUR Ce. 6) er emf. ia GComnectest to a capacitor onl cee aaied ‘ey Suppose the attemeahng e-m.F- 3b Satine xm - E = Eo Sinuwt The Cirveent he in the chrewit Hansters to the shins to ea A “a ae Beans Sar oe icon: E=€ sin wt At om paint 4 Suppose. ice Hye Choage. Bhi Pi as, Pra ae ie “ir At ev badtond, tvs tential cUiffermee vi must be eid "So on appl Hf Sols Ve cE

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