Measurement of the Neutron Spin Asymmetry in the

Deep Valence Quark Region at Jefferson Lab 12 GeV

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Xiaochao Zheng,𝑎,∗ Mingyu Chen𝑎 and Carter Hedinger𝑎 on behalf of the
Jefferson Lab E12-06-110 Collaboration†
𝑎 University
of Virginia,
382 McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
E-mail: xz5y@[Link], mc4ne@[Link], ch9bx@[Link]

After decades of study of the nucleon spin structure, the deep-valence quark (high 𝑥) region
remains difficult to access experimentally. On the other hand, the high-𝑥 region is a clean testing
ground of various predictions for the ratio of polarized and unpolarized structure functions, and
quark polarization inside the nucleon. These predictions include relativistic constituent-quark
model, perturbative QCD, holographic light-cone QCD, and Schwinger-Dyson equations. We
report on a 12 GeV Jefferson Lab experiment (JLab E12-06-110) that measured the virtual photon
asymmetry of the neutron, 𝐴1𝑛 . The experiment used a longitudinally polarized beam of 10.4 GeV
energy and a polarized 3 He target in Hall C. It pushed the highest 𝑥 value from 𝑥 = 0.61 of the 6
GeV era to 𝑥 = 0.75. Preliminary results and the current status of the analysis are presented.

† For the full author list, please see: Collaboration list

25th International Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN 2023)

24-29 September 2023
Durham, NC, USA

∗ Speaker

© Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). [Link]
Measurement of 𝐴1𝑛 in the Deep Valence Quark Region at JLab 12 GeV Xiaochao Zheng

1. Introduction

The spin structure of the nucleon provides important information on our understanding of the
strong interaction and a testing ground on its theory, quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Since the
"proton spin crisis" in the 1980’s [1], significant knowledge has been accumulated on how the spin
of the proton emerges from its fundamental quark and gluon constituents. The Jaffe-Manohar spin
sum rule [2] states that the nucleon spin can be decomposed into four components: the valence and
sea quark intrinsic spin ΔΣ, quark orbital angular momentum (OAM) 𝐿 𝑞 , gluon intrinsic spin Δ𝐺,
and gluon OAM 𝐿 𝑔 :

PoS(SPIN2023)199
1 1
= ΔΣ + Δ𝐺 + 𝐿 𝑞 + 𝐿 𝑔 . (1)
2 2
Furthermore, the Ji sum rule [3] provides a gauge-invariant decomposition of the nucleon spin into
quark helicity, quark orbital, and the gluon contribution 𝐽𝑔 :

1 1
= ΔΣ + 𝐿 𝑞 + 𝐽𝑔 . (2)
2 2
Existing world data show that the quark spin ΔΣ contributes to about 30% of the proton spin [4],
with the rest coming from quark OAM and gluons.
A large experimental program focusing on understanding the proton spin structure is ongoing
or being planned, to pin down precisely these components and their dependence on other parameters
of the quark dynamics such as the Bjorken scaling variable 𝑥. For recent reviews, see [5, 6]. In the
deep inelastic scattering (DIS) regime, 𝑥 represents the fraction of the longitudinal momentum of
the nucleon (or hadron) that is carried by a specific quark or gluon. The probability to find the quark
at a specific value of 𝑥 is described by its parton distribution function (PDF), with its polarization
described by the polarized PDF.
One useful observable in the nucleon spin structure study is the virtual photon asymmetry 𝐴1 ,
defined as
𝜎1/2 − 𝜎3/2 𝑔1 (𝑥, 𝑄 2 ) − 𝛾 2 𝑔2 (𝑥, 𝑄 2 )
𝐴1 (𝑥, 𝑄 2 ) ≡ = . (3)
𝜎1/2 + 𝜎3/2 𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑄 2 )

where the subscripts 1/2, 3/2 represents the total spin of the photon-nucleon system. The asymmetry
𝐴1 can be related to the unpolarized and polarized structure functions 𝐹1 and 𝑔1,2 as shown above,
𝑥)2
where 𝛾 2 ≡ (2𝑀𝑄2
with 𝑀 the nucleon mass and 𝑄 2 the negative of the four-momentum transfer
squared of the DIS process. In practice, data are taken with the target spin direction aligned both
parallel and perpendicular to the beam direction to provide the “electron asymmetry" 𝐴 ∥ and 𝐴⊥ ,
which can be combined to form 𝐴1 through kinematic factors.
The value of 𝐴1 becomes particularly interesting in the so-called large 𝑥 region of DIS, typically
0.5 < 𝑥 < 1.0. The closer 𝑥 is to 1, the more energy of the nucleon is carried by the quark struck
by the virtual photon and less by the spectator quarks. Furthermore, less energy can be spared to
generate quark-antiquark sea and the scattering can be viewed as primarily from a valence quark.
Under the condition that quarks are quasi-free point-like particles, and in the absence of orbital
motion, the initial state with total spin 1/2 would dominate Eq. (3) because only in this state could
the quark absorb the spin of the virtual photon, producing a spin flip of the quark itself. In this

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Measurement of 𝐴1𝑛 in the Deep Valence Quark Region at JLab 12 GeV Xiaochao Zheng

case, 𝐴1 → 1 as 𝑥 → 1. On the other hand, models that account for the interaction between
the struck and spectator quarks, particularly non-perturbative treatments such as Dyson-Schwinger
Equations (DSE), could imply 𝐴1 < 1 and differ between the proton and the neutron because of
their different quark flavor contents. Predictions for 𝐴1 as well as other structure function ratios
are shown in Table 1. Notable is the polarization of the quarks, Δ𝑢/𝑢 and Δ𝑑/𝑑, which can be
extracted from experiments by combining proton with neutron data. Most predictions for Δ𝑑/𝑑
are negative, while perturbative QCD (pQCD) and holographic light-front QCD (HLFQCD) [7]
provide the prediction Δ𝑑/𝑑 → 1. The latest JLab 6 GeV high 𝑥 data showed that Δ𝑑/𝑑 remains
negative up to 𝑥 = 0.61 [8, 9], which triggered significant interest and the hypothesis that the down

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quarks possess sizable orbital motion [10]. Nevertheless, when 𝑥 = 1, orbital motion diminishes
and more recent theoretical work predicted that Δ𝑑/𝑑 turns positive at higher 𝑥 values than covered
by the data [7, 10].
𝐹2𝑛 Δ𝑑 Δ𝑢 Δ𝑑
Model 𝐹2
𝑝
𝑑
𝑢 Δ𝑢 𝑢 𝑑 𝐴1𝑛 𝐴1𝑝
DSE-1 0.49 0.28 -0.11 0.65 -0.26 0.17 0.59
DSE-2 0.41 0.18 -0.07 0.88 -0.33 0.34 0.88
0+[𝑢𝑑 ] 1
4 0 0 1 0 1 1
NJL 0.43 0.2 -0.06 0.8 -0.25 0.35 0.77
2 1
SU(6) 3 2 − 41 2
3 − 31 0 5
9
1
CQM 4 0 0 1 − 31 1 1
3 1 1
pQCD 7 5 5 1 1 1 1
HLFQCD 0.28 0.035 0.035 1 1 1 1

Table 1: Predictions for 𝑥 = 1 value of various models [7, 11, 12].

2. Jefferson Lab Experiment E12-06-110

The primary goal of the JLab 12 GeV experiment E12-06-110 [13] is to measure the neutron
spin asymmetry 𝐴1𝑛 in the deep valence quark region, up to 𝑥 = 0.75. The experiment was carried
out in experimental Hall C, using a longitudinally polarized electron beam of energy 10.4 GeV at
30 𝜇A and a 40-cm long polarized 3 He target. The target system was installed and commissioned
between November 2019 and January 2020. Production data were taken between January 12 and
March 13, 2020. Two glass cells, named Dutch and BigBrother, were used. Another experiment
E12-06-121 [14], carried out after E12-06-110, utilized the same polarized 3 He target and measured
𝑑2𝑛 , a moment of the neutron spin structure functions.
To access the neutron spin asymmetry 𝐴1𝑛 , inclusive scattering data were collected using the
two Hall C spectrometers, namely the High Momentum Spectrometer (HMS) and the Super High
Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS). Both spectrometers were positioned at 30◦ from the beamline
for DIS data taking, see Table 2 for the spectrometer central momentum setting and the target cell
used. For each setting, data were taken on both 𝐴 ∥ and 𝐴⊥ . The majority of the production beam
time was spent on 𝐴 ∥ at the higher 𝐸 𝑝 settings. A small amount of beam time was also taken for
𝑒−3 He elastic and Δ(1232) production using a 2.13 GeV beam to determine the absolute sign of the

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Measurement of 𝐴1𝑛 in the Deep Valence Quark Region at JLab 12 GeV Xiaochao Zheng

measured parallel and transverse asymmetries, respectively. For these calibration runs, the SHMS
was positioned at 8.5◦ and the HMS at 11.5◦ .

Kine Spec 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑝 𝜃 Cell

3 HMS 10.38 2.9 30◦ Bigbrother
4 HMS 10.38 3.5 30◦ Dutch& Bigbrother
B SHMS 10.38 2.6 30◦ Dutch& Bigbrother
C SHMS 10.38 3.4 30◦ Bigbrother

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Table 2: Beam energy 𝐸 𝑏 and spectrometer settings (central momentum 𝐸 𝑝 and angle 𝜃) for DIS production
runs of E12-06-110.

2.1 The Polarized 3 He Target

As mentioned earlier, a polarized 3 He target was used for the experiment, which acts as an
effective polarized neutron target. The target was polarized using the spin-exchange optical pumping
(SEOP). As part of a long history of using SEOP polarized 3 He target to study the spin structure of
the nucleon that traces back to SLAC E142/154 and JLab 6 GeV program, this experiment utilized
a new technique where the gas exchange between the (top) pumping chamber and the (bottom)
target chamber is facilitated by thermal convection, see Fig. 1 left. The in-beam target polarization
reached about 55% with a 30 𝜇A beam, a near factor two increase on the figure-of-merit (FOM),
2 , see Fig. 1 right. The detailed
defined by the beam current and the target polarization as 𝐼beam 𝑃targ
run-to-run target polarization is given in Fig. 2.

FOM=(Target Polarization)2xBeam Current

Figure of Merit (uA)

0
1990 2000 2010 2020
Year

Figure 1: Left: the so-called “convection design" of polarized 3 He target cell used by the 12 GeV era JLab
experiments. One of the transfer tubes was heated to induce thermal convection flow; Right: figure-of-merit
of SEOP-based polarized 3 He targets from SLAC and JLab 6 GeV era to this experiment.

2.2 The Polarized Electron Beam

The polarized electrons are generated through the photoelectric effect with the driving laser
circularly polarized. The average beam polarization during the experiment was determined from

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Measurement of 𝐴1𝑛 in the Deep Valence Quark Region at JLab 12 GeV Xiaochao Zheng

3He Target Polarization Interpolation with Time for Each Run

Cell Dutch
65
Cell Bigbrother

60

55
TC Polarization for each run (%)

50

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45

40

35

30

2020-01-15 2020-02-01 2020-02-15 2020-03-01 2020-03-15

Time

Figure 2: Target polarization vs. time for the 𝐴1𝑛 experiment.

Moller polarimetry to be 85.4% with a ±0.3% statistical precision. The systematic uncertainty
includes a ±1.8% contribution due to the polarimetry device and a ±0.8% contribution due to
variation in the beam polarization. Work is being carried out to reduce the systematic uncertainty
to ±0.9% by correcting with the measured beam energy on a run-to-run basis. The beam helicity
followed a pseudo-random quartet sequence with the spin flip rate at 120 Hz. Due to the very
low rate of large 𝑥 DIS events, it was necessary to mix a 120-Hz pulser with DIS events to ensure
accurate decoding of the helicity signal. The helicity-dependent variation in the beam charge was
controlled by a real-time feedback at the source level.

2.3 Data analysis

The data analysis, carried out primarily in two PhD thesis works [15, 16], followed a similar
procedure as the previous 6 GeV 𝐴1𝑛 experiment [17]. Starting from the inclusively scattered
particle detected by each spectrometer, a series of event selection “cuts" were applied. These
included spectrometer acceptance cuts, particle identification cuts utilizing signals detected by the
gas cherenkov detector and the electromagnetic calorimeter, and beam trip cuts to select events that
were collected at the nominal beam current of 30𝜇A.
The raw asymmetry was formed using event counts 𝑁 ± collected in the beam helicity + and -
windows:
𝑁+ −
+
𝑄 + 𝜂𝐿𝑇 − 𝑄 −𝑁𝜂 −
𝐿𝑇
𝐴raw = ± 𝑁 + 𝑁−
,
𝑄+ 𝜂 + − 𝑄− 𝜂− 𝐿𝑇 𝐿𝑇

where 𝑄± and 𝜂±𝐿𝑇represent the beam charge and the DAQ livetime correction factor, respectively.
The overall sign (+ or − on the RHS) was determined by the elastic longitudinal and Δ(1232)

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Measurement of 𝐴1𝑛 in the Deep Valence Quark Region at JLab 12 GeV Xiaochao Zheng

transverse asymmetries [15]. The raw asymmetry was then corrected for the beam and target
polarizations, and dilution of unpolarized events from the target glass windows ( 𝑓window ) and the
N2 mixed with the 3 He gas ( 𝑓 𝑁2 ):

𝐴raw
𝐴 ∥,⊥ = .
𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑡 𝑓 𝑁2 𝑓window

The N2 in the 3 He target is unpolarized but necessary to enable SEOP. The N2 dilution was
evaluated using data taken with a reference glass cell filled with N2 gas, combined with a simulation
that accounted for the different radiative effects between production cells and the reference cell.

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Similarly, the dilution from the up- and down-stream glass windows of the polarized 3 He cell was
evaluated using data taken with an empty reference glass cell combined with simulation. For the
final analysis, a cut on the vertex 𝑧 = (−15, 15) cm was used which eliminated events from the glass
windows.
In addition, the data analysis of this experiment included two careful steps: First, it was
observed that some of the data were taken with the electron beam slightly off-center from the target
glass cell, resulting in beam “scraping" off the glass walls. It was found that this effect can be
sufficiently suppressed using the PID cuts [15]. Second, the asymmetry was extracted with varying
size of the spectrometer angle acceptance and a fluctuation beyond what is typically expected from
statistical effects was observed with the widest cuts. As a result, a set of moderate angle acceptance
cuts was used, yielding slightly lower statistics [16].

3. Preliminary Results on 3 He Asymmetries

Once the electron asymmetries 𝐴 ∥,⊥ were extracted, they were combined to form 𝐴1 of 3 He.
The data were binned in 𝐸 𝑝 , which were then converted to 𝑥. Binning data in 𝐸 𝑝 will allow
additional corrections to be made to the 3 He asymmetries, see next section. The asymmetry
𝐴1 ( 3 He) with DIS cut 𝑊 > 2 GeV where 𝑊 is the invariant mass of the photon-nucleon system, is
shown in Fig. 3 and those without the DIS cut in Fig. 4. Similar results were also formed for the
asymmetry 𝐴2 and the structure function ratios 𝑔1 /𝐹1 and 𝑔2 /𝐹2 , all on 3 He. Generally speaking,
the new results agree very well with past data from the JLab 6 GeV era, though they do exhibit a
milder 𝑥 dependence and are at higher 𝑄 2 values. Note that radiative corrections still need to be
applied to these asymmetry results.

4. Future Work

The radiative correction can be done using either data or world parameterization of the structure
functions as inputs. For typical DIS, the true vertex kinematic variables correspond to an incoming
electron of energy lower than that of the electron beam, 𝐸 < 𝐸 𝑏 , and the outgoing electron of
energy higher than that of the spectrometer momentum acceptance, 𝐸 ′ > 𝐸 𝑝 . In data-driven
radiative corrections, one must have sufficient data in this (𝐸, 𝐸 ′ ) region. In Fig. 5, we show all
existing polarized 3 He data from JLab. The (𝐸 𝑏 , 𝐸 𝑝 ) setting of this experiment is given as purple
vertical lines (while that of the 𝑑2𝑛 experiment shown in green). One can see that all previous
data were collected with a beam energy below 6 GeV and thus populate a small portion of the

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Measurement of 𝐴1𝑛 in the Deep Valence Quark Region at JLab 12 GeV Xiaochao Zheng

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3
Figure 3: Results of 𝐴1He (red solid circles) as a function of the Bjorken 𝑥 with the DIS cut 𝑊 > 2 GeV.
Radiative corrections have not been applied yet. The error bars are for the total uncertainty, though they are
dominated by the statistical uncertainties.

3
Figure 4: Results of 𝐴1He (red solid circle) as a function of Bjorken 𝑥 with no DIS cut applied. Radiative
corrections have not been applied yet. The error bars are for the total uncertainty, though they are dominated
by the statistical uncertainties.

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Measurement of 𝐴1𝑛 in the Deep Valence Quark Region at JLab 12 GeV Xiaochao Zheng

(𝐸, 𝐸 ′ ) range needed by radiative correction for this experiment. Therefore, we plan to use a
parameterization as input to the radiative corrections, supplemented by a cross check with existing
data.

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Figure 5: Kinematic coverage of all existing polarized 3 He experiments carried out at JLab [5]. The 𝐴1𝑛
(green vertical line) and 𝑑2𝑛 (purple vertical line) experiments are shown on the far right. To perform radiative
corrections, we need input data or model to cover the full region enclosed by elastic scattering (dashed colored
curves), the experimental setting itself (vertical line on the far right), and a horizontal line (not drawn) that
forms a (nearly) triangular shape.

After radiative corrections are applied to 3 He asymmetries, the next step is to obtain neutron
asymmetries and structure function ratios. This is referred to as “nuclear correction" which removes
nuclear effects that arise from nuclear binding, shadowing, anti-shadowing, potential spin depolar-
ization, Fermi motion, off-shell, and non-nucleonic degrees of freedom. In previous experiments,
3
𝐴1𝑛 was extracted from 𝐴1He as:
3 !
𝑛 1 𝐹2 𝐻𝑒 3 𝐻𝑒 𝐹2𝑝 𝑝
𝐴1 = 𝐴1 − 𝑃˜ 𝑝 3 𝐴1 , (4)
𝑃˜ 𝑛 𝐹2𝑛 𝐹 𝐻𝑒 2

where 𝑃 𝑝 = −0.028+0.009 +0.036

−0.004 and 𝑃 𝑛 = 0.086 −0.02 are the effective nucleon polarization of the neutron
and proton inside 3 He, while 𝑃˜ 𝑝 = 𝑃 𝑝 − 0.014 and 𝑃˜ 𝑛 = 𝑃𝑛 + 0.056 account for additional effects
from pre-existing Δ(1232) states. Structure function ratios 𝐴2 , 𝑔1𝑛 /𝐹1𝑛 , and 𝑔2𝑛 /𝐹2𝑛 can be extracted
from 3 He quantities in a similar manner.
Once the neutron spin structure functions are extracted, they can be combined with data on
the proton to further study the quark polarizations. This allows for the separation of the ratios of
polarized to unpolarized PDFs for up and down quarks:
𝑝
Δ𝑢 + Δ𝑢¯ 4 𝑔1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑔1𝑛
= (4 + 𝑅 ) − (1 + 4𝑅 𝑑𝑢 ) (5)
𝑢 + 𝑢¯ 15 𝐹1𝑝 15 𝐹1𝑛
𝑝
Δ𝑑 + Δ𝑑¯ 1 𝑔1 4 4 𝑔1𝑛 1
=− 𝑝 (1 + ) + 𝑛 (4 + 𝑑𝑢 ), (6)
𝑑 + 𝑑¯ 15 𝐹1 𝑅 𝑑𝑢 15 𝐹1 𝑅

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Measurement of 𝐴1𝑛 in the Deep Valence Quark Region at JLab 12 GeV Xiaochao Zheng

¯ 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
where the ratio 𝑅 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑+ 𝑑
𝑢+𝑢¯ can be obtained from world parameterizations. For 𝐴1 and 𝑔1 /𝐹1 ,
we can either use second-order polynomial fits to the world data [18], or use results from the JLab
CLAS12 Run Group C (RGC) experiment [19].

5. Conclusion and Outlook

We report here status of the recently completed JLab 12 GeV experiment E12-06-110. Data
were collected for DIS using a polarized 3 He target up to 𝑥 = 0.75, beyond the previous 6 GeV
experiment (which reached 𝑥 = 0.61). Preliminary results on the 3 He asymmetry 𝐴1 , absent

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of radiative corrections, are in good agreement with existing data, though they appear to have a
milder 𝑥 dependence. Work still needs to be done on the radiative corrections and extraction of the
neutron information and the quark polarizations. It would be interesting to study also the impact a
possible energy upgrade of JLab can bring to this topic, which is presented in another proceeding
contribution to this Symposium [20].

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear
Physics under contract number DE–SC0014434. M.C.’s work was partially supported by the
Department of Physics at the University of Virginia. This material is based upon work supported
by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract
DE-AC05-06OR23177.

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