Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview
Define the term,
Define the term, data
database, and explain Discuss the terms
integrity, and describe
how a database character, field, record,
the qualities of valuable
interacts with data and and file
information
information
Describe file Differentiate between a
maintenance file processing
techniques and approach and the
validation techniques database approach
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 2
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
Objectives Overview
Describe characteristics
Discuss the functions
of relational, object-
common to most
oriented, and
database management
multidimensional
systems
databases
Identify database design
guidelines and discuss
Explain how to access
the responsibilities of
Web databases
database analysts and
administrators
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information
Database Data Information
• Collection of • Collection of • Processed data
data organized unprocessed • Documents
in a manner items • Audio
that allows • Text • Images Video
access, • Numbers
retrieval, and
• Images
use of that
data • Audio
• Video
Page 514 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 4
Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information
Pages 514 – 515 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 5
Figure 10-1 Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information
• Database software, often called a database
management system (DBMS), allows users to:
Create a computerized Add, modify, and
database delete data
Create forms and
Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data
Page 515 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 6
Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information
• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data
• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the
accuracy of the input
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Integrity
below Chapter 10
Page 516 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 7
Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information
• Valuable information should have the following
characteristics:
Accurate Verifiable Timely Organized
Cost-
Accessible Useful
effective
Pages 516 - 517 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 8
Chapter 10
The Hierarchy of Data
• Data is organized in layers
– Files, records, fields, characters
Page 517 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 9
Figure 10-2 Chapter 10
The Hierarchy of Data
• A character is one byte
– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
of one or more related
characters
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type
Page 518 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 10
Figure 10-3 Chapter 10
The Hierarchy of Data
• Common data types include:
Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency
Date Memo Yes/No Hyperlink
Object Attachment
Page 518 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 11
Chapter 10
The Hierarchy of Data
• A record is a group of related fields
– A primary key uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records
Page 519 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 12
Figure 10-4 Chapter 10
Maintaining Data
• File maintenance refers to the procedures that
keep data current
Adding Modifying
records records
Deleting
records
Page 520 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 13
Chapter 10
Maintaining Data
• Users add new records to a file when they obtain
new data
Page 520 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 14
Figure 10-5 Chapter 10
Maintaining Data
• Users modify a record to correct inaccurate data
or update old data
Page 521 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 15
Figure 10-6 Chapter 10
Maintaining Data
• When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes
it from a file
Page 522 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 16
Figure 10-7 Chapter 10
Maintaining Data
• Validation compares data with a set of rules or
values to find out if the data is correct
Alphabetic/Numeric
Range check Consistency check
Check
Completeness check Check digit Other checks
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Validation
below Chapter 10
Pages 522 - 524 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 17
Chapter 10
File Processing Versus Databases
File processing system Database approach
• Each department has its • Programs and users share
own set of files data
• Used for many years • Reduce data redundancy
• Have data redundancy • Improve data integrity
• Isolate data • Share data
• Allows easier access
• Reduces development time
• Can be more vulnerable
Pages 524 - 526 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 18
Chapter 10
File Processing Versus Databases
Page 525 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 19
Figure 10-10 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click MySQL
below Chapter 10
Page 527 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 20
Figure 10-11 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
• A data dictionary contains data about each file in
the database and each field in those files
Pages 527 – 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 21
Figure 10-12 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users
and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language
Query by example
Form
Report generator
Page 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 22
Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
• A query language consists of simple, English-like
statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
users with retrieving data
Page 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 23
Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
Page 529 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 24
Figure 10-13 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
• A form is a window on the screen that provides
areas for entering or modifying data in a database
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click E-Form
below Chapter 10
Page 530 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 25
Figure 10-15 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
• A report generator allows users to design a report
on the screen, retrieve data into the report
design, and then display or print the report
Page 531 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 26
Figure 10-16 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
A DBMS provides means to
ensure that only authorized users
access data at permitted times
• Access privileges
• Principle of least privilege
Page 531 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 27
Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to
restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed
Backup Log
Recovery Continuous
utility backup
Pages 531 - 532 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 28
Chapter 10
Database Management Systems
Page 532 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 29
Figure 10-17 Chapter 10
Database Administration
• It is important to have a carefully designed
database
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Database Design
Guidelines below Chapter 10
Page 537 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 30
Figure 10-24 Chapter 10
Database Administration
Database analysts and administrators are responsible
for managing and coordinating all database activities
Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Analyst (DA)
Creates and maintains the data
Decides on proper field
dictionary, manages security,
placement, defines data
monitors performance, and
relationship, and identifies users’
checks backup and recovery
access privileges
procedures
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Database
Administrators below
Chapter 10
Page 538 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 31
Chapter 10
Database Administration
• Employees should learn
how to use the data in
the database effectively
– Interact with database
– Identify new data for the
database
– Maintain the database
Page 538 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 32
Figure 10-25 Chapter 10
Keys
• A key is an attribute or set of attributes that
uniquely identifies a tuple (row) in file.
• Keys are defined in the table to
– Access stored data quickly
– Arrange stored data quickly and smoothly
• Keys are also used to create relationship between
different tables.
Keys
• Different types of important keys in databases are
– Primary key
– Candidate key
– Alternate key
– Composite key
– Foreign key
Keys: Candidate and Alternate Keys
• A relation may contain many attributes that can be used
as primary key.
• Such an attribute is called candidate key and a relation
can have many candidate keys.
• The candidate keys that are not selected as primary key
are known as alternate keys.
Keys: Composite Key
• A primary key that consists of two or more
attributes is known as composite key.
Keys: Foreign Key
• A foreign key is an attribute in a relation whose
values match a primary key in another relation.
• The relation in which foreign key is created is
known as dependent or child table.
• The relation to which the foreign key refers is
known as parent table.
Keys: Foreign Key
• Some important points of a foreign key are as follows
– It has same name as the primary key from which it was
referred.
– The field specifications of the primary key from which it was
copied have to be the same for the foreign key too.
Relationships
• A relationship is a logical connection between
different tables and is established on the basis of
interaction among these tables.
• The relationship is established by connecting one
or more fields of two tables.
• The fields used to connect two tables normally
have same name, data type and size.
Relationships
• Different types of relationship are
– One-to-One Relationship
– One-to-Many Relationship
– Many-to-Many relationship
One-to-One Relationship
• One-to-One relationship exists between two
tables when:
– For each record in the first table, there is only one
record in the second table.
– For each record in the second table, there is only one
record in the first table.
One-to-One Relationship
One-to-Many Relationship
• One-to-Many relationship exists between two
tables when:
– For each record in the first table, there are one or
more records in the second table.
– For each record in the second table, there is only one
record in the first table.
One-to-Many Relationship
Many-to-Many relationship
• Many-to-Many relationship exists between two
tables when:
– For each record in the first table, there are one or
more records in the second table.
– For each record in the second table, there are one or
more records in the first table.
Many-to-Many relationship
Many-to-Many relationship