DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER WAVES

Photon:
According to Eienstein’s quantum theory light propagates in the bundles (packets or quanta) of
energy, each bundle being called a photon and possessing energy.
Energy of photon :
hc
Energy of photon is given by E  h  ;

where c = Speed of light,
h = Plank’s constant = 6.6 ´ 10–34 J-sec,
n = Frequency in Hz,
l = Wavelength of light.
hc 12375 12400
In electron volt E(eV )   »
e  ( Å)  ( Å)
Mass of photon :
Actually rest mass of the photon is zero. But it’s effective mass is given as
E  mc 2  h 
E h h
m  2  .
c 2
c c
This mass is also known as kinetic mass of the photon
Momentum of the photon
E h h
Momentum p  m c   
c c 
Number of emitted photons :
The number of photons emitted per second from a source of monochromatic radiation of
wavelength l and power P is given as
P P P
(n)  
E h

hc
;
where E = energy of each photon
Intensity of light (I) :
Energy crossing per unit area normally per second is called intensity or energy flux
E P
i.e. I
At

A

E 
  P  radiation power 
 t 
At a distance r from a point source of power P intensity is given by
P
I
4 r 2
1
I
r2
Number of photons falling per second (n) :
If P is the power of radiation and E is the energy of a photon then
P
n
E
Electron Emission :
Metals have free electrons and these normally cannot escape out of the metal surface.
The free electron is held inside the metal surface by the attractive forces of the ions.
A certain minimum amount of energy is requried to be given to an electron to pull it out from the surface of
the metal and this energy is known as “Work Function”.
 Work function ( . ) = 5.65 eV, highest (for platinum) . =1.88 eV, lowest (for ceasium)

This minimum energy required for the electron emission can be supplied by any one of the following
processes.
a) Thermionic emission :
“Sufficient thermal energy can be imported to free electrons” by suitably heating

b) Field emission:
“By applying a very strong electric field (  108V / m )”.

c) Photo electric emission:

“By irradiating the metal surface with suitable E.M radiaton”.

Photo electric effect :

 The photo-electric effect is the emission of electrons (called photo-electrons when light strikes a surface.
To escape from the surface, the electron must absorb enough energy from the incident radiation to overcome
the attraction of positive ions in the material of the surface.
The emission of electrons from a metal plate when illuminated by electromagnetic radiation of suitable
wavelength is called Photoelectric effect.
The photoelectric effect is based on the principle of conservation of energy.

Photo electric effect was discovered by Hertz in 1887. In his experiments, Hertz observed that high voltage
spark passes across the metal electrodes more easily when cathode is illuminated with ultra violet rays from
an arc lamp.
In 1888 Hallwachs under took the study further. He connected zinc plate to an electroscope. He found that
when zinc plate is illuminated with ultra violet light it became positively charged. A positively charged zinc plate
became more positively charged when it is further illuminated with ultra violet light .
From these observations he concluded that negatively charged particles were emitted by the zinc plate
under the action of ultra violet light. After the discovery of electron these particles were called as photo
electrons.
Work function (or threshold energy) (W0) :
The minimum energy of incident radiation, required to eject the electrons from metallic
surface is defined as work function of that surface.
hc
W0  h  0  Joules ;
0

n0 = Threshold frequency;
l0 = Threshold wavelength
hc 12375
Work function in electron volt W0(eV)  e 0 
 0 ( Å)
Threshold frequency (n0) :
The minimum frequency of incident radiations required to eject the electron from metal surface is
defined as threshold frequency.
 If incident frequency n < n0 No photoelectron emission
For most metals the threshold frequency is in the ultraviolet (corresponding to wavelengths
between 200 and 300 nm), but for potassium and cesium oxides it is in the visible spectrum (l between
400 and 700 nm)
Threshold wavelength (l0) :
The maximum wavelength of incident radiations required to eject the electrons from a metallic
surface is defined as threshold wavelength.
If incident wavelength l > l0 No photoelectron emission
Lenard’s Experimental Study of Photoelectric effect :

light of same wavelength

e
C e A
e

Micro
V Anmmeter

K
() - +

The apparatus used for experimental study of photoelectric effect. A metal plate C called cathode (emitter)
and a metal cup A called anode (collector) are sealed in a vacuum chamber.
A beam of monochromatic light enters the window of a vacuum chamber and falls on cathode C. The photoelectrons
emitted are collected by the anode A.
When key K is open and monochromatic light is made incident on the cathode, then current is measured by
the ammeter. i.e., even though applied voltage is zero current flows in the [Link] photoelectrons emitted
from the cathode C moves towards anode A. But less energetic electrons comes to rest before reaching the
anode.
When anode is given positive potential w.r.t the cathode, electrons in the space charge are attracted towards
the anode so photocurrent increases. If potential of the anode is increased gradually the effect of space
charge becomes negligible at some potential and then every electron that is emitted from the cathode will be
able to reach the anode. The current then becomes constant even though voltage is increased and this current
is called saturation photocurrent.
When anode is given negative potential w.r.t the cathode, the photo electrons will be repelled by the anode
and some electrons will go back to cathode so current decreases. At some negative potential anode current
becomes [Link] potential is called stopping potential.
The minimum negative potential(V0) given to the collector with respect to the emitter for which ‘photocurrent’
becomes zero is called ‘stopping potential’.
Stopping potential is related to maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons, because at this potential even
 the most energetic electron just fails to reach the anode.
So work done by the stopping potential is equal to the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons.
1 2
(e)(V0 )  mvmax 0 ;
2
1
 eV0 
m v m2 a x
2
A graph is plotted with current on y-axis and applied voltage on x-axis. It is as shown in below graph
y

photoelectric
current
-x x
(-V0) o Anode
stopping potential (V)
potential

Experimental Results
1. Variation of Photo current with intensity of incident light :
Keeping the frequency of incident light and nature of the cathode constant, for different
intensities of incident light saturation photo current is measured.
When a graph is plotted with saturation photocurrent on y-axis and intensity of incident
light on x-axis, it is as shown in figure.

i
photoelectric
Saturation

current

I
O intensity
of light

It is observed that saturation photocurrent (i) is proportional to the intensity (I) of

incident light at a given frequency
2. Variation of saturation photo current with stopping potential at constant intensity :
Keeping the frequency of incident light and nature of the cathode constant, for different
intensities of incident light photo current is measured.
When a graph is plotted with photocurrent on y-axis and applied voltage on x-axis. It is
as shown in figure.
 The value of stopping potential is independent of the intensity of incident light, if frequency is constant.
The magnitude of saturation current depends on the intensity of light. Higher the intensity,
larger the saturation current.
3. Variation of frequency of incident light on stopping potential :
Keeping the intensity of incident light and nature of the cathode constant, for different frequencies of incident
light, photo current is measured.
When a graph is plotted with photocurrent on y-axis and applied voltage on x-axis. It is as shown in figure.
current
photo

v3v2v1
v3 v saturation
2 v
1 current

-V03 -V02 -V01 O V

anode
retarding
potential
potential

Larger the frequency of incident radiation, larger is the stopping potential.

So The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends on the frequency of incident light and
nature of the metal plate. Maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons is independent of
the intensity of incident light.
The saturation photo current is independent of the frequency of incident radiation.
4. Variation of Stopping potential with frequency of incident light :
When a graph is plotted with stopping potential on y-axis and frequency of incident radiation on x-axis,
keeping the metal constant, then it is as shown in figure.
 p o ten tial (v o )
Cs K Na A1 Cu

sto pp ing
vo v1 v2 v3 v4
O
frequency of incident (v)

Threshold frequency ( 0 )is a characteristic of the metal plate and at this frequency, kinetic energy of the
photo electrons is zero.
 Above threshold frequency, kinetic energy of photo electrons range from zero to a maximum value.
Maximum kinetic energy and Stopping potential increases linearly with increasing frequency as shown in the
above figure.
Laws of Photoelectric Effect:
If the frequency of incident radiation is less than a certain value called threshold frequency, electrons are not
emitted from a given metal surface, whatever be the intensity of the incident radiation.
The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends on the frequency of the incident
radiation, but it is independent of the intensity of the radiation. The maximum kinetic
energy of photoelectrons is a linear function of the frequency of the incident radiation.
The photocurrent increases with intensity of incident radiation, but it is independent of the frequency of
incident radiation.
There is no time lag between the incidence of the incident radiation and the emission of photo electrons.
Einsten’s Photo Electric Equation:

E = h0 E = h

K.E. = max.
K.E. = 0
e–
e–
Metal

Fig. 25.17

For explaining photoelectric effect, Einstein postulated that light consists of particles called photons. Energy
of a photon of frequency  is h .
According to this theory the emission of a photoelectron was the result of the interaction of a single photon
with an electron, in which the photon is completely absorbed by the electron.
The minimum amount of energy required to eject an electron from a metal surface is called work function
(W) of that metal. It is also called threshold energy.
The minimum frequency of radiation required to eject an electron from a metal surface is called threshold
frequency( 0 ) for that metal.  W  h 0
Work function of a metal depends on nature of the metal, it will not depend on frequency and intensity of
the radiation.
When a photon of energy h is absorbed by an electron, an amount of energy atleast equal to work
 function W (provided h >W ) is used up in liberating the electron from the surface and the difference
( h - W) is equal to the maximum kinetic [Link] that electron.
1 2
 mVmax  h W (1)
2
1 2
 h W  mVmax  (2)
2
1
 h  h 0  mVmax 2
 (3)
2
The above relation is called the Einstein’s Photoelectric equation. Here ‘m’ is the mass of
the electron and Vmax is the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons. Infact, most of the electrons possess
kinetic energy less than the maximum value, as they lose a part of their kinetic energy due to collisions before
escaping from the metal.
Thus from the above discussion the laws of photoelectric effect from Einstein’s Photoelectric equations
are deduced.
From equation (1) maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is
KEmax  h  h0 .
For photoelectric emission to take place kinetic energy of electrons must be positive.
It follows that h  h 0     0 .
It proves that for photoelectric emission to take place, from a given metal the frequency f the incident
radiation must be greater than threshold frequency for that metal.
If frequency of the incident radiation is less than threshold frequency then no photoelectric emission will
take place, whatever be the intensity of the incident radiation, or how long it falls on the metal surface.

From equation (1) it follows that maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends linearly on the frequency.
It proves that the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons increases as frequency of
incident radiation increases.
Since Einstein’s equation does not involve a factor representing intensity, it proves that the maximum
kinetic energy of emitted electrons is independent of the intensity of incident radiation.
According to Einstein, the photoelectric effect arises , when a single photon is absorbed by a single electron.
So number of photoelectrons ejected will be large if intense radiation is incident. This is
because intensity of radiation is proportional to number of photons per unit area per unit
time. Hence if intensity of incident radiation is larger, then number photons incident is
larger and number of electrons ejected is larger.
It proves that number of photoelectrons ejected from a metal surface depends on intensity of
incident radiation. Further, there is no effect of frequency of incident radiation on number of photoelectrons
emitted. It is because one photon is capable of ejecting only one electron, provided ,    0
According to Einstein, the basic process in photoelectric emission is absorption of a photon of light by an
electron. So as the photon is absorbed, emission of electron takes place instantaneously
irrespective of intensity.
Note :
Alkali metals can cause photoelectric effect with visible light.
Work function of Alkali metals is around 2eV.
Among all metals work function is least for Cesium( 2.14eV)
 hC
 Work function W  h 0 
0

where  0 =threshold frequency,,

0 =threshold wavelength
 Einstein’s equation can be written as follows: KEmax  E  W
(or) KEmax  h  h 0
hC hC
(or) KEmax    
0

1 1
 m V m2ax  E  W (or)
2
mVmax  h  h 0
2 2
1 hC hC
2
mVmax  
2  0

 eV 0  E  W (or) eV 0  h  h 0
hC hC
(or) eV0   
0

::PROBLEMS::
1. A photon of energy 2.5 eV and wavelength  falls on a metal surface and the ejected electrons
have velocity ‘v’. If the  of the incident light is decreased by 20%, the maximum velocity of the
emitted electrons is doubled. The work function of the metal is
1) 2.6 eV 2) 2.23 eV 3) 2.5 eV 4) 2.29 eV
SOLUTION :

hc

v
2
1
1

v
2
hc
2 
2

12400
use E 
  A0 
2. The wavelength of a photon needed to remove a proton from a nucleus which is bound to the
nucleus with 1 MeV energy is nearly

1) 1.2 nm 2) 1.2 x 10-3 3) 1.2 x 10-6 nm 4) 1.2 x 10 nm

SOLUTION :

Given in the quesiton.

 Energy of a photon, E  1 MeV  106 eV

hc
Now, hc =1240 eVm ; Now, E 


3. While working with light and X-rays, there is a useful relation between the energy of a photon in
electron volts (eV) and the wavelength of the photon in angstom (A 0). Suppose the wavelength of
aphoton is  A0 . Then energy of the photon is
SOLUTION :
hc
E  hv 

Here wavelength =
 1010 m; h  6.62  10 34 Js, c  3  108 ms 1

E 
 6.62 10    3 10 
34 8

  1010


 6.62 10    3 10  eV  12400 eV
34 8

  10   1.6 10 

10

19

12400
E  eV

Note : (  is taken in A0 and 12400 in A0 eV)
4. When a metal surface is illuminated by light of wavelengths 400 nm and 250 nm, the maximum
velocities of the photoelectrons ejected are V and 2V respectively. The work function of the metal
is
1) 2hc x 106 J 2) 1.5hc x 106 J 3) hc x 106 J 4) 0.5hc x 106 J
SOLUTION :
hc 1
 w  mv 2
 2
5. If wavelength of radiation is 4000 A0 = 400nm then the energy of the photon is\

SOLUTION :

hC 12400eVA0 1240eVnm
E    3.1eV
 4000 A0 400nm
6. Light described at a place by the equation E sin  5  1015 s 1  t  sin  8  1015 s 1  t 
100 V / M  
falls on a metal surface having work fucntion 2.0 eV. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons
1) 3.27 eV 2) 5 eV 3) 1.27 eV 4) 2.5 eV
SOLUTION :
 E  100 sin 5  1015 t  100sin 8  1015 t
8 1015
 max  ;
2
K .Emax  h max  w ; K .Emax  3.27eV

The electric field associated with a light wave is given by E  E0  sin 1.57  10 m   x  ct   .
7 1
7.
Find the stopping potential when this light is used in an experiment on photoelectric effect with
the similar having work function 1.9 eV
1) 1.2 V 2) 1.1 V 3) 2 V 4) 2.1 V
SOLUTION :
1.57 107  3 108
  0.75  1015 Hz
2
6.62 1034  0.75 1015
E eV  3.1eV
1.6 1019
eV0  E  w ;
V0  1.2V
8. A monochromatic source of light operating at 200 W emits 4 10 20 photons per second. Find the
wagelength of the light.
SOLUTION :
N
Power = P  h
t
P 200
Energy of photon = E    5  1019
 N  4 10 20
 
 t 


 6.62 10    3 10  m  3.972 A
34 8
0

5  1019
9. Radiation of wavelength 200 nm propagating in the form of a parallel beam, fall normally on a
plane metallic surface. The intensity of the beam is 5mW and its cross sectional area 1.0 mm2. Find
the pressure exerted by the radiation on the metallic surface, if the radiation is completely reflected.
(Roorkee 2001)
SOLUTION :
12400 12400
E   6.2eV  10 18 J
 200
P 5  1019
Number of photons passing a point per second is n   18
 5  109 . momentum of each photon
E 10
E
P  3.3  1027 J / s . Charge in momentum after each strike = 2p =6.6 x 10-27 J/s
C
 Total momentum change per second is
dp n  2p
F   5 109  6.6 1027  331018 N
dt t
F
 pressure  33  10 12 N / m 2
A
10. When a surface 1 cm thick is illuminated with light of wave lenght  the stopping potential is V0 ,
V0
but when the same surface is illuminated by light of wavelength 3  , the stopping potential is .
6
The threshold wavelength for metallic surface is:
1) 4 2) 5 3) 3 4) 2
SOLUTION :
1 1 
eV0  hc   
  0 

eV0  1 1
 hc   
6  3 0 

11. The work function of a metal is 3.0eV. It is illuminated by a light of wave length 3 x 107m. Calculate
i) threshold frequency, ii) the maximum energy of photoelectrons, iii) the stopping potential. (h
=6.63 x 10–34 Js and c = 3 x 108ms–1).
SOLUTION :
i) W = h 0 = 3.0eV = 3 x 1.6 x 10–19J
Threshold frequency
W 3  1.6  1019
0   34
 0.72  1015 Hz .
h 6.63  10
ii) Maximum kinetic energy (Emax) = h ( – 0 )

c 3  108
  3  10 7 m , v    1  1015 Hz
 3  10 7
Kmax = h ( – 0 ) = 6.63 x 10–34 (1– 0.72) x 1015 J = 1.86 x 10–19 J.
iii) Kmax = e V0 where V0 is stopping potential in volt and e is the charge of electron
K max
V0  . Here Kmax = 1.86 x 10–19 J and
e
e = 1.6 x 10–19 C;
1.86  10 19 J
V0   1.16V
1.6  1019 C
12. The work function of a photosensitive element is 2eV. Calculate the velocity of a photoelectron
0
when the element is exposed to a light of wavelength 4 103 A .
SOLUTION :
Einstein's photoelectric equation is
 1 hc
mv 2   W0
2 

1 2 6.62  3
mv   1026  2  1.6  1019
2 4  103  1010
1 .7 6 5  2
v2   1 012
9 .1
1.765  2
v  106 = 6.228 x 105 ms–1
9.1
13. A metal of work function 4eV is exposed to a radiation of wavelength 140 x 10–9m. Find the stopping
potential developed by it.
SOLUTION :
hc 6.62  10 34  3  108
E E eV = 8.86eV
 140  10 9  1.6  10 19
work function W0 = 4eV
eV0 = E –W0 = 8.86 –4 = 4.86eV
 Stopping potential V 0  4 .8 6V
14. A graph regarding photoeletric effect is shown between the maximum kinetic energy of electrons
and the frequency of the incident light. On the basis of data as shown in the graph, calculate the
work fucntion
Kmax (eV)
8
6
4
2 A D
0
-2 10 20 30
-4 f 1014 Hz 
C
1) 2 eV 2) 4 eV 3) 4.2 eV 4) 2.5 eV
SOLUTION :
From the graph
threshold frquency  f 0   10 1014 Hz

8  1.61019
h  6.4  1034 J
20  1014

work function = hf 0  4eV

15. In a photocell bi chromatic light of wave length 2480 A0 and 6000A0are incident on a cathode whose
workfunction is 4.8eV. If a uniform magnetic field of 3x10-5 T exists parallel to the plate, find the
radius of the circular path described by the photoelectron. (mass of electron is 9 x1031 kg )
SOLUTION :
12400 12400
E1    5eV ;
1 2480
 12400 12400
E2    2.06eV
2 6000
As E2 < W0 and E1 > W0, photo electric emission is possible only with 1 .
Maximum K.E of emitted photo electrons
K = E1 – W0 = 0.2 eV.
Photo electrons experience magnetic force and move along a circular path of radius
m 2 mK
r  .
Bq Bq  r  5cm
16. A monochromatic light of wavelength  is incident on an isolated metalic sphere of radius a. The
threshold wavelength is  0 which is larger than  . Find the number of photoelectrons emitted
before the emission of photo electrons stops.
SOLUTION :
As the metallic sphere is isolated, it becomes positively charged when electrons are
ejected from it. There is an extra attractive force on the photoelectrons. If the potential of the sphere is raised
to V, the electron should have a minimum energy W + eV to be able to come out. Thus, emission of
photoelectrons will stop when
hc hc hc  1 1 
 W  eV =   eV or, V  e      .
 0  0 

The charge on the sphere needed to take its potential to V is Q   4 0 a  V

The number of electrons emitted is, therefore,

Q 4 0 aV  4 0 ahc  1  1 

n   
e e e2   0 

17. From the above figure the values of stopping potentials for M 1 and M 2 for a frequency v3   v02 
of the incident radiatioins are V1 and V2 respectively. Then the slope of the line is equal to
V2  V1 V1  V2 V2 V1
1) v  v 2) v  v 3) v  v 4) v  v
02 01 02 01 02 01 02 01
SOLUTION :
hv01  eV1  hv02  eV2
e V1  V2   h V02  V01  ;
h V1  V2 

e V02  V01 

18. A small metal plate (work function W) is kept at a distance d from a singly ionized, fixed ion. A
monochromatic light beam is incident on the metal plate and photoelectrons are emitted. Find the
maximum wavelength of the light beam so that some of the photoelectrons may go round the ion
along a circle.
SOLUTION :
21 e2 mV 2 1 e2
Electron is moving around the ion in a Circle of radius ‘d’. 4 2  d ,  mV  4 d
0 d 0
 1 e2
 K .E  ----------(1)
8 0 d

hc
But K .Emax  W ----------(2)


hc 8 0 d
  2
e  8 0 dW

19. A source of light is placed above a sphere of radius 10cm. How many photoelectrons must be
emitted by the sphere before emission of photoelectrons stops? The energy of incident photon is
4.2 eV and the work function of the metal is 1.5 eV.
1) 2.08 x 1018 2) 1.875 x 108 3) 2.88 x 1018 4) 4 x 1019
SOLUTION :
Stopping potential energy = eV0  E  
E   9  109 ne
V0   ;
e r
n = no of electrons
Dual nature of matter -(de-Broglie hypothesis)
Photoelectric effect and Compton effect proves that radiation behaves like particles (photons), where as
Interference and Diffraction proves that radiation behaves like waves.
So ‘radiation has dual nature’ i.e., radiation behaves like particles when interacting with matter and
radiation behaves like waves when propagating in a medium.
de Broglie Hypothesis
 The universe consists of matter and radiation only.
 Nature loves symmetry
 If radiation has dual nature then matter also should have dual nature.
According to de Broglie particles like electron, proton and neutron, also have both wave and particle
properties. The waves associated with moving particle are called matter waves and the
wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength of a particle.
hC
For a photon Energy, E   mC 2

h h
where m = effective mass then wavelength   
mC p
where p = momentum of the photon
de Broglie extended the same for particles also.
So if a particle of mass ‘m’ is moving with velocity ‘v’ then its momentum p = mv, hence
h h
de Broglie wave length of the matter wave associated with is given by   
p mv
Davisson and Germer studied the scattering of electrons by a nikel target. The wavelength
  of diffracted electrons was determined by Davisson and Germer. The experimental values of wavelength
h
 were found to agree with the theoretical value  
m v
Hence it is concluded that electrons behaves like waves and undergo diffraction.
For definite sized objects like a car the corresponding wavelength is very small to detect the wave
properties. But the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron is large enough to be observed.
Because of their small mass, electrons have a small momentum and hence large wavelength   h / p .
Note :
h h
deBroglie wavelength   
p mv
Where momentum p = mv ; m=mass, v= velocity
h
deBroglie wavelength  
2 mK

p2
where kinetic energy, K   p  2mK
2m
If a particle having charge q starting from rest is accelerated through a potential difference V then gain in
kinetic energy, K=qV
h
so, deBroglie wavelength   2 m qV

12.27 o 150 o
For electron   A A
V V

0.286 o 0.082 o
For proton   A A
V V
0 .2 02
For dueteron   Å
E
0.101
For  particle   Å
V

0.286
for neutron   Å
E
where E = kinetic energy in electron volts
The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle is independent of nature of the particle and these waves are not
electromagnetic. Diffraction effects have been obtained with streams of electrons, protons,
neutrons and alpha particles.
de-Broglie explains Bohr’s criterion to select the allowed orbits in which angular momentum of the electron
h
is an integral multiple of . According to his hypothesis, an electron revolving round
2
the nucleus is associated with certain wavelength ‘  ’ which depends on its momentum
 h h
mv. It is given by   
mv p
In an allowed orbit, an electron can have an integral multiple of this wavelength.
That is the nth orbit consists of n complete de-Broglie wavelengths 2rn  n n ,
where n is the principle quantum number..
where rn is the radius of nth orbit and  n is the wavelength of electron in nth orbit
2rn
n 
n
2
n  (0.53  n 2 ) Å .
n
n  2  0.53nA

(a)

(b)

Figure (a) shows the waves on a string have a wavelength related to the length of the string allowing them to
interfere constructively as shown If we imagine the string bent into a closed circle we get an idea of how
electrons in circular orbits can interfere constructively as shown in figure(b). If the wavelength does not fit in
to the circumference the electron interferes destructively, electron can not exist in such an orbit.
Heisenberg uncertainity Principle
The matter-wave picture elegantly incorporated the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. According to the
principle, it is not possible to measure both the position and momentum of an electron (or
any other particle) at the same time exactly. There is always some uncertainity  x  in

the specification of position and some uncertainity  p  in the specification of momentum.

h
The product of x and p is of the order of h (with   )
2
i.e., xp  h .
Equation allows the possibility that x is zero, but then p must be infinite in order that the product is
nonzero. Similarly, if p is zero, x must be infinite. Ordinarily, both x and p are
nonzero such that their product is of the order of h .
Now, if an electron has a definite momentum p , (i.e., p =0), by the de Broglie relation, it has a definite
wavelength  . A wave of definite (single) wavelength extends all over space. By Born’ss
probability interpretation this mens that the electron is not localizedin any finite region of
space. That is, its position uncertainity is infinite  x    , which is consistent with the
uncertainity principle.
In general, the matter wave associated with the electron is not extended all over space. It is a wve packet
extending over some finite region of space. In that case x is not infinite but has some
 finite value depending on the extension of the wave packet. Also, you must appreciate
that a wave packet of finite extension does not have a single wavelength. It is built up
wavelengths spread around some central wavelength.
By de Broglie’s relation, then, the momentum of the electron will also have a spread - an uncertainity p .
This is as expected from the uncertainity principle. It can be shown that the wave packet
description together with de Broglie relation and Born’s probability interpretation reproduce
the Heisenberg’s uncertainity princile exactly.
The de Broglie relation will be seen to justify bohr’s postulate on quantisation of angular momentum of
electron in an atom.
Figure shows a schematic diagram of (a) a localised wave packet, and (b) an extended wave
with fixed wavelength.

(a)


(b)

Figure (a) the wave packet description of an electron. The wave packet corresponds to a spread of
wavelength around some central wavelength (and hence by de Broglie relation, a spread in momentum).
Consequently, it is associated with an uncertainity in position  x  and an uncertainity in momentum  p  .
(b) the matter wave corresponiding to a definite momentum of an electron extends all over space. In this
case, p  0 and x   .
Davisson and Germer’s electron diffractionexperiment
 The first experimental evidence of matter wave was given by two American physicists, Davisson and Germer
in 1927. They also succeeded in measuring the de - Broglie wave length associated with slow electrons.
 A beam of electron emitted by electron gun is made to fall on nikel crystal cut along cubical axis at a particular
angle.
 Ni crystal behaves like a three dimensional diffraction grating and it diffracts the electron beam obtained from
electron gun.
 The diffracted beam of electrons received by the detector which can be positioned at any angle by rotating
about the point of incidence.
 The energy of the incident beam of electron can also be varied by changing the applied voltage to the electron
gun.
 According to classical physics, the intensity of scattered beam of electrons was not the same but different at
different angles of scattering. It is maximum for diffracting angle 500 at 54 volt P.D.
 It is seen that a bump begins to appear in the curve for 44 volt electrons. With increasing potential in the bump
moves upwards and becomes most prominent in the curve for 54 volt electrons at   50 0 . At higher potential
the bump gradually disappears.
Incident beam

44V 48V

0
50

54V 60V
 If the de Broglie waves are associated with electron, then these should be diffracted like x - rays. using the
Bragg’s formula 2d sin   n , we can determine the wavelength of these waves.
180   
Where ‘d’ is the distance between the diffracting planes.    = glancing angle for incident beam =
 2 
Bragg’s angle.
 The distance between diffracting planes in Ni - crystal for this experiment is d = 0.91A0 and for n = 1;
  2  0.91 1010 sin 65 = 1.65A
0

12.27 12.27
Now debroglie wave length can also be determined using the formula ;    1.67 A0
V 54
=50
=650

D

d

Atomic
planes
Thus the deBroglie hypothesis is verified.
 The Bragg’s formula can be rewritten in the form containing inter atomic distance D and scattering angle ‘  ’.
  
  90  and d  D cos   D sin
2 2

using sin   cos
2
  
  2d sin   2d  sin  cos  d sin 
 2 2
  d sin 

::PROBLEMS ::
1. A particle of mass ‘m’ projected horizontally with velocity u. If it makes an angle  , with the
horizontal after some time, then at that instant, its de Broglie wavelength is
SOLUTION :
For a projectile horizontal component of velocity is constant.
u

 v x  u x ; V cos   u
gt v
h h cos 
 de Broglie wavelength,   
mv mu
2. Consider a metal exposed to light of wavelength 600 nm. The maximum energy of the electron
doubles when light of wavelength 400 nm is used. Find the work function in eV.
1) 0.5 eV 2) 1.8 eV 3) 1.02 eV 4) 2.5 eV
SOLUTION :
Given,
For the first condition, Wavelength of light = 600 nm and for the second condition wavelength of
light X’ = 400 nm
Also, maximum kinetic energy for the second condition is equal to the twice of the kinetic energy
in first condition. i.e., K max  2 K max
hc
Here, K max  

hc
 2 K max  
' 0
 1230   1230 
 2      
 600   400 

hc  1240 eVnm

1230
   1.02 eV
1200
3. Assuming an electron is confined to a lnm wide region, find the uncertainty in moment using
Heisenberg uncertainty principle  x  p  h . You can assume the uncertainty in position x as
1 [Link] p  p, find the energy of the electron in electronvolts.
1) 1.6 meV 2) 3.8 meV
3) 0.16 meV 4) 0.38 meV
SOLUTION :

19. Here, x  1nm  109 m, p  ?

As xp  h

h h
 p  
x 2x
6.62  1034 Js


2   22 / 7 10 9 m 
 1.05  10 25 kg m / s

p 2  p 
2

Energy, E 
2m

2m
   p 
 
2
1.05  1025
 J
2  9.1  1031
 
2
1.05  1025
 eV
2  9.1  1031  1.6  1019

 3.8  102 eV
4. Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 150V. Calculate the de Broglie
wavelength.
SOLUTION :
V = 150V; h=6.62 x 10–34Js, m=9.1 x 10–31kg,
e = 1.6 x 10–19C
h 6.62  10 34 0
   1A
2Vem 2  9.1  10 31  1.6  10 19  150
5. A proton, a neutron, an electron and an  -particle have same energy. Then their de-Broglie
wavelengths compare as
1)  p   n   e   2)    p   n   e 3)  e   p   n   4)  e   p   n  
SOLUTION :
h
We know that the relation between  and K is given by  
2mk
h
Here, for the given value of energy K, is a constant.
2k
 1
Thus,  
m
1 1 1 1
 p :  n :  e :    : : :
mp mn me m

Since, mp =mn, hence  p   n

As, m  m p , therefore     p

As, me < mn, therefore e   p

Hence,     p   n   e

6. Find the ratio of de Broglie wavelength of molecules of hydrogen and helium which are at
temperatures 27°C and 127°C respectively
SOLUTION :
h h
Since,   m  ;
3mkT

H m HeTHe 8
 
 He m H TH 3
7. The de-Broglie wavelength of a photo is twice, the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron. The speed
c
of the electron is vc  . Then,
100
Ee 4 Ee 2 Pe Pe
1) E  10 2) E  10
2 4
3) m C  10 4) m C  10
p p e e
SOLUTION :

Suppose, Mass of electron = me,

Mass of photon = mp

Velocityofelectron=ve

Velocity of photon = vp

Thus, for electron, de-Broglie wavelenth

h h 100h
e   
me ve me  C / 100 meC (given)
 1
Kinetic enegy, E0  meve2
2

 meve  2 Ee me

h h
so,  e  
meve 2me Ee
h2
 Ee  2
2 e me

For photon of wavelength  p , energy

hc hc
Ep  
p 2 e
Ep hc 2 e2 me
  
Ee 2 e h2
 e meC 100h meC
    100
h mec h
Ee 1 2
So, E  100  10
p

For electron, pe = meve = me  c/100

pe 1 2
So, m c  100  10
e
8. With what velocity must an electron travel so that its momentum is equal to that of a photon with a
0
wavelength of 5000 A ( h  6.6 x10 34 Js , me  9.1x10 31 Kg )
SOLUTION :
h 6.6  10 34
mv  v  1450m / s
 9.1  10 31  5000  10 10
9 . An electron is moving with an initial velocity v  v0 iˆ and is in a magnetic field B  B0 ˆj.
Then it’s de Broglie wavelength
1) Remains constant 2) Increases with time
3) Decreases with time 4) Increases and decreases perdiocally.
SOLUTION :
 
Here, v  v iˆ, B  B ˆ
0j
Force on moving electron due to magnetic field is
0

  
  
F   e v  B   e v0iˆ  B0 ˆj  ev0 B0kˆ 
   
As this force is perpendicular to v and B , so the magnitude of v will not change. i.e. momentum

 h 
 
(= mv) will remain constant in magnitude. Therefore, de Broglie wavelength,
 mv 
remains constant.

10. If 10,000V applied across an X-ray tube, what will be the ratio of deBroglie wavelength of the
incident electrons to the shortest wavelength of X-ray produced (e/m of electron is 1.7 x1011 C / Kg )
SOLUTION :
h
Debroglie wave length of incident electron is 1  ........ 1
2meV
hc
Shortest wavelength of x ray photon is 2  ..... 2
Ve

1 1  V  e 
    0.1
2 c  2 
 m 
11. Photons of energies 4.25eV and 4.7eV are incident on two metal surfaces A and B respectively.
The maximum KE of emitted electrons are respectively TA eV and TB =( TA -1.5)eV. The ratio de-
Broglie wavelengths of photo electrons from them is  A : B =1:2, then find the work function of
Aand B
SOLUTION :
Debroglie wavelength
h 1 B A  T
  (k = k.E = T);   T
2km k A B

TA
2  TA  2eV
TA  1.5

 WA  4.25  TA  2.25 eV
 TB  TA  1.5  2  1.5  0.5eV
 WB  4.7  TB  4.7  0.5  4.2 eV

12, If the uncertainity in the position of proton is 6  108 m , then the minimum uncertainity in its speed
is
SOLUTION :
h
 p  m v 
x
h 1.034 10 34
or v    1 ms 1
mx 1.67 1027  6 108
13. The correctness of velocity of an electron movign with velocity 50 ms -1 is 0.005%. The accuracy
with which its position can be measured will be
SOLUTION :
 0.005  50
Here, v   0.0025ms 1
100

h 1.034  1034
x  
mv 9.11031  0.0025
 4634 105 m
14. A particle is dropped from a height H. The de-Broglie wavelength of the particle as a function of
height is proportional to
1) H 2) H1/2 3) H0 4) H-1/2
SOLUTION :

Velocity of a body falling from a height H is given by v  2 gH

We know that de-broglie wavelength

h h h
  
mv m 2 gH m 2g H
h
Here, is a sonstant  say ‘K’
m 2g
1 1
So,   K      H 1/2
H H

15. Figure shows the variation of the stopping potential V0  with the frequency  v  of the incident
radiations for two different photosensitive material M 1 and M 2 .What are the values of work functions
for M 1 and M 2 respectively
vo
M1 M2

O v01 v02 v

1) hv01 , hv02 2) hv02 , hv01 3) hv01 , hv01 4) hv02 , hv02

SOLUTION :. W  hv
16. Photoelectric effect experiments are performed using three different metal plates p, q and r having
work functions  p  2.0eV , q  2.5eV and r  3.0eV respectively. A light beam containing
wavelengths of 550 nm, 450 nm and 350 nm with equal intensities illuminates each of the plates.
The correct I-V graph for the experiment is : [Take hc = 1240 eV nm]
 I I
p
q
1) 2) p
r q
V r V

I I
r
q
3) 4) r
p q
p
V V

SOLUTION :.
Explain based on graph between V & I for different metals and light of different wave lengths.

Passage
o o
Photoelectric threhold of silver is   3800 A . ultraviolet light of   2600 A is incident on silver
surface. (Mass of the electron 9.111031 kg )
17. Calculate the value of work function in eV.
1) 1.77 2) 3.27
3) 5.69 4) 2.32
SOLUTION :.
hc
E  hv 

18. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy (in eV) of the emitted photoelectrons.
1) 1.51 2) 2.36
3) 3.85 4) 4.27
SOLUTION :. E  W .E.  K .E.

19. Calculate the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons.

1) 72.89  108 2) 57.89  108
3) 42.93  108 4) 68.26  108
1 2
SOLUTION :. K  mv
2

20. An electron (mass m) with an initial velocity v = v oi (vo >0) is in an electric field E = -Eo î (E0 =
constan t > 0). It’s de-Broglie wavelength at time t is given b
0
 eE0 t   eE0t 
0 1  0  0t
1  m v 
1) 2)
 mv0  3) 4)
0

SOLUTION :.
 Initial de-Broglie wavelength of electron,

h
0  .....(i)
mv0

Force on electron in electrid field,

F   eE   e   E0iˆ   eE0iˆ

F eE0iˆ
Acceleration of electron a  
m m
 eE0 
ˆ ˆ
Velocity of electron after time t, v  v0i   mv t  i
 0 

de-Broglie wavelength associated with electron at time t is

h h 0
    h 
mv   eE    eE0 
m v0 1  0 t   1  mv t   0  
 mv0 
  mv0    0 
 CONCEPTUAL BITS
1. The process of photo electric emission depends on
1) Temperature of incident light
2) Nature of surface
3) Speed of emitted photo electrons
4) Speed of the incident light
KEY :2
2. Which of the following statement is wrong?
1) Einstein explained photo electric effect with the help of quantum theory
2) Millikan determined the value of planck’s constant depending upon the property
of photo electric effect
3) The maximum K.E. of the photo electrons depends upon the intensity of incident
radiation
4) As the frequency of incident photon increases the corresponding stopping
potential also increases
KEY :3
3. .The stopping potential of the photocell is independent of
1) wavelength of incident light
2) nature of the metal of photo cathode
3) time for which light is incident
4) frequency of incident light
KEY :3
4. In photoelectric emission, the energy of the emitted electron is
1) larger than that of the incident photons
2) smaller than that of the incident photons
3) same at that of the incident photons
4) proportional to the intensity of the incident light
KEY :2
5. A laser beam of output power ‘P’ consists only of wavelength  . If Planck’ss
constant is h and the speed of light is c, then the number of photons emitted per
second is
1) P  /hc 2) P  /h 3) hc/P  `4) hc/P
KEY :1
6. In photoelectric effect, which of the following property of incident light will not
affect the stopping potential
1) Frequency 2) Wavelength 3) Energy 4) Intensity
KEY :4
7. The best suitable metal for photoelectric effect is
1) Iron 2) Steel 3) Aluminium 4) Cesium
KEY :4
8. If Planck’s constant is denoted by h and electronic charge by e, then photoelectric
 effect allows determination of:
1) Only h 2) Only e
3) Both h and e 4) Only h/e
KEY :4
9. Photo electric effect can be explained only by assuming that light
1) is a form of transverse waves
2) is a form of longitudinal waves
3) can be polarized 4) consists of quanta
KEY :4

10. If the energy and momentum of a photon are E and P respectively, then the
velocity of photon will be
1) E/P 2) (E/P)2 3) EP 4) 3x107 m/s
KEY :1
11. The photo electric effect proves that light consists of
1) Photons 2) Electrons
3) Electromagnetic waves 4) Mechanical waves
KEY :1
12. Intensity of light incident on a photo sensitive surface is doubled. Then
1) the number of emitted electrons is tripuled
2) the number of emitted electrons is doubled
3) the K.E of emitted electrons is doubled
4) the momentum of emitted electrons is doubled
KEY :2
13. The deBroglie wavelength associated with a particle of mass m, moving with a
velocity v and energy E is given by
1) h/mv2 2) mv/h2
3)h/ 2mE 4) 2mE / h
KEY :3
14. A point source of light is used in a photoelectric effect. If the source is moved
farther from the emitting metal, the stopping potential
1) will increase
2) will decrease
3) will remain constant
4) will either increase or decrease
KEY :3

15. With the decrease in the wave length of the incident radiation the velocity of the
photoelectrons emitted from a given metal
1) remains same
2) increases
3) decreases
 4) increases first and then decreases
KEY :2

16. Consider the following statements A and B, identify the correct choice in the
given answers.
A) Tightly bound electrons of target material scattered X-ray photon,resulting in the
Compton effect.
B) Photoelectric effect takes place with free electrons.
KEY :4
17. In photo electric effect, the slope of the straight line graph between stopping
potential and frequency of the incident light gives the ratio of Planck’s constant
to
1) charge of electron 2) work function
3) photo electric current 4) K.E. of electron
KEY :1
18. When ultraviolet radiation is incident on a surface, no photoelectrons are emitted.
If a second beam causes emission of photoelectrons, it may consist of :
1) radio waves 2) infrared rays
3) visible light rays 4) X-rays
KEY :4
19. From the graph shown, the value of Work function if the stopping potential (V),
and frequency of the incident light, v , are on y and x- axes respectively is
V
1) 1eV 3
2
2) 2eV 1
v
3) 4eV -1
-2
4) 3eV -3
KEY :4

20. Moving with the same velocity ,one of the following has the longest deBroglie
wavelength
1)  -particle 2)  -particle
3) proton 4) neutron
KEY :1
21. In an experiment of photo electric emission for incident light of 4000 A0, the
stopping potential is 2V. If the wavelength of incident light is made 3000 A0 , then
the stopping potential will be
1) Less than 2 volt 2) More than 2 volt
3) 2 volt 4) Zero
KEY :2
22. The energy of a photon of frequency n is E=hn and the momentum of a photon of
wavelength  is p  h /  . From this statement one may conclude that the wave
 velocity of light is equal to :
2
E E
1) 3 x 10 ms 8 –1
2) 3) EP 4)  
P P
KEY :2
23. Light of wavelength  falls on a metal having work function hc / o Photoelectric
effect will take place only if
1)   0 2)   20 3)   0 4 )   0 / 2
KEY :3
24. The work function for aluminium surface is 4.2 eV and that for sodium surface is 2.0
ev. The two metals were illuminated with appropriate radiations so as to cause photo
emission. Then :
1) Both aluminium and sodium will have the same threshold frequency
2) The threshold frequency of aluminium will be more than that of sodium
3) The threshold frequencyof aluminium will be less than that of sodium
4) The threshold wavelength of aluminium will be more than that of sodium
KEY :2

25. The threshold wavelength of lithium is 8000 A0. When light of wavelength 9000
A0 is made to be incident on it, then the photo electrons
1) Will not be emitted
2) Will be emitted
3) Will sometimes be emitted and sometimes not 4) Data insufficient
KEY :1
26. The correct curve between the stopping potential (Vo ) and intensity of incident light
(I) is

KEY :2
27. Debroglie wavelength of protons accelerated by an electric field at a potential
difference v is
0.108 0.202 0.286 0.101
1) 2) 3) 4)
V V V V
KEY :3
28. The necessary condition for photo electric emission is
1) h   h 0 2) h   h 0
3) Ek > h 0 4) Ek < h 0
KEY :2

29. Stopping potential depends on

1) Frequency of incident light
2) Intensity of incident light
3) Number of emitted electrons
4) Number of incident photons
KEY :1
30. Work function is the energy required
1) to excite an atom
2) to produce X-rays
3) to eject an electron just out of the surface 4) to explode the atom
KEY :3
31. Threshold wavelength depends on
1) frequency of incident radiation
2) work function of the substance
3) velocity of electrons
4) energy of electrons
KEY :2
32. When monochromatic light falls on a photosensitive material, the number of
photoelectrons emitted per second is n and their maximum kinetic energy is Kmax.
If the intensity of the incident light is doubled keeping the frequency same, then :
1) both n and Kmax are doubled
2) both n and Kmax are halved
3) n is doubled but Kmax remains the same
4) Kmax is doubled but n remains the same
KEY :3

33. The work function of a metal is X eV When light of energy 2X eV is made to be

incident on it then the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photo electron will be
1) 2 eV 2) 2X eV 3) X eV 4) 3X eV
KEY :3
34. If the distance of 100W lamp is increased from a photocell, the saturation current
i in the photo cell varies with distance d as
1 1
1) i  d2 2) i  d 3) i  4) i 
d d2
KEY :4
35. A source of light is placed at a distance 4m from a photocell and the stopping
potential is then 7.7 volt. If the distance is halved, the stopping potential now will
be
1) 7.7 volt 2) 15.4 volt
3) 3.85 volt 4) 1.925 volt
KEY :1
36. A milliammeter in the circuit of a photocell measures
1) number of electrons released per second
2) energy of photon
3) velocity of photoelectrons
4) momentum of the photo electrons
KEY :1
37. The Einstein’s photoelectric equation is based upon the conservation of
1) Mass 2) momentum
3) angular momentum 4) energy
KEY :4

38. The maximum energy of emitted photo electrons is measured by

1) the current they produce
2) the potential difference they produce
3) the largest potential difference they can transverse
4) the speed with which they emerge
KEY :3
39. Three metals have work functions in the ratio 2:3:4. Graphs are drawn for all
between the stopping potential and the incident frequency. The graphs have slopes
in the ratio
1) 2: 3: 4 2) 4: 3: 2
3)6: 4: 3 4)1: 1: 1
KEY :4
40. The curve between current (I) and potential difference (v) for a photo cell will be

1) I 2) I

V V

3) I 4) I

V V
KEY :4
41. Matter waves are:
1) electromagnetic waves
2) mechanical waves
3) either mechanical or electromagnetic waves
4) neither mechanical nor electromagnetic waves
KEY :4
42. A point source causes photoelectric effect from a small metal plate. Which of the
following curves may represent the saturation photocurrent as a function of the
distance between the source and the metal?
current

current

current

current
1) 2) 3) 4)
distance distance distance distance

KEY :4
43. In photo electric effect, the photo electric current
1) increases when the frequency of incident photon increases
2) decreases when the frequency of incident photon decreases
3) does not depend upon the photon frequency but depends on the intensity of
incident beam
4) depends both on the intensity and frequency of the incident beam.
KEY :3
44. The photoelectric current can be increased by
1) increasing frequency 2) increasing intensity
3) decreasing intensity 4) decreasing wavelength
KEY :2
45. The threshold wavelength for sodium is 5 x 10–7 m. Photoemission
occurs for light of
1) Wavelength of 6 x 10-7 m and above
2) Wavelength of 5 x 10–7 m and below
3) Any wavelength
4) All frequencies below 5 x 1014 Hz
KEY :2

46. The electron behaves as waves because they can

1) be diffracted by a crystal
2) ionise a gas
3) be deflected by magnetic fields
4) be deflected by electric fields
KEY :1
47. The mass of a photon in motion is (given its frequency = x )
hx hx 3
1) 2) hx 3 3) 4) zero
c2 c2
KEY :1
48. A nonmonochromic light is used in an experiment on photoelectric effect. The
stopping potential
1) is related to the mean wavelength
2) is related to the longest wavelength
3) is related to the shortest wavelength
4) is not related to the wavelength
KEY :3
49. The incident photon involved in the photoelectriceffect experiment

1) completely disappears
2) comes out with increased frequency
3) comes out with a decreased frequency
4) comes out with out change in frequency
KEY :1
50. A proton and an electron both have energy 50 eV.
Statement-I: Both have different wavelengths
Statement-II: Wavelength depends on energy and not on mass.
KEY :3
51. In a photoelectric experiment, the maximum velocity of photoelectrons emitted
1) depends on intensity of incident radiation
2) does not depend on cathode material
3) depends on frequency of incident radiation
4) does not depend on wavelength of incident radiation
KEY :3
52. The number of electrons emitted by a surface exposed to light is directly
proportional to
1) Frequency of light 2) Work function
3) Thereshold wavelength 4) Intensity of light
KEY :4
53. Emission of electrons in photo electric effect is possible, if
1) metal surface is highly polished
2) the incident light is of sufficiently high intensity
3) the light is incident at right angles to the surface
4) the incident light is of sufficiently low wavelength
KEY :4
54. When orange light falls on a photo sensitive surface the photocurrent begins to
flow. The velocity of emitted electrons will be more when surface is hit by
1) red light 2) violet light
3) thermal radiations 4) radio waves
KEY :2

55. When the amplitude of the light wave incident on a photometal sheet is increased
then
1) the photoelectric current increases
2) the photoelectric current remains unchanged
3) the stopping potential increases
4) the stopping potential decreases
KEY :1
56. Which of the following is dependent on the intensity of incident radiation in a
photoelectric experiment
1) work function of the surface
2) amount of photoelectric current
3) stopping potential
4) maximum kinetic energy
KEY :2
57. When stopping potential is applied in an experiemtn on photoelectric effect, no
photocurrent is observed. This means that
1) the emission of photoelectrons is stopped
2) the photoelectrons are emitted but are reabsorbed by the emitter metal
3) the photoelectrons are ccumulated near the collector plate
4) the photoelectrons are dispersed from the sides of the apparatus.
KEY :2

58. Which one of the following is true in photoelectric emission

1) photoelectric current is directly proportional to the amplitude of light of given
frequency
2) photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of light of given
frequency at moderate intensities
3) above the threshold frequency the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
is inversely proportional to the frequency of incident light
4) the threshold frequency depends on the intensity of incident light
KEY :2
59. If the work function of the metal is W and the frequency of the incident light is  ,
then there is no emission of photoelectrons if
1) v < W/h 2) v > W/h 3) v  W/h 4) v  W/h
KEY :1
60. The total energy E of a sub-atomic particle of rest mass m0 moving at non-
relativistic speed v is
1
1) E  m0 c 2 2) E  m0 v 2
2
1 1
3) E  m0c 2  m0v 2 4) E  m0c 2  m0 v 2
2 2
KEY :3

61. A desktop illuminates a desk top with light of wavelength  . The amplitude of
this electromagnetic wave is E0. Assuming illumination to be normally on the
surface, the number of photons striking the desk per second per unit area N is
 0 E02 2 0 E02  0 E02
1) N  2) N  3) N  4) Data insufficient
h h 2h
KEY :3

62. The function of photoelecrtic cell is

1) to convert electrical energy into light energy.
2) to convert light energy into electrical energy
3) to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
4) to convert DC into AC.
KEY :2
63. The rest mass of a photon is
1) zero 2) 1.6  10 19 kg 3) 3.1  10 30 kg 4) 9.1  10 31 kg
KEY :1

64. When light falls on a photosensitive surface, electrons are emitted from the
surface .The kineticenergy of these electrons does not depend on the:
1) Wave length of light
2) thickness of the surface layer
3) type of material used for the layer
4) intensity of light.
KEY :4
65. Though quantum theory of light can explain a number of phenomena observed
with light, it is necessary to retain the wave-nature of light to explain the
phenomena of:
1) photoelectric effect 2) diffraction
3) compton effect 4) black body radiation
KEY :2
66. In the following diagram if V2  V1 then
f
Photo electric
current

2
1

V1 V2 potential difference
1) 1  2 2) 1  2 3) 1  2 4) 1  2
KEY :4
67. When an X-ray photon collides with an electron and bounces off, its new frequency
1) is lower than its original frequency
2) is same as its original frequency
3) is higher than its original frequency
4) depends upon the electron’s frequency
KEY :1
68. De-Broglie wavelength depends on
1) mass of the particle 2) size of the particle
3) material of the particle 4) shape of the particle
KEY :1
69. The photo electrons emitted from the surface of sodium metal are
1) Of speeds from 0 to a certain maximum
2) Of same de Broglie wavelength
3) Of same kinetic energy
4) Of same frequency
KEY :3
70. Choose the correct statement
1) Any charged particle in rest is accompanied by matter waves
2) Any uncharged particle in rest is accompanied by matter waves
3) The matter waves are waves of zero amplitude
4) The matter waves are waves of probability amplitude
KEY :4
71. Two separate monochromatic light beams A and B of the same intensity (energy
per unit area per unit time) are falling normally on a unit area of a metallic
surface. Their wavelength are A and B respectively. Assuming that all the incident
light is used in ejecting the photoelectrons, the ratio of the number of
photoelectrons from beam A to that from B is
2 2
 A   B   A   B 
1)    2)    3)    4)   
 B  A  B  A
KEY :1\
72. Statement I: Davisson-Germer experiment established the wave nature of electrons
Statement II: If electrons have wave nature, they can interface and show
diffraction. [AIEEE-2012]
KEY :1
73. Which of the following particles - neutron, proton, electron and deuteron has the
lowest energy if all have the same de Broglie wavelength
1) neutron 2) proton3)electron 4) deuteron
KEY :4

74. A wave is associated with matter when it is

1) stationary
2) in motion with a velocity
3) in motion with speed of light
4) in motion with speed greater than that of light
KEY :2
75. An electron of mass 9.1 x 10-31kg and charge 1.6 x 10-19 C is accelerated through
a potential difference of V volt. The de Broglie wavelength (  ) associated with
the electron is
12.27 12.27 0 1
1) A0 2) A 3) 12.27 V A0 4) A0
V V 12.27 V
KEY :1
76. The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule of thermal energy KT (K is Boltzmann
constant and T is absolute temperature) is given by
h h 1
1) 2) 3) h 2mKT 4)
2mKT 2mKT h 2mKT
KEY :1
77. The wavelengths of a proton and a photon are same. Then
1) Their velocities are same
2) Their momenta are equal
3) Their energies are same
4) Their speeds are same
KEY :2
78. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two particles of masses m1 and m2,
having non zero velocities. The ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths of the particles,
1
2 is :

m1 m2 m2
1) m 2) m 3) 1:1 4) m1
2 1

KEY :3
79. The wavelength of matter waves does not depend on
1) Momentum 2) Velocity 3) Mass 4) Charge
KEY :4
80. If the frequency of light in a photoelectric experiment is doubled, the stopping potenital
will
1) be doubled 2) be halved
3) become more than double
4) become less than double
KEY :3
81. The wave nature of matter is not observed in daily life because their wave length
is
1) Less 2) More
3) In infrared region 4) In ultraviolet region
KEY :1
82. The ratio of the wavelengths of a photon and that of an electron of same energy
E will be [m is mass of electron]
2m E 2m EC
1) 2) 3) C 4)
E 2m E 2m
KEY :3
83. One of the following figures respesents the variation of particle momentum with
associated de Broglie wavelength

a) P b)P

 

c) P d)P

 
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
KEY :4
84. The work function of a metal
1) is different for different metals
2) is the same for all the metals
3) depends on the frequency of the light
4) depends on the intensity of the incident light
KEY :1
85. Let p and E denote the linear momentum and the energy of a photon. If the
wavelength is decreased,
1) both p and E increase
2) p increases and E decreases
3) p decreases and E increases
4) both p and E decreases
KEY :1
86. Photoelectric effect supports the quantum nature of light because
1) There is minimum frequency of light above which no photo electrons are emitted
2) The maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons depends on both frequency
and intensity of light
3) Even when a metal surface is faintly illuminated, the photoelectrons do not
leave the surface immediately
4) The maximum K.E. of photo electrons depends only on the frequency of light
and not on intensity
KEY :4
87. If the work function of a metal is 0 , then its threshold wavelength will be
c 0 h 0 hc
1) hc 0 2) 3) 4) 
h c 0

KEY :4
88. The incorrect statement is
1) Material wave (de-Broglie wave) can travel in vacuum
2) Electromagnetic wave can travel through vacuum
3) The velocity of photon is the same as light passes through any medium
4) Wavelength of de-Broglie wave depends upon velocity
KEY :3
89. Maximum kinetic energy (Ek) of a photoelectron varies with the frequency ( v ) of
the incident radiation as

Ek Ek
a) b)

V V

Ek Ek
c) d)

V V
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
KEY :4
90. The magnitude of the de-Broglie wavelength (  ) of an electron
(e),proton(p),neutron (n) and  - particle (  ) all having the same energy of MeV,,
in the increasing order will follow the sequence:
1) e ,  p , n ,  2)  , n ,  p , e
3) e , n ,  p ,  4)  p , e ,  , n
KEY :2
91. Debroglie wavelength of a particle at rest position is
1) zero 2) finite
3) infinity 4) cannot be calculated
KEY :3
92. When green light is incident on a metal, photo electrons are emitted by it but no
photo electrons are obtained by yellow light. If red light is incident on that metal
then
1) No electron will be emitted
2) Less electrons will be emitted
3) More electrons will be emitted
4) we can not predict
KEY :1
93. Debroglie wavelength of uncharged particles depends on
1) mass of particle
2) kinetic energy of particle
3) nature of particle
4) All above
KEY :4
94. Debroglie wavelength of a moving gas molecule is
1) proportional to temperature
2) inversely proportional to temperature
3) independent of temperature
4) inversely proportional to square root of temperature
KEY :4
95. Sodium surface is illuminated with ultraviolet light and visible radiation successively
and the stopping potentials are determined. Then the potential
1) is equal in both the cases
2) greater for ultraviolet light
3) more for visible light
4) varies randomly
KEY :2
96. The wavelength  of de Broglie waves associated with an electron (mass m,
charge e) accelerated through a potential difference of V is given by (h is Planck’s
constant) :
1)   h / mV 2)   h / 2 meV 3)   h / meV 4)   h / 2meV
KEY :4
97. If a proton and an electron are confined to the same region, then uncertainity in
momentum
1) for proton is more, as compared to the electron
2) for electron is more, as compared to the proton
3) same for both the particles
4) directly proportional to their masses
KEY :3
98. At stopping potential, the photo electric current becomes
1) Minimum 2) Maximum 3) Zero 4) Infinity
KEY :3
99. Which phenomenon best supports the theory that matter has a wave nature ?
1) electron momentum 2) electron diffraction
3) photon momentum 4) photon diffraction
KEY :2
100. Einstein’s photoelectric equation states that Ek = h v - W, In this equation
Ek refers to :
1) kinetic energy of all ejected electrons
2) mean kinetic energy of emitted electrons
3) minimum kinetic energy of emitted electrons 4) maximum kinetic energy of
emitted electrons
KEY :4
101. The wavelength of de-Broglie wave associated with a thermal neutron
of mass m at absolute temperature T is given by (Here, k is the Boltzmann
constant)
h h h h
1) 2) 3) 4)
2mkT mkT 3mkT 2 mkT
KEY :3

In each of the following questions, a statement is given and a corresponding

statement or reason is given just below it. In the statements, mark the correct
answer as
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of
Assertion.
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion.
 3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
4) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
102. Assertion (A) : For a fixed incident photon energy, photoelectrons have
a wide range of energies ranging from zero to the maximum value K max
Reason (R) : Initially, the electrons in the metal are at different energy level.
KEY :1
103. Photoelectric effect is described as the ejection of electrons form the
surface of a metal when:
1) it is heated to a high temparature
2) light of a suitable wave lenght is incident on it
3) electrons of a suitable velocity impinge on it
4) it is placed in a strong electric field
KEY :2
104. Photoelectric effect can be explained only by assuming that light:
1) is a form of transverse waves
2) is a form of longitudinal waves
3) can be polarised 4) consists of quanta
KEY :4
In each of the following questions, a statement is given and a corresponding
statement or reason is given just below it. In the statements, mark the correct
answer as
1) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; statement II is a correct explanation of
statement I.
2) Statement I is true, Statement II is true, Statement II is NOT a correct
explanation for statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
4) Statement I is false, Statemenet II is true.
105. The frequency and intensity of a light source are both doubled. Consider
the following statements.
(A) The saturation photocurrent remains almost the same.
(B) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is doubled.
1) Both A and B are true 2) A is true but B is false
3) A is false but B is true
4) Both A and B are false
KEY :2

106. Statement I: Though light of a single frequency (monochromic light) is

incident ona metal, the energies of emitted photoelectrons are different.
Statement II: The energy of electrons just after they absorb photons incident on
the metal surface may be lost in collision with other atoms in the metal before the
electron is ejected out of the metal.
KEY :1
107. Statement I: The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule (in a sample of
ideal gas) varies inversely as the square root of absolute temperature.
Statement II:The deBroglie wavelength of a molecule (in sample of ideal gas)
depends on temperature
KEY :.2
108. Statement-I: A metallic surface is irradiated by a monochromatic light of
frquency v  v0 (the threshold frequency). The maximum kinetic energy and the
stopping potential are K max and v0 are also doubled.
Statement-II: The maximum kinetic energy and he stopping potential of
photoelectrons emitted from a surface are linearly dependent on the frquency of
incident light. [AIEEE-2011]
KEY :3
PREVIOUS MAINS QUESTIONS

Matter waves , Cathode and Positive Rays

1. An electron, a doubly ionized helium ion (𝐇𝐞 ) and a proton are having the same kinetic
energy. The relation between their respective de‐Broglie wavelengths 𝝀𝐞 , 𝝀𝐇𝐞

𝐚𝐧𝐝𝝀𝐩 is: [Sep. 06, 2020 (I)]

(a) 𝝀𝐞 > 𝝀𝐇𝐞 > 𝝀𝐩 (b) 𝝀𝐞 < 𝝀𝐇𝐞 = 𝝀𝐩

(c) 𝝀𝐞 > 𝝀𝐩 > 𝝀𝐇𝐞 (d) 𝝀𝐞 < 𝝀𝐩 < 𝝀𝐇𝐞

SOLUTION : (c)

𝒉 𝒉
de‐Broglie wavelength, 𝝀 = 𝑷 =
𝟐𝒎(𝐊𝐄)

𝟏
𝝀∝
√𝒎

As 𝒎𝐇𝐞𝐇 > 𝒎𝑷 > 𝒎𝒆

𝝀𝐇𝐞 > 𝝀𝑷 > 𝝀𝒆 or 𝝀𝒆 > 𝝀𝑷 > 𝝀𝐇𝐞

2. Assuming the nitrogen molecule is moving with [Link] at 400 𝐊, the de‐Broglie
wavelength of nitrongen molecule is close to:

(Given: nitrogen molecule weight: 𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝐤𝐠, Boltzman constant: 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝐉/𝐊 Planck
constant: 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟒 J. s) [Sep. 06, 2020 (II)]

(a) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 Â (b) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝐀 (c) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝐀 (d) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝐀

SOLUTION : (a)

𝟑𝒌𝑻
Rms speed ofgas molecule, 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝒎

𝒉 𝒉
de Broglie wavelength, 𝝀 = =
𝒑 √𝟐𝒎𝒌

𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
𝝀= = =
𝟏 𝟑 √𝟑𝒎𝒌𝑻
𝟐𝒎 × 𝒎𝑽𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒎 × 𝒌𝑻
𝟐 𝟐

Substituting the respective values we get

 𝟑𝟒
𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎
𝝀= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝐀
√𝟑 × 𝟒𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟒𝟎𝟎

𝒎
3. Particle 𝑨 ofmass 𝒎𝑨 = moving along the 𝒙‐axis with velocity 𝒗𝟎 collides elastically with
𝟐

𝒎
another particle 𝑩 at rest having mass 𝒎𝑩 = . Ifboth particles move along the 𝒙‐axis after the
𝟑

collision, the change 𝜟𝝀 in de‐Broglie wavelength of particle 𝑨, in terms of its de‐Broglie

wavelength (𝝀𝟎 ) before collision is : [Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]

𝟑 𝟓
(a) 𝜟𝝀 = 𝝀𝟎 (b) 𝜟𝝀 = 𝝀𝟎 (c) 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟐𝝀𝟎 (d) 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟒𝝀𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

SOLUTION : . (d)

(𝐦/𝟐) (𝐦/𝟑) (𝐦/𝟐)

− 𝑽𝑩

− 𝑽𝟎

A 𝐁 (rest) (A) 𝑽𝑨 (B) (𝐦/𝟑) Before collision After collision

Applying momentum conservation

𝒎 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
× 𝑽𝟎 + × (𝟎) = 𝑽𝑨 + 𝑽𝑩
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

𝑽𝟎 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑩
= = + (i)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑

Since, collision is elastic

𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨
𝒆=𝟏= ⇒ 𝑽𝟎 = 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨
𝑽𝟎

𝑽𝟎
On solving equations (i) and (ii) : 𝑽𝑨 =
𝟓

Now, de‐Broglie wavelength 𝐨𝐟𝑨 before collision:

𝒉 𝒉 𝟐𝒉
𝝀𝟎 = = 𝒎 ⇒ 𝝀𝟎 =
𝒎𝑨 𝑽𝟎 𝑽𝟎 𝒎𝑽𝟎
𝟐

Final de‐Broglie wavelength:

𝒉 𝒉 𝟏𝟎𝒉
𝝀𝒇 = = ⇒ 𝝀𝒇 =
𝒎𝑨 𝑽𝟎 𝒎 𝑽𝟎 𝒎𝑽𝟎
×
𝟐 𝟓
 𝟏𝟎𝒉 𝟐𝒉
𝜟𝝀 = 𝝀𝒇 − 𝝀𝟎 = −
𝒎𝑽𝟎 𝒎𝑽𝟎

⇒ 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟖𝒉 ⇒ 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟒 × 𝟐𝒉

𝒎𝒗𝟎 𝒎𝒗𝟎

𝜟𝝀 = 𝟒𝝀𝟎

4. A particle is moving 5 times as fast as an electron. The ratio ofthe de‐Broglie wavelength ofthe
particle to that of the electron is 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 . The mass of the particle is

close to : [Sep. 02, 2020 (II)]

(a) 𝟒. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟕
kg (b) 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏
𝐤𝐠

(c) 𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟖
kg (d) 𝟗. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟖
kg

SOLUTION : . (d)

de Broglie wavelength

𝒉 𝒉
𝝀= ⇒𝒎=
𝒎𝒗 𝝀𝒗

𝟏
Clearly, 𝒎 ∝
𝝀𝒗

If 𝝀 and 𝒗 be the wavelength and velocity of electron and 𝝀′ and 𝒗′ be the wavelength and velocity of the particle then

𝒎 𝒗𝝀 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
⇒ = = × × 𝟏𝟎
𝒎 𝒗’𝝀 𝟓 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟖

𝟐𝟖
⇒ 𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐠

5. A particle moving with kinetic energy 𝐄 has de Broglie wavelength 𝝀. If energy 𝜟𝐄 is a dded to its
𝝀
energy, the wavelength become . Value 𝐨𝐟𝜟𝐄, is: [9 Jan. 2020 I]
𝟐

(a) 𝐄 (b) ffl (c) 𝟑𝐄 (d) 𝟐𝐄

SOLUTION : . (c)

As per question, when KE ofparticle 𝑬, wavelength 𝝀 and when 𝑲𝑬 becomes 𝑬 + 𝜟𝑬 wavelength becomes 𝝀/𝟐

𝒉
Using, 𝝀 =
√𝟐𝒎𝑲𝑬

𝝀 𝒉
=
𝟐 𝟐𝒎(𝑲𝑬 + 𝜟𝑬)

𝝀 𝑲𝑬 + 𝜟𝑬
⇒ =
𝝀/𝟐 𝑲𝑬

𝑲𝑬 + 𝜟𝑬
⇒𝟒=
𝑲𝑬

⇒ 𝟒𝑲𝑬 − 𝑲𝑬 = 𝜟𝑬

𝜟𝑬 = 𝟑𝑲𝑬 = 𝟑𝑬

6. An electron ofmass 𝐦 and magnitude ofcharge |𝒆|initially at rest gets accelerated by a constant
electric field E. The rate ofchange ofde‐Broglie wavelength ofthis electron at time 𝒕
ignoringrelativistic effects is: [9 Jan. 2020 II]

𝒉 |𝒆|𝐄𝐭 𝒉
(a) − (b) (c) − (d) −𝒉d) |𝒆|𝐄𝐭 𝟐
|𝒆|𝐄√𝒕 𝒉 |𝒆|𝐄𝐭

SOLUTION : . (d)

𝒆𝑬
Acceleration ofelectron in electric field, 𝒂 = Using equation
𝒎

𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕

𝒆𝑬
⇒𝒗= 𝟎+ 𝒕
𝒎

⇒ 𝒗 = 𝒆𝑬𝒕

(i)

De‐broglie wavelength 𝝀 is given by

𝒉 𝒉
𝝀= = 𝒆𝑬𝒕 [using (i)]
𝒎𝒗 𝒎
𝒎
 𝒉
⇒𝝀=
𝒆𝑬𝒕

Differentiating 𝐰. 𝐫. 𝐭. 𝒕

𝒉
𝒅𝝀 𝒅 𝒆𝑬𝒕 𝒅𝝀 𝒉
= ⇒ =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒆𝑬𝒕𝟐

7. An electron (mass m) with initial velocity 𝒗⃗ = 𝒗𝟎 ̂ + 𝒗𝟎 𝒋 isin an electric field 𝑬⃗ = −𝑬𝟎 𝒌. If

𝝀𝟎 is initial de‐Broglie wavelength ofelectron, its de‐Broglie wave length at time

𝒕 is given by: [8 Jan. 2020 II]

𝝀𝟎 √𝟐 𝝀𝟎
(a) (b)
𝒆𝟐 𝑬 𝟐 𝒕 𝟐 𝒆𝟐 𝑬 𝟐
𝟎𝒕
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎 𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟎
𝟐
𝒎 𝒗𝟎 𝟐

𝝀𝟎 𝝀𝟎
(c) (d)
𝒆𝟐𝑬𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝒆𝟐 𝑬𝟐 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟎 𝒎 𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝟎

SOLUTION; (C)

Given, Initial velocity, 𝒖 = 𝒗𝟎 ̂ + 𝒗𝟎 ̂

𝒒𝑬𝟎 𝒆𝑬𝟎
Acceleration, 𝒂 = = (
𝒎 𝒎

Using 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕

𝒆𝑬𝟎
𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 ̂ + 𝒗𝟎 ̂ + 𝒕𝒌
𝒎

𝟐
𝒆𝑬𝟎 𝒕
|𝒗⃗| = 𝟐𝒗𝟐𝟎 +
𝒎

𝒉
de‐Broglie wavelength, 𝝀 =
𝒑

𝒉
⇒𝝀= (⋅.⋅ 𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗)
𝒎𝒗

𝒉
Initial wavelength, 𝝀𝟎 =
𝒎𝒗 √𝟐
𝟎

Final wavelength,

𝒉
𝝀=
𝟐
𝒎 𝒆𝑬𝟎 𝒕
𝟐𝒗𝟐𝟎 +
𝒎
 𝝀𝟎
⇒𝝀=
𝒆𝟐 𝑬𝟐𝟎 𝒕𝟐
𝟏+
𝟐𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟎

8. A particle 𝐏’ is formed due to a completely inelastic collision ofparticles ‘x’ and ‘y’ having
de‐Broglie wavelengths 𝜸𝑿 ’ and 𝜸𝐲 ’ respectively. Ifx and 𝒚 were moving oppositedirections, then
the de‐Broglie wavelength of 𝐏’ is:

[9 Apr. 2019 II]

𝜸𝒙 𝜸𝒚 𝜸𝒙 𝜸𝒚
(a) (b) (c) 𝜸𝒙 − 𝜸𝒚 (d) 𝜸𝒙 + 𝜸𝒚
𝜸𝒙 𝜸𝒚 |𝜸𝒙 𝜸𝒚 |

SOLUTION : . (b)

𝟏
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = (𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 ) = 𝑷 As 𝑷 ∝
𝝀

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
or − =
𝝀𝝀𝐢 𝝀𝒚 𝝀

𝝀𝒚 𝝀𝒙 𝟏
or =
𝝀𝒙 𝝀𝒚 𝝀

9. Two particles move at right angle to each other. Their de Broglie wavelengths are 𝝀𝟏 and
𝝀𝟐 respectively. The particles suffer perfectly inelastic collision. The de Broglie wavelength 𝝀,
ofthe fmal particle, is given by: [8 April 2019 I]

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(a) = + (b) 𝝀 = 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐
𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟐𝟏 𝝀𝟐𝟐

𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
(c) 𝝀 = (d) = +
𝟐 𝝀 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐

SOLUTION : (a)
 Momentum ofthe fmal particle 𝐩𝐟 is given by

𝒑𝒇 = 𝒑𝟐𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐𝟐

𝒉 𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟐
⇒ = 𝟐
+
𝝀 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝟐
= 𝟐+ 𝟐
𝝀 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐

10. Aparticle A ofmass 𝐦’ and charge 𝐪’ is acceleratedbya potential difference 𝐨𝐟𝟓𝟎𝐯 Another
particle 𝐁 ofmass ‘4m’ and charge’ 𝐪’ is accelerated by a potential differnce of 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐕. The ratio
𝝀𝑨
ofde‐Broglie wavelength is [12 Jan. 2019 I]
𝝀𝑩

(a) 𝟏𝟎. 𝜶) (b) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 (c) 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 (d) 𝟒. 𝟒𝟕

SOLUTION : . (c)

de Broglie wavelength (𝝀) is given by

𝐊 = 𝐪𝐕

𝐡 𝐡 𝐡
𝝀= = = ⋅.⋅ 𝐩 = √𝟐𝐦𝐊
𝐩 √𝟐𝐦𝐊 𝟐𝐦𝐪𝐕

Substituting the values we get

𝝀𝐀 𝟐𝐦𝐁 𝐪𝐁 𝐕𝐁 𝟒𝐦𝐪𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
= =
𝝀𝐁 𝟐𝐦𝐀 𝐪𝐀 𝐕𝐀 𝐦𝐪𝟓𝟎

= 𝟐√𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐 × 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒

11. Ifthe deBroglie wavelength ofan electron is equal to 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 times the wavelength ofa photon
offiiequency 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 Hz, then the speed ofelectron is equal to:

(Speed oflight = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦/𝐬) Planck’s constant = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒

𝐉. 𝐬

Mass ofelectron = 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏
𝐤𝐠 ) [11 Jan. 2019 I]

(a) 𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 (b) 𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

 (c) 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 (d) 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

SOLUTION : (d)

de‐Broglie wavelength,

𝐡 𝟑 𝐜
𝝀= = 𝟏𝟎 ⋅.⋅ 𝝀 =
𝐦𝐯 𝐯

𝟑𝟒
𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
𝐯= 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎

𝐯 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

12 . In an electron microscope, the resolution that can be achieved is of the order of the wavelength
of electrons used. To resolve a width 𝐨𝐟𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐
𝐦, the minimum electron energy required is
close 𝐭𝐨:[𝟏𝟎 Jan. 2019 I]

(a) 500 𝐤𝐞𝐕 (𝐛) 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐞𝐕(𝐜) 𝟏𝐤𝐞𝐕 (d) 25 𝐤𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : (d)

𝐡
Using, 𝝀 = {given: 𝝀 = 𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐}
𝐩

𝐡
⇒𝐏=
𝝀

Minimum energy required,

𝟐
𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒
𝟐 (𝐡/𝝀)𝟐
𝐏 𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐
𝐊𝐄 = = = 𝐉 = 𝟐𝟓𝐤𝐞𝐕
𝟐𝐦 𝟐𝐦 𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏

13. Two electrons are moving with non‐relativistic speeds perpendicular to each other. If
corresponding de Broglie wavelengths are 𝝀𝟏 and 𝝀𝟐 , their de Broglie wavelength in the frame
ofreference attached to their centre ofmass is:

[Online Apri115, 2018]

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(a) 𝝀𝐂𝐌 = 𝝀𝟏 = 𝝀𝟐 (b) = +
𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐

𝟐𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐
(c) 𝝀𝑪𝑴 = (d) 𝝀𝑪𝑴 =
𝟐
𝝀𝟐𝟏 𝝀𝟐𝟐
SOLUTION ; (c)

𝐡 𝐡
Momentum (p) ofeach electron î and ̂
𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐

Velocity ofcentre ofmass

𝐡 𝐡
𝐕𝐜𝐦 = î+ ̂ (𝐩 = 𝐦𝐯)
𝟐𝐦𝝀𝟏 𝟐𝐦𝝀𝟐

Velocity oflst particle about centre ofmass

𝐡 𝐡
𝐕𝐥𝐜𝐦 = î‐ ̂
𝟐𝐦𝝀𝟏 𝟐𝐦𝝀𝟐

𝐡 𝟐𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐 𝐡
𝝀𝐜𝐦 = = ⋅.⋅ 𝝀 =
𝐩
𝐡𝟐 𝐡𝟐 𝝀𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 +𝝀𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟒𝝀𝟐
𝟏 𝟒𝝀𝟐

14. Ifthe de Broglie wavelengths associated with aproton and an 𝜶‐particle are equal, then the ratio
of velocities of the proton and the 𝜶‐particle will be:[Online Apri115, 2018]

(a) 1: 4 (b) 1: 2 (c) 4: 1 (d) 2: 1

SOLUTION : . (c)

According to question, 𝝀 = 𝝀

𝒑𝜶

𝒉 𝒉
Using, 𝝀 = =
𝒑 𝒎𝒗

𝒉 𝒉
So, ×= ×
𝒎 𝒑 𝒗𝒑 𝒎 𝜶 𝒗𝜶

⇒ 𝒗𝒑 𝒎𝜶 𝟒𝒎𝒑

𝒗𝜶 𝒎 𝒑 𝒎 𝒑

(mass of 𝜶‐particle is 4 times of mass ofproton)

𝒗𝒑 𝟒
So, = ; i.e., 4: 1
𝒗𝜶 𝟏
 𝒎
15. Aparticle A ofmass 𝐦 and initial velocityv collides witha particle 𝐁 ofmass which is at rest. The
𝟐

collision is head on, and elastic. The ratio of the de‐Broglie wavelengths 𝝀𝐀 to 𝝀𝑩 after the
collision is [2017]

𝝀𝑨 𝟐 𝝀𝑨 𝟏
(a) = (b) =
𝝀𝑩 𝟑 𝝀𝑩 𝟐

𝝀𝑨 𝟏 𝝀𝑨
(c) = (d) =𝟐
𝝀𝑩 𝟑 𝝀𝑩

SOLUTION : (d)
𝒎
From question, 𝒎𝑨 = 𝑴; 𝒎𝑩 =
𝟐

𝒖𝑨 = 𝑽 𝒖𝑩 = 𝟎

Let after collision velocity 𝐨𝐟𝑨 = 𝑽𝟏 and

velocity 𝐨𝐟𝑩 = 𝑽𝟐

Applying law of conservation ofmomentum,

𝒎
mu = 𝒎𝐯𝟏 + 𝐯𝟐
𝟐

or, 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟐𝐯𝟏 + 𝐯𝟐 … . (𝒊)

By law ofcollision

𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏
𝒆=
𝒖−𝟎

or, 𝒖 = 𝐯𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏 (𝒊𝒊)

[collision is elastic, 𝒆 = 𝟏] using eqns (i) and (ii)

𝟒 𝟒
𝐯𝟏 = and 𝐯𝟐 = 𝒖
𝟑 𝟑

𝒉
de‐Broglie wavelength 𝝀 =
𝒑

𝒎 𝟒
𝝀𝐀 𝑷 𝑩 × 𝒖
= = 𝟐 𝟑 =𝟐
𝝀𝐁 𝑷 𝑨 𝟒
𝒎×
𝟑
16. A parallel beam of electrons travelling in 𝒙‐direction falls on a slit ofwidth 𝐝 (see figure). If after
passing the slit, an electron acquires momentum 𝐩𝐲 in the 𝐲‐direction then for a majority
ofelectrons passing through

the slit (𝐡 is Planck’s constant): [Online Apri110, 2015]

(a) |𝐏𝐲 |𝐝 > ℎ (b) |𝐏𝐲 |𝐝 < ℎ

(c) |𝐏𝐲 |𝐝 = 𝐡 (d) |𝐏𝐲 |𝐝 >> ℎ

SOLUTION : . (a)

From Bragg’s equation

𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝝀

𝝀
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = < 𝟏𝝀< 𝒅
𝒅

𝒉 𝒉
< 𝒅 ⋅.⋅ 𝝀 =
|𝒑𝒚 | |𝒑𝒚 |

𝒉 < |𝒑𝒚 |𝒅

17. de‐Broglie wavelengh ofan electron acceleratedbyavoltage of 50 V is close to

(|𝐞| = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗
𝐂, 𝐦𝐞 = 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏
𝐤𝐠, 𝐡 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒
Js) : [Online Apri110, 2015]

(a) 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐀 (b) 𝟎. 𝟓𝐀 (c) 𝟏. 𝟕𝐀 d) 𝟏. 𝟐𝐀

SOLUTION : . (c)

de‐Broglie wavelength,

𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
𝝀= = =
𝑷 𝒎𝒗 𝟐𝒎𝒒𝑽

𝟔.𝟔×𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒
or, 𝝀 =
𝟐×𝟗𝟏×𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏 ×𝟏𝟔×𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗 ×𝟓𝟎

= 𝟏. 𝟕𝐀
18. For which ofthe following particles will it be most difficult to experimentally 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝟓𝜸 the
de‐Broglie relationship? [Online April 9, 2014]

(a) an electron (b) a proton

(c) an 𝜶‐particle (d) a dust particle

SOLUTION : (d)

Among the given particles most difficult to experimentally 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝖍𝜸 the de‐broglie relationship is for a dust particle.

19. Electrons are accelerated through apotential difference V and protons are accelerated through a
potential difference 4 V. The de‐Broglie wavelengths are 𝝀𝐞 and 𝝀𝒑 for electrons and protons
𝝀𝐞
respectively. The ratio of is given by : (given 𝒎𝐞 is mass of electron and 𝒎𝒑 is mass ofproton).
𝝀𝒑

[Online April 23, 2013]

𝝀𝐞 𝒎𝒑 𝝀𝐞 𝒎𝐞 𝝀𝐞 𝟏 𝒎𝐞 𝝀𝐞 𝒎𝒑
(a) = (b) = (c) = (d) =𝟐
𝝀𝒑 𝒎𝐞 𝝀𝒑 𝒎𝒑 𝝀𝒑 𝟐 𝒎𝒑 𝝀𝒑 𝒎𝐞

SOLUTION : . (d)

Energy injoule (E)

=charge × potential dilf. in volt

𝐄𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧 = 𝐪𝐞 𝐕 and 𝐄𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧 = 𝐪𝐩 𝟒𝐕

𝐡 𝐡
de‐Broglie wavelength 𝝀 = =
𝐏 √𝟐𝐦𝐄

𝐡 𝐡
𝝀𝐞 = and 𝝀𝐏 = 𝐪𝐞 = 𝐪𝐏
𝟐𝐦𝐞 𝐞𝐕 √𝟐𝐦𝐏 𝐞𝟒𝐕

𝝀𝐞 𝐡 𝟐𝐦𝐏 𝐞𝟒𝐕 𝐡 𝐦𝐏
= = =𝟐
𝝀𝐏 𝟐𝐦𝐏 𝐞𝟒𝐕 𝟐𝐦𝐞 𝐞𝐕 𝟐𝐦 𝐞 𝐞𝐕 𝐦𝐞
20. If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, it’s deBroglie wavelength changes by the factor
[2005]

𝟏 𝟏
(a) 2 (b) (c) √𝟐 (d)
𝟐 √𝟐

SOLUTION : . (d)

de‐Broglie wavelength,

𝝀=𝒉=𝒉

(i)

𝒑 𝒎𝒗

𝟏
but 𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐

(𝒎𝒗)𝟐
⇒ 𝑲. 𝑬 =
𝟐𝒎

⇒ 𝒎𝒗 = √𝟐𝒎K.E

𝒉
𝝀=
√𝟐𝒎𝑲. 𝑬

21. Formation ofcovalentbonds in compounds exhibits [2002]

(a) wave nature of electron (b) particle nature ofelectron

(c) both wave and particle nature of electron (d) none of these

SOLUTION : . (a)

Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons with different compounds. Formation ofcovalent bond is best explained by

molecular orbital theory.

Photon , Photoelectric Effect X – rays and Davisson – Germer Experiment

22. A beam of electrons of energy 𝐄 scatters from a target having atomic spacing oflA. The first
maximum intensity occurs at 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎𝐨 . Then 𝐄 (in 𝐞𝐕) is .

(Plank constant 𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒
Js, 1 𝐞𝐕 = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗
𝐉,

electron mass 𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏
𝐤𝐠) [NA Sep. 05, 2020 (I)]

SOLUTION : (50)

From Bragg’s equation 𝟐𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝝀 and de‐Broglie

𝒉 𝒉
wavelength, 𝝀 = =
𝑷 √𝟐𝒎𝑬

𝒉
𝟐𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝝀 =
√𝟐𝒎𝑬

𝟑𝟒
𝟏𝟎 √𝟑 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎
⇒ 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × =
𝟐 √𝟐𝒎𝑬

[⋅.⋅ 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎∘ and 𝒅 = 𝟏𝑨 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

𝐦]

𝟏 𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟖
𝑬= × = 𝟓𝟎𝐞𝐕
𝟐 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗

23. The surface of a metal is illuminated alternately with photons ofenergies 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒𝐞𝐕 and
𝑬𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟓 eV respectively The ratio ofmaximum speeds ofthe photoelectrons emitted in the two
cases is 2. The work function ofthe metal in (𝐞𝐕)

is [NA Sep. 05, 2020 (II)]

SOLUTION : . 2

From the Einstein’s photoelectric equation

Energy of photon

= Kinetic energy ofphotoelectrons + Work function

⇒ Kinetic energy = Energy of Photon‐ Work Function Let 𝝋𝟎 be the work function ofmetal and 𝒗𝟏 and 𝒗𝟐 be the velocity

ofphotoelectrons. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation we have

 𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏 = 𝟒 − 𝝋𝟎 (i)
𝟐

𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟓 − (|)𝟎 (ii)
𝟐

𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝟒 − 𝝋𝟎
⇒ 𝟐 =
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝝋𝟎
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐

𝟒 − 𝝋𝟎
⇒ (𝟐)𝟐 = ⇒ 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒(|)𝟎 = 𝟒 − 𝝋𝟎
𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝝋𝟎

𝝋𝟎 = 𝟐𝒆𝑽

24. Given figure shows few data points in a photo electric effect experiment for a certain metal. The
minimum energy for ejection ofelectron from its surface is: (Plancks constant

𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒
𝐉. 𝐬) [Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]

→𝟓 𝒇(𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 Hz)

(a) 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝐞𝐕 (b) 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝐞𝐕 (c) 𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝐞𝐕 (d) 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : . (a)

Graph of 𝑽𝒔 and 𝒇 given at 𝑩(𝟓. 𝟓, 𝟎)

Minimum energy for ejection ofelectron

= Work function (𝝋) .

𝒉𝑽
𝝋 = 𝒉𝑽 joule or 𝝋 = 𝐞𝐕 (for 𝑽 = 𝟎)
𝒆

𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟓. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
𝝋= 𝐞𝐕 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝐞𝐕
𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗

25 . In aphotoelectric effect experiment, the graph ofstopping potential 𝑽 versus reciprocal of

wavelength obtained is shown in the figure. As the intensity ofincident radiation

is increased : [Sep. 04, 2020 (II)]

 (a) Straight line shifts to right (b) Slope of the straight line get more steep

(c) Straight line shifts to left (d) Graph does not change

SOLUTION : (d)

According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation

𝑲 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝒉𝒗 − 𝝋𝟎

𝒉𝒄
⇒ 𝒆𝑽𝒔 = − 𝝋𝟎
𝝀

𝒉𝒄 𝝋𝟎
⇒ 𝜵𝒔 = −
𝝀𝒆 𝒆

where 𝝀 = wavelength ofincident light

𝝋𝟎 = work function

𝑽𝒔 = stopping potential

𝒉𝒄
Comparing the above equation with 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄, we get slope =
𝒆

Increasing the fiiequency ofincident radiation has no effect on work function and frequency So, graph will not change.

26. When the wavelength of radiation falling on a metal is changed 𝐟𝐢: 𝐨𝐦𝟓𝟎𝟎 nm to 200 𝐦𝐧, the
maximum kinetic energy ofthe photoelectrons becomes three times larger. The work function
ofthe metal is close to: [Sep. 03, 2020 (I)]

(a) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝐞𝐕 (b) 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝐞𝐕 (c) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝐞𝐕 (d) 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : . (d)

𝒉𝒄
Using equation, = − (|)
𝝀

𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄
𝑲𝑬 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = − (|) = − 𝝋 (1)
𝝀 𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝒉𝒄
Again, 𝟑𝑲𝑬 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = − (|) (2)
𝟐𝟎𝟎

Dividing equation (2) by(1),

 𝒉𝒄
𝟑𝑲𝑬 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟑 −𝝋
= = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑲𝑬 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟏 𝒉𝒄
−𝝋
𝟓𝟎𝟎

Putting the value of 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 and solving we get, work function, 𝝋 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝐞𝐕.

27 . Two sources oflight emit 𝐗‐rays ofwavelength 1 nm and visible light ofwavelength 500 nm,
respectively. Both the sources emit light ofthe same power 200 W. The ratio of the number
density of photons of 𝐗‐rays to the number density of photons of the visible light of the given

wavelengths is: [Sep. 03, 2020 (II)]

𝟏 𝟏
(a) (b) 250 (c) (d) 𝟓𝜶)
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟎

SOLUTION : . (a)

Given,

Wavelength 𝐨𝐟𝐗‐rays, 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟏𝐧𝐦 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝐦

Wavelength ofvisible light, 𝝀𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝐦

The number ofphotons emitted per second from a source ofmonochromatic radiation of wavelength 𝝀 and power 𝑷 is given

as

𝑷 𝑷 𝑷𝝀 𝐜
𝒏= = = (⋅.⋅ 𝐄 = 𝐡𝐯 and 𝐯 = )
𝑬 𝒉𝐯 𝒉𝒄 𝝀

⇒Clearly n∝ 𝝀

𝒏𝟏 𝝀𝟏 𝟏
⇒ = =
𝒏𝟐 𝝀𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟎

28. When radiation of wavelength 𝝀 is used to illuminate a metallic surface, the stopping potential is
𝑽. When the same surface is illuminated with radiation ofwavelength 𝟑𝝀, the stopping potential
𝑽
is . If the theshold wavelength for the metallic surface is 𝒏𝝀 then value of 𝒏will be
𝟒

[NA Sep. 02, 2020 (I)]

SOLUTION : . (9)

When radiation ofwavelength 𝑨, 𝝀𝑨 is used to illuminate, stopping potential 𝑽𝑨 = 𝑽

 𝒉𝒄
= 𝝋 + 𝒆𝑽 (i)
𝝀

𝑽
When radiation ofwavelength 𝑩, 𝝀𝑩 is used to illuminate, stopping potential, 𝑽𝑩 =
𝟒

𝒉𝒄 𝒆𝑽
= (|) + (ii)
𝟑𝝀 𝟒

From eq. (𝐢) − (𝐢𝐢) ,

𝒉𝒄 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝒆𝑽
𝝀 𝟑 𝟒

𝒉𝒄𝟐 𝟑 𝟖 𝒉𝒄
⇒ = 𝒆𝑽 ⇒ 𝒆𝑽 =
𝝀𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝝀

𝒉𝒄 𝟖 𝒉𝒄
= (|) +
𝝀 𝟗 𝝀

𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄
𝝋= = , so, 𝒏 = 𝟗.
𝟗𝝀 𝒏𝝀

29. Radiation, with wavelength 6561 A falls on a metal surface to produce photoelectrons. The
electrons are made to enter a uniform magnetic field 𝐨𝐟𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎→↓ T. Ifthe radius ofthe largest
circular path followed by the electrons is 10 mm, the work function ofthe metal is close to:

[9 Jan. 2020 I]

(a) 𝟏. 𝟏 ev (b) 𝟎. 𝟖 ev (c) 𝟏. 𝟔 ev (d) 𝟏. 𝟖 ev

SOLUTION : . (a)

Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation,

𝑬 = 𝟎)𝟎 + 𝑲𝑬𝐦𝐱

⇒ 𝟎)𝟎 = 𝑲𝑬 𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝑬

𝒑𝟐
𝒑 = √𝟐𝒎𝑲𝑬 ⇒ 𝑲𝑬 =
𝟐𝒎

𝒑
𝒓= ⇒ 𝒑 = 𝒓𝒆𝑩
𝒆𝑩

𝒓𝟐 𝒆𝟐 𝑩𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟎
𝑲 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝑲𝑬 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = − 𝟎)𝟎
𝟐𝒎 𝝀

𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒓𝟐 𝒆𝑩𝟐
⇒ 𝖈𝟎𝟎 = − (In 𝐞𝐕)
𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟏 𝟐𝒎
 (𝟏𝟎 𝟒 )(𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗 )𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗(𝒆𝑽) −
𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟎𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏

(𝟏𝟎 𝟒 )(𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗 )𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓

= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗(𝒆𝑽) −
𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟎𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏

= (𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗)𝒆𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝒆𝑽

30. When photon of energy 𝟒. 𝟎 𝐞𝐕 strikes the surface of a metal 𝑨, the ejected photoelectrons have
maximum kinetic energy 𝑻𝑨 𝐞𝐕 and de‐Broglie wavelength 𝝀𝑨 . The maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons liberated from another metal 𝑩 by photon ofenergy 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝐞𝐕 is 𝑻𝑩 =
(𝑻𝑨 − 𝟏. 𝟓)𝐞𝐕. If the de‐Broglie wavelength of these photoelectrons 𝝀𝑩 = 𝟐𝝀𝑨 , then the work
function ofmetalB 𝐢𝐬:[𝟖 Jan. 2020 I]

(a) 4 𝐞𝐕 (b) 2 𝐞𝐕 (c) 𝟏. 𝟓𝐞𝐕 (d) 3 𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : . (a)

de‐Broglie wavelength (𝝀) ,

𝒉
Momentum, 𝒎𝒗 = =𝒑= 𝟐𝒎(𝑲𝑬)
𝝀

𝒉 𝟏
𝝀= ⇒ 𝝀∝
√𝟐𝒎𝑲𝑬 √𝑲𝑬

𝝀𝑨 𝑲𝑩 𝑻𝑨 𝟏𝟓 𝝀𝑨 𝟏
= = (as given) Also, =
𝝀𝑩 𝑲𝑨 𝑻𝑨 𝝀𝑩 𝟐

On solving we get, 𝑻𝑨 = 𝟐𝒆𝑽

𝕸𝑩 = 𝑻𝑨 − 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒆𝑽

Work function ofmetal 𝑩 is

𝝋𝑩 = 𝑬𝑩 − 𝕸𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟒𝒆𝑽

31. A beam of electromagnetic radiation of intensity 𝟔. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐖/𝐜𝐦𝟐 is comprised ofwavelength,

𝝀 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝐧𝐦. It falls normally on a metal (work function 𝝓 = 𝟐𝐞𝐕) ofsurface area ofl 𝐜𝐦𝟐 . Ifone
in 𝟏𝟎𝟑 photons ejects an electron, total number ofelectrons ejected in 1 𝐬 is 𝟏𝟎𝑿 . (𝒉𝒄 =
𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎eVnm, = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝐉) , then 𝒙 is . [𝐍𝐀𝟕𝐉𝐚𝐧. 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎𝐈]

SOLUTION : . (𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎)

Energy of proton

𝒉𝒄 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎
𝑬= = = 𝟒𝒆𝑽 > 𝟐𝒆𝑽𝐅𝝋]
𝝀 𝟑𝟏𝟎
 (so emission ofphotoelectron will take place)

= 𝟒 × 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 = 𝟔. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 19joule

𝟔. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 × 𝟏
𝑵= = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
𝟒 × 𝟔. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗

No. ofphotoelectrons emitted per second

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
= = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 (1 in 𝟏𝟎𝟑 photons ejects an electron) Value 𝐨𝐟𝑿 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟑

32. he stopping potential 𝐕𝟎 (in volt) as a function offiiequency (v) for a sodium emitter, is shown in
the figure. The work function 𝐨𝐟𝐬𝜶lium, from the data plotted in the figure, will : (Given: Planck’s
constant (𝒉) = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 34Js, electron

charge 𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝐂) [12 Apr. 2019 I]

𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟎

𝒗(𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 → Hz)

(a) 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝐞𝐕 (b) 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝐞𝐕(𝐜)𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝐞𝐕 (d) 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : (b)

𝒇𝟎 = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 Hz

𝑾𝟎 = 𝒉𝒇𝟎 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟒 × (𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 )𝐉

(𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒) × (𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒)

=
𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗

= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝐞𝐕

33. In a photoelectric effect experiment the threshold wavelength oflight is 380 nm. Ifthe
wavelength ofincident light is 260 nm, the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons will be:

Given 𝐄(in 𝐞𝐕) = [10 Apr. 2019 I]

(a) 𝟏. 𝟓𝐞𝐕 (b) 𝟑. 𝟎𝐞𝐕 (c) 𝟒. 𝟓𝐞 (d) 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : . (a)
 𝐊𝐄 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐄 − 𝝋𝟎

(where 𝐄 = energy ofincident light 𝝋𝟎 = work function)

𝐡𝐜 𝐡𝐜
= −
𝝀 𝝀𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕 −
𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟖𝟎

𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕 × 𝟏𝟐𝟎
= = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐞𝐕
𝟑𝟖𝟎 × 𝟐𝟔𝟎

34. A 𝟐𝐦𝐖 laser operates at a wavelength of 500 nm. The number ofphotons that will be emitted
per second is:

[Given Planck’s constant 𝐡 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟒 Js, speed oflight

𝐜 = 𝟑. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦/𝐬] [10 Apr. 2019 II]

(a) 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 (b) 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 (c) 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 (d) 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔

SOLUTION : . (a)

Energy ofphoton (E) is given by

𝒉𝒄
𝑬=
𝝀

Number ofphotons ofwavelength 𝝀 emitted in 𝐭 second from laser ofpower 𝐏 is given by

𝑷𝒕𝝀
𝒏=
𝒉𝒄

𝟐 × 𝝀 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 × 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟕
⇒𝒏= = (𝒕 = 𝟏𝐒)
𝒉𝒄 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟓

⇒ 𝒏 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓

35. The electric field oflight wave is given as

∧
𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝑵
𝑬⃗ = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕
− 𝟐𝝅 × 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒕 𝟏𝟒
𝒙
𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑪

This light falls on a metal plate ofwork function 𝟐𝐞𝐕. The stopping potential of the
𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟓
photo‐electrons is: Given, 𝐄(in 𝐞𝐕) = [9 April 2019 I]
𝝀(𝐢𝐧𝐀)

(a) 𝟐. 𝟎𝐕 (b) 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐V (c) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖V (d) 𝟐. 𝟒𝟖V

SOLUTION : . (c)

Herew = 𝟐𝝅 × 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝐨𝐫𝐟 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝐇𝐳

𝑪 𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟒
Wavelength 𝝀 = = = 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝒎 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐀𝐨 Now 𝑬 = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝒆𝑽
𝒇 𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎

Using 𝐄 = 𝐰 + 𝐞𝐕𝐬

𝟐. 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟐 + 𝐞𝐕𝐬 or 𝐕𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝐕

36. When a certain photosensistive surface is illuminated with monochromatic light offrequency 𝐯,
the stopping potential for the photo current is −𝐕𝟎 /𝟐. When the surface is illuminated by
monochromatic light of frequency vl2, the stoppoing potential is −𝐕𝟎 . The threshold frequency
for photoelectric emission is: [12 Jan. 2019 II]

𝟓𝐯 𝟒 𝟑𝐯
(a) (b) 𝐯 (c) 2 𝐯 (𝐝 )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐

. (BONUS)

37. In aFrank‐Hertz experiment, an electron ofenergy 𝟓. 𝟔𝐞𝐕 passes through mercury vapour and
emerges with an energy 𝟎. 𝟕𝐞𝐕. The minimum wavelength ofphotons emitted by mercury atoms
is close to: [12 Jan. 2019 II]

(a) 𝟏𝟕𝜶)𝐧𝐦 (b) 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎𝐧𝐦 (c) 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝐧𝐦 (d) 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝐧𝐦

SOLUTION : (d)

𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟓
Using, wavelength, 𝝀 =
𝜟𝐄

𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟓
or, 𝝀 = = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝐧𝐦
𝟒.𝟗

38. In aphotoelectric experiment, the wavelength ofthe light incident on a metal is changed from
300 nm to 400 nm. The decrease in the stopping potential is close to: [𝟏𝐥𝐉𝐚𝐧. 2019 II]

𝐡𝐜
( = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎 nm‐V)
𝐞

(a) 𝟎. 𝟓𝐕 (b) 𝟏. 𝟓𝐕 (c) 𝟏. 𝟎𝐕 (d) 𝟐. 𝟎𝐕

SOLUTION : (c)

𝐡𝐜
Let 𝝋 = work function ofthe metal, = (|) + 𝐞𝐕𝟏 (i)
𝝀𝟏

𝐡𝐜
= (𝟏) + 𝐞𝐕𝟐 (ii)
𝝀𝟐
 Sutracting (ii) 𝐟𝐢𝐢 𝐨𝐦 (i) we get

(1 1)

𝐡𝐂 ( )=𝐞(𝐕𝟏 −𝐕𝟐 )

𝝀𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐧𝐦
⇒ 𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐 =
𝐡𝐜 𝝀𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝐧𝐦
𝐞 𝐡𝐜
= 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐧𝐦 − 𝐕
𝐞

= (𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐧𝐦 − 𝐯)

= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝐕 ≈ 𝟏𝐕

39. A metal plate of area 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 𝐦𝟐 is illuminated by a radiation ofintensity 16 𝐦𝐖/𝐦𝟐 . The work
function ofthe metal is 5 𝐞𝐕. The energy ofthe incident photons is 10 𝐞𝐕 and only 10% of it
produces photo electrons. The number ofemitted photo electrons per second and their maximum
energy, respectively, will be: [𝟏𝐞𝐕 = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗
𝐉] [10 Jan. 2019 II]

(a) 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 and 10 𝐞𝐕 (b) 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 and 5 𝐞𝐕

(c) 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 and5 𝐞𝐕 (d) 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 and5 𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : . (c)

𝐧𝐄
using, intensity 𝐈 =
𝐀𝐭

𝐧 = 𝐧𝐨. of photoelectrons

𝐧 𝟏𝟎×𝟏.𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝐧
⇒ 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = × or, = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝐭 𝟏𝟎→𝒍 𝐭

So, effective number of photoelectrons ejected per unit time = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎/𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏

40. Surface ofcertain metal is first illuminated with light of wavelength 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 nm and then,
bylight ofwavelength 𝝀𝟐 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎 nm. It is found that the maximum speed of the photo electrons in
the two cases differ by a factor of(2) The work function ofthe metal (in 𝐞𝐕) is close to:

𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎
(Energy ofphoton = 𝐞𝐕) [9 Jan. 2019 I]
𝝀(𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐦)

(a) 𝟏. 𝟖 (b) 𝟐. 𝟓 (c) 𝟓. 𝟔 (d) 𝟏. 𝟒

SOLUTION : . (a)

From Einstein’s photoelectric equation,

 𝐡𝐜 𝟏
= 𝝋 + 𝐦(𝟐𝐯)𝟐 (i)
𝝀𝟏 𝟐

𝐡𝐜 𝟏
and = 𝝋 + 𝐦𝐯 𝟐 (ii)
𝝀𝟐 𝟐

As per question, maximum speed of photoelectrons in two cases differ by a factor 2

From 𝐞𝐪𝐧. (i) & (ii)

𝒉𝒄
−𝝋 𝒉𝒄 𝟒𝒉𝐜
𝝀
⇒ 𝟏 =𝟒⇒ −𝝋= − 𝟒𝝋
𝒉𝒄 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐
−𝝋
𝝀𝟐

𝟒𝒉𝐜 𝒉𝒄 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
⇒ − = 𝟑𝝋 ⇒ 𝝋 = 𝒉𝒄 −
𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟏 𝟑 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟏

𝟏 𝟒×𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟒𝟎
= × 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝐞𝐕
𝟑 𝟑𝟓𝟎×𝟓𝟒𝟎

41. The magnetic field associated with a light wave is given at the origin by

𝐁 = 𝐁𝟎 [ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 )𝐜𝐭 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 )𝐜𝐭].

Ifthis light falls on a silver plate having a work function of 𝟒. 𝟕𝐞𝐕, what will be the maximum
kinetic energy of the photoelectrons? [9 Jan. 2019 II]

(𝐜 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦𝐬 𝟏
, 𝐡 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒
𝐉 − 𝐬)

(a) 𝟔. 𝟖𝟐𝐞𝐕 (b) 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝐞𝐕 (c) 𝟖. 𝟓𝟐𝐞𝐕 (d) 𝟕. 𝟕𝟐𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : . (d)

According to question, there are two EM waves with different frequency,

𝐁𝟏 = 𝐁𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐜)𝐭

and 𝐁𝟐 = 𝐁𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐜)𝐭

To get maximum kinetic energy we take the photon with higher frequency

𝟎)
using, 𝐁 = 𝐁𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 oot and (𝒋)= 𝟐𝝅𝐯 ⇒ 𝐯 =
𝟐𝝅

𝟏𝟎𝟕

𝐁𝟏 = BOsin (𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐜)𝐭 ⇒ 𝐯𝟏 =

𝟐×𝐜
 𝐁𝟐 = 𝐁𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐜)𝐭 ⇒ 𝐯𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐜

where 𝐜 is speed oflight 𝐜 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦/𝐬

Clearly, 𝐯𝟐 > 𝐯𝟏

so KE of photoelectron will be maximum for photon of higher energy.

𝐯𝟐= 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝐂 Hz

𝐡𝒗 = 𝝋 + 𝐊𝐄 𝐦𝐚𝐱

energy of photon

𝐄𝐩𝐡 = 𝐡𝒗 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗

𝐄𝐩𝐡 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐉

𝟔. 𝟔.× 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗
= 𝐞𝐕 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝐞𝐕
𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗

𝐊𝐄 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐄𝐩𝐡 − 𝝋

= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 − 𝟒. 𝟕 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟓𝐞𝐕 ≈ 𝟕. 𝟕𝐞𝐕

42. An electron beam is acceleratedbya potential differenceV to hit a metallic target to 𝐩𝐫𝜶luce
X‐rays. It produces continuous as well as characteristic 𝐗‐rays. 𝐈𝐟𝝀𝐦𝐦 is the smallest possible
wavelength 𝐨𝐟𝐗‐rayin the spectrum, the variation oflog 𝝀𝐦𝐦 with

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐕 is correctlyrepresented in: [2017]

SOLUTION : (c)

𝒉𝒄
In 𝐗‐ray tube, 𝝀 𝐦𝐢𝐧 =
𝐞𝑽

𝒉𝒄
In 𝝀 𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝑰𝒏 − 𝑰𝒏𝑽
𝐞

Clearly, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝀𝐦 𝐥𝐧 versus 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑽 graph

slope is negative hence option (c) correctly depicts.

43. ALaser light ofwavelength 660 nm is used to weld Retina detachment. Ifa Laser pulse ofwidth 60
ms and power 𝟎. 𝟓𝐤𝐖 is used the approximate number of photons in the pulse are : [Take
Planck’s constant 𝐡 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒
Js] [Online April 9, 2017]

(a) 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 (b) 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 (c) 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 (d) 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗

SOLUTION : . (a)

Given, 𝝀 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎 nm, Power = 𝟎. 𝟓𝐤𝐖, 𝐭 = 𝟔𝟎 ms

𝐧𝐡𝐜 𝐩𝝀𝐭
Power 𝐏 = ⇒𝐧=
𝝀𝐭 𝐡𝐜

𝟔𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟗 × 𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ×
𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖

= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎

44. The maximum velocity ofthe photoelectrons emitted from the surface is 𝐯 when light
offiiequencyn falls on a metal surface. Ifthe incident frequency is increased to 𝟑𝐧, the maximum
velocity of the ejected photoelectrons will be : [Online April 8, 2017]

(a) less than √𝟑𝐯 (b) 𝐯

(c) more than √𝟑𝐯 (d) equal to √𝟑𝐯

SOLUTION : . (c)

As the metal surface is same, work function (𝝋) is same for both the case.

Initially 𝐊𝐄 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐧𝐡 − 𝝋 (i)

After increase

𝐊𝐄 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟑𝐧𝐡 − 𝝋 (ii)

For work function 𝝋 − not to be ‐ve or zero, 𝐯′ > √𝟑𝐯

45. Radiation ofwavelength 𝝀, is incident on a photocell. The fastest emitted electron has speed 𝐯.
𝟑𝝀
Ifthe wavelength is changed to , the speed ofthe fastest emitted electron willbe: [2016]
𝟒

𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(a) = 𝐯 (b) = 𝐯
𝟑 𝟒

𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
(c) > 𝒗 (d) < 𝒗
𝟑 𝟑

SOLUTION : (c)
 𝑪 𝟏
𝒉 − 𝒉𝐯𝟎 = 𝐦𝐯 𝟐
𝝀 𝟐

𝟒 𝒉𝒄 𝟏
− 𝒉𝐯𝟎 = 𝒎𝒗𝒓𝟐
𝟑 𝝀 𝟐

𝟒
𝒗′ > 𝒗
𝟑

46. A photoelectric surface is illuminated successively by monochromatic light of wavelengths 𝝀 and

𝝀
. If the maximum kinetic energy ofthe emitted photoelectrons in the second case is 3 times that
𝟐

in the first case, the work ffinction ofthe surface is: [Online Apri110, 2016]

𝐡𝐜 𝐡𝐜 𝐡𝐜 𝟑𝐡𝐜
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝟐𝝀 𝝀 𝟑𝝀 𝝀

SOLUTION : . (a)

From Einstein’s photoelectric equation

𝒉𝒄
𝑲. 𝑬𝝀 = − (|) (i)
𝝀

(for monochromatic light ofwavelength 𝝀) where 𝝋 is work function

𝒉𝒄
𝑲. 𝑬𝝀/𝟐 = − (|) (ii)
𝝀/𝟐

(for monochromatic light ofwavelength 𝝀/𝟐) From question,

𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄
𝑲. 𝑬𝝀/𝟐 = 𝟑(𝑲. 𝑬𝝀 ) ⇒ −𝝋=𝟑 −𝝋
𝝀/𝟐 𝝀

𝟐𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄
− (|) = 𝟑 − 𝟑𝐭 |)
𝝀 𝝀

𝒉𝒄 𝐡𝐜
⇒ 𝟐𝝋 = 𝝋=
𝝀 𝟐𝝀
47. When photons ofwavelength 𝝀𝟏 are incident on an isolated sphere, the corresponding stopping
potential is found to be V. When photons of wavelength 𝝀𝟐 are used, the corresponding stopping
potential was thrice that of the above value. Iflight ofwavelength 𝝀𝟑 is used then find the
stopping potential for this case: [Online April 9, 2016]

𝐡𝐜 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐡𝐜 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(a) + − (b) + −
𝐞 𝝀𝟑 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟏 𝐞 𝝀𝟑 𝟐𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟏

𝐡𝐜 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐡𝐜 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
(c) − − (d) + −
𝐞 𝝀𝟑 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟏 𝐞 𝝀𝟑 𝟐𝝀𝟐 𝟐𝝀𝟏

SOLUTION : (None)

𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄
From Einstein’s photoelectric equation, we have = + 𝒆𝑽 (1)
𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟎

𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄
= + 𝒆𝑽 (2)
𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟎

𝒉𝒄 = +𝟑𝒆𝑽 𝒉𝒄

(3)

𝝀𝟑 𝝀𝟎

From equation (1)& (2)

𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
− =
𝟐𝝀𝟏 𝟐𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟎

𝒉𝒄 𝟑 𝟏
− 𝒉𝒄 − = 𝒆𝑽
𝝀𝟏 𝟐𝝀𝟏 𝟐𝝀𝟐

𝒉𝒄 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
− + =𝑽
𝒆 𝝀𝟑 𝟐𝝀𝟏 𝟐𝝀𝟐

48. Match List‐I (Fundamental Experiment) with List‐ II (its conclusion) and select the correct option
from the choices given below the list: [2015]

Lis t‐I List‐II

A. Franck‐Hertz (i) Particle nature of

𝐄𝐱𝐩 eriment light

B. Photo‐electric (ii) Discrete energy

experiment levels ofatom

 C. Davison‐Germer (𝑹𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕) Wave nature of

experiment electron

(iv) Structure ofatom

(b) (𝐀) − (𝐢𝐯); (𝐁) − (𝐢𝐢𝐢); (𝐂) − (𝐢𝐢)

(c) (𝐀) − (𝐢); (𝐁) − (𝐢𝐯); (𝐂) − (𝐢𝐢𝐢)

(d) (𝐀) − (𝐢𝐢); (𝐁) − (𝐢𝐯); (𝐂) − (𝐢𝐢𝐢)

SOLUTION : (a)

Frank‐Hertz experiment‐ Discrete energy levels of atom, Photoelectric effect‐ Particle nature oflight.

Davison‐ Germer experiment‐ wave nature ofelectron.

49. Abeam oflight has two wavelengths of4972Â and 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟔𝐀 with a total intensity of 𝟑. 𝟔 ×
𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝐖𝐦 𝟐
equally distributed among the two wavelengths. The beam falls normally on an area
of 1 𝐜𝐦𝟐 of a clean metallic surface ofwork function . 𝟑 𝐞𝐕. Assume that there is no loss of light
by reflection and that each capable photon ejects one electron. The number ofphotoelectrons
liberated in 𝟐𝐬 is approximately: [Online April 12, 2014]

(a) 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 (b) 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 (c) 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 (d) 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏

SOLUTION : (𝒃)

Given, 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟐𝐀

and 𝝀𝟐 = 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟔𝐀

and 𝐈 = 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝐖𝐦 𝟐

Intensity associated with each wavelength

𝟑
𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎
=
𝟐

= 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝐖𝐦 𝟐

work function 𝝋 = 𝐡𝐯

𝐡𝐜
=
𝝀
 𝟑𝟒 )(𝟑
(𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 )
=
𝝀

𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
= 𝐞𝐯
𝝀

for different wavelengths

𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑

𝝋𝟏 = = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟗𝟑𝐞𝐕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐉
𝝀𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟐

𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑

𝝋𝟐 = = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝐞𝐕 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐉
𝝀𝟐 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟔

Work function for metallic surface 𝝋 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝐞𝐕 (given)

𝝋𝟐 < 𝝋

Therefore, 𝝋𝟐 will not contribute in this process.

𝟏.𝟖×𝟏𝟎−𝟑
Now, no. of electrons per 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐬 = 𝐧𝐨. ofphotons per 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐬 no. of electrons per 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐬 = × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝟑.𝟗𝟖𝟒×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗

(⋅.⋅ 𝟏𝟐⊲
𝐂𝐦 𝟏𝟎𝐦𝟐 ) 𝟎.𝟒𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐

So, the number ofphoto electrons liberated in 2 sec.

= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 × 𝟐

= 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏

50. A photon ofwavelength 𝝀 is scattered from an electron, which was at rest. The wavelength shift
𝜟𝝀 is three times 𝐨𝐟𝝀 and the angle ofscattering 𝜽 is 𝟔𝟎∘ . The angle at which the electron
recoiled is 𝝋. The value oftan 𝝋 is: (electron speed is much smaller than the speed oflight)

[Online April 11, 2014]

(a) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 (b) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 (c) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 (d) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖

SOLUTION ;(b)

51. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The wavelength 𝝀 ofthe light falling on the cathode
is gradually changed. The plate current I of the photocell varies as follows: [2013]
(a) (b)

SOLUTION : . (d)

As 𝝀 is increased, there will be a value of 𝝀 above which photoelectrons will be cease to come out so photocurrent will

become zero. Hence(d) is correct answer.

52. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, a student plots stopping potential 𝐕𝟎 against reciprocal
ofthe wavelength 𝝀 ofthe incident light for two different metals A and B.

These are shown in the figure. [Onhne April 25, 2013]

Looking at the graphs, you can most appropriately say that:

(a) Work function ofmetal 𝐁 is greater than that ofmetalA

(b) For light ofcertain wavelength falling on both metal, maximum kinetic energy ofelectrons
emitted 𝐟𝐢𝐢 𝐨𝐦𝐀 will be greater than those emitted 𝐟𝐢𝐢 𝐨𝐦 B.

(c) Work function ofmetalA is greater than that ofmetal 𝐁

(d) Students data is not correct

SOLUTION : (d)

𝐡𝐜
− 𝝋 = 𝐞𝐕𝟎
𝝀

𝐡𝐜 𝝋
𝐯𝟎 = −
𝐞𝝀 𝐞
 For metal A For metal 𝐁

𝝋𝐀 𝟏 𝝋𝐁 𝟏
= =
𝐡𝐜 𝝀 𝐡𝐜 𝝀

𝟏
As the value of (increasing and decreasing) is not specified hence we cannot say that which metal has comparatively greater
𝝀

or lesser work function (𝝋) .

53. A copper ball ofradius 1 cm and work function 4. 𝟒𝟕𝐞𝐕 is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation
ofwavelength 2500 A. The effect ofirradiation results in the emission ofelectrons from the ball.
Further the ball will acquire charge and due to this there will be a finite value ofthe potential on
the ball. The charge acquired by the ball is: [Online April 25, 2013]

(a) 𝟓. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑
𝐂 (b) 𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑
𝐂

(c) 𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐
𝐂 (d) 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝐂

SOLUTION : . (a)

54. This equation has statement 1 and statement2. Ofthe four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that describes the two statements.

Statement 1: Davisson‐Germer experiment established the wave nature of electrons.

Statement 2 : If electrons have wave nature, they can interfere and show diffraction. [2012]

(a) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true.

(b) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false

(c) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1

(d) Statement 1 is true, Statement2 is true, Statement 2 is not the correct explanation
ofStatement 1

SOLUTION : (a)

Davisson Germer experiment showed that electron beams can undergo diffraction when passed through atomic crystal. This

established wave nature of electron as waves can eAibit interference and diffiiaction.

55. Photoelectrons are ejected from a metal when light of frequency 𝐮 falls on it. Pick out the wrong
statement from the following. [Online May 26, 2012]

(a) No electrons are emitted if 𝐮 is less than 𝑾𝒍𝒉, where 𝑾 is the work function ofthe metal

(b) The ejection ofthe photoelectrons is instantaneous.

(c) The maximum energy of the photoelectrons is 𝐡𝐮.

 (d) The maximum energy of the photoelectrons is independent ofthe intensity ofthe light.

SOLUTION : (c)

According to photo‐electric equation :

K. 𝐄 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐡𝒗 − 𝐡𝒗𝟎 (Work function)

Some sort of energy is used in ejecting the photoelectrons.

56. This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the Statements,
choose the one that best describes the two Statements.

Statement 1: A metallic surface is irradiated by a monochromatic light of fiiequency 𝐮 > 𝐮𝟎 (the

threshold fiiequency). Ifthe incident fiiequency is now doubled, the photocurrent and the
maximum kinetic energy are also doubled.

Statement 2: The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from a surface is linearly
dependent on the fiiequency of the incident light. The photocurrent depends only on the
intensity ofthe incident light. [Online May 19, 2012]

(a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is the correct explanation of

Statement 1.

(b) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true.

(c) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false.

(d) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is not the correct explanation of
Statement 1.

SOLUTION : (𝒃)

The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends upon frequency on incident light and photo current depends upon

intensity of incident light.

57. This question has Statement‐l and Statement‐2. Ofthe four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements. [2011] Statement— 1: A metallic surface
is irradiated by a monochromatic light of frequency 𝒗 > 𝒗𝟎 (the threshold fiiequency). The
maximum kinetic energy and the stopping potential are 𝑲 𝐦𝐚𝐱 and 𝑽𝟎 respectively. If the
frequency incident on the surface is doubled, both the 𝑲 𝐦𝐚𝐱 and 𝑽𝟎 are also doubled.

Statement—2 : The maximum kinetic energy and the stopping potential of photoelectrons
emitted from a surface are linearly dependent on the frequency ofincident light.
 (a) Statement‐l is true, Statement‐2 is true, Statement2 is the correct explanation

ofStatement −𝟏.

(b) Statement‐l is true, Statement‐2 is true, Statement −𝟐 is not the correct explanation of
Statement—l.

(c) Statement—l is false, Statement‐2 is true.

(d) Statement‐l is true, Statement‐2 is false.

SOLUTION : . (c)

By Einstein photoelectric equation,

𝑲 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝒆𝑽𝟎 = 𝒉𝒗 − 𝒉𝒗𝟎

When 𝒗 is doubled, 𝐊 𝐦𝐚𝐱 and 𝑽𝟎 become more than double.

58. Statement ‐𝟏 : When ultraviolet light is incident on a photocell, its stopping potential is 𝑽𝟎 and
the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is 𝑲 𝐦𝐚𝐱 .When the ultraviolet light is
replaced by 𝑿‐rays, both 𝑽𝟎 and 𝑲 𝐦𝐚𝐱 increase.

Statement ‐𝟐 : Photoelectrons are emitted with speeds ranging 𝐟𝐢𝐢 𝐨𝐦 zero to a maximum value
because of the range of frequencies present in the incident light. [2010]

(a) Statement‐l is true, Statement ‐𝟐 is true; Statement −𝟐 is the correct explanation of

Statement‐l.

(b) Statement‐l is true, Statement ‐𝟐 is true; Statement −𝟐 is not the correct explanation of
Statement ‐𝟏

(c) Statement‐l is false, Statement ‐𝟐 is true.

(d) Statement‐l is true, Statement ‐𝟐 is false.

SOLUTION : . (d)

We know that

𝒆𝑽𝟎 = 𝑲 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝒉𝐯 − 𝝋

where, 𝝋 is the work function.

X‐rays have higher frequency (v) than ultraviolet rays. Therefore as 𝒗 increases K.E and 𝑽𝟎 both increases.
 The kinetic energy ranges from zero to maximum because of loss of energy due to subsequent collisions before getting

ejected.

59. The surface ofa metal is illuminted with the light of400 nm. The kinetic energy ofthe ejected
photoelectrons was found to be . 𝟔𝟖 𝐞𝐕. The work function ofthe metal is:

(𝒉𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐞𝐕. 𝐧𝐦) [2009]

(a) 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 𝐞𝐕 (b) 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏 𝐞𝐕 (c) 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝐞𝐕 (d) 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝐞𝐕

SOLUTION : . (a)

Wavelength ofincident light, 𝝀 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 nm 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎

𝐞𝐕. 𝐧𝐦

𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝐞𝐕

Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation

𝒉𝒄
− 𝑾 = 𝑲. 𝑬
𝝀

𝒉𝒄
⇒𝑾= − 𝑲. 𝑬
𝝀

𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎
⇒𝑾= − 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖
𝟒𝟎𝟎

= 𝟑. 𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖

= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝐞𝐕

Directions: Question No. 60 and 61 are based on the following paragraph.

Wave property ofelectrons implies that they will show diffiaction effects. Davisson and Germer
demonstrated this by diffiacting electrons from crystals. The law governing the diffiiaction 𝐟𝐢𝐢 𝐨𝐦
a crystal is obtained by requiring that electron waves reflected from the planes of atoms in a
crystal interfere constructively (see figure).

′′′′′𝟏′′′’

Crystal plane
60. Electrons accelerated bypotential 𝑽 are diffiacted from a crystal. Ifd = 𝟏𝐀 and 𝐢 = 𝟑𝟎∘ , 𝑽 should
be about [2008]

(𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒 𝟑𝟏 𝟏𝟗
𝐉𝐬, 𝒎𝒆 = 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐠, 𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐂)

(a) 𝟐𝟎𝜶)𝐕 (b) 𝟓𝟎𝐕 (c) 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐕 (d) 𝟏𝟎𝜶)𝐕

SOLUTION : . (𝒃)

The path difference between the rays APB and CQD is

𝜟𝒙 = 𝐌𝐐 + 𝐐𝐍 = 𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒊 + 𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒊

𝜟𝒙 = 𝟐𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒊

For constructive interference the path difference is integral multiple ofwavelength

𝒏𝝀 = 𝟐𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒊

From de‐broglie concept

Wavelength,

𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
𝝀= = =
𝒑 √𝟐𝐦𝐊. 𝐄 √𝟐𝐦𝐞𝐕

𝒏𝒉
= 𝟐𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒊
√𝟐𝐦𝐞𝐕

Squaring both side

𝒏𝟐 𝒉𝟐
= 𝟒𝒅𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒊
𝟐𝒎𝒆𝑽

For first order interference 𝒏 = 𝟏

𝒉𝟐
𝑽=
𝟖𝒎𝒆𝒅𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒊

(. 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒 )𝟐
=
𝟖 × 𝟗. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗 × (𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 )𝟐 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟑𝟎
 = 𝟓𝟎𝐕

61. Ifa strong diffiaction peak is observed when electrons are incident at an angle 𝒊’ from the normal
to the crystal planes with distance ‘d’ between them (see figure), de Broglie wavelength 𝝀𝐝𝐁 of
electrons can be calculated by the relationship (𝐧 is an integer) [2008]

(a) 𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 = 𝒏𝝀𝒅𝑩 (b) 𝟐𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐢 = 𝒏𝝀𝒅𝑩

(c) 𝟐𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 = 𝒏𝝀𝒅𝑩 (d) 𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒊 = 𝒏𝝀𝒅𝑩

SOLUTION : . (𝒃)

For constructive interference,

𝟐𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒊 = 𝒏𝝀𝒅𝑩

62. Photon of frequency 𝐯 has a momentum associated with it. Ifc is the velocity oflight, the
momentum is [2007]

𝐡𝐯 𝐯 𝐡𝐯
(a) (b) (c) 𝐡𝐯𝐜 (d)
𝐜 𝐜 𝐜𝟐

SOLUTION : . (a)

Energy of a photon of frequency 𝐯 is given by

𝑬 = 𝒉𝐯.

Also, 𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐 , 𝒎𝒄𝟐 = 𝒉𝐯

⇒ 𝒎𝒄 = 𝒉𝒗 ⇒ 𝒑 = 𝒉𝐯

63. The threshold fiiequency for ametallic surface corresponds to an energy of 𝟔. 𝟐 𝐞𝐕 and the
stopping potential for a radiation incident on this surface is 5 V. The incident radiation lies in

[2006]

(a) ultra‐violet region (b) infia‐red region

(c) visible region (d) 𝑿‐rayregion

SOLUTION : (a)

Work function, 𝝋 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝐞𝐕 = 𝟔. 𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗

𝐉

Stopping potential, 𝑽 = 𝟓 volt

From the Einstein’s photoelectric equation

 𝒉𝒄
− 𝝋 = 𝐞𝐕𝟎
𝝀

𝒉𝒄
⇒𝝀=
𝝋 + 𝒆𝑽𝟎

𝟑𝟒
𝟔. . 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
= 𝟏𝟗 (𝟔. 𝟐 + 𝟓)
≈ 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 𝐦
𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎

This range lies in ultra violet range.

64. The time taken by a photoelectron to come out after the photon strikes is approximately [2006]
(a) 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 𝐬 (b) 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝐬 (c) 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟔
𝐬 (d) 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝐬

SOLUTION : (𝒃)

The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process without any apparent time lag. It is known that emission starts in the

time ofthe order of 1𝟎−𝟗 second. So, the approximate time taken by a photoelectron to come out after the photon strikes is

𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
second.

65. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The wavelength 𝝀 ofthe light falling on the cathode
is gradually changed. The plate current I of the photocell varies as 𝐫𝐬𝐧𝐧′𝝉

follc

(a)

𝟎𝝀𝟎𝝀

(c) (d)

𝟎𝝀𝟎𝝀

SOLUTION : (b)
 𝐭𝐢)) As 𝝀 decreases, 𝒚 increases and hence the speed of photoelectron increases. The chances of photo electron to meet the

anode increases and hence photo electric current increases.

66 . Aphotocell is illuminated bya small bright source placed 1 𝐦 away. When the same source
𝟏
oflight is placed 𝐦 away, the number of electrons emitted by photocathode would [2005]
𝟐

(a) increase by a factor of 4 (b) decrease by a factor of 4

(c) increase by a factor of2 (d) decrease by a factor of 2

SOLUTION : . (a)

𝑰 𝑰𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑰∝ ; = =
𝒓𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝟒

𝑰𝟐 → 𝟒 times 𝑰𝟏

When intensity becomes 4 times, no. of photoelectrons emitted would increase by4 times, since number ofelectrons emitted

per second is directly proportional to intensity.

67. A radiation of energy 𝐄 falls normally on a perfectly reflecting surface. The momentum
transferred to the surface is [2004]

(a) 𝑬𝒄 (b) 𝟐𝑬𝒍𝒄 (c) 𝑬𝒍𝒄 (d) 𝑬𝒍𝒄 𝟐

SOLUTION : (𝒃)

𝑬
) Momentum ofphoton of energy 𝑬 is =
𝒄

When a photon hits a perfectlyreflecting surface, it reflects black in opposite direction with same energy and momentum.

𝑬 𝑬 𝟐𝑬
Change in momentum = − =
𝑪 𝑪 𝑪

This is equal to momentum transferred to the surface.

68. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the plot ofthe kinetic energy ofthe emitted photo
electrons 𝐟𝐢: 𝐨𝐦 a metal Versus the frequency ofthe incident radiation gives a straight line whose
slope [2004]

(a) depends both on the intensity of the radiation and the metal used

(b) depends on the intensity ofthe radiation

(c) depends on the nature of the metal used

 (d) is the same for the all metals and independent of the intensity ofthe radiation

SOLUTION : . (d)

From the Einstein photoelectric equation 𝑲. 𝑬. = 𝒉𝐯 − 𝝋 Here, 𝝋 = work function ofmetal

𝒉 = 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐤 ↑ 𝐬 constant

slope ofgraph ofK.E. &v is 𝒉 (Plank’s constant) which is same for all metals.

69. The work function of a substance is . 𝟎 𝐞𝐕. The longest wavelength oflight that can cause
photoelectron emission from this substance is approximately [2004]

(a) 310nm (b) 400nm (c) 540nm (d) 220nm

SOLUTION : . (a)

Work function ofmetal (𝝋) is given by

𝒉𝒄
𝝋=
𝝀

𝒉𝒄
⇒𝝀=
𝝋

𝟔.𝟔𝟑×𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒 ×𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖
⇒𝝀= = 𝟑𝟏𝟎 nm
𝟒×𝟏.𝟔×𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗

70. Two identical photocathodes receive light of fiequencies 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 . If the velocites of the photo
electrons (of mass m) coming out are respectively 𝒗𝟏 and 𝒗𝟐 , then [2003]

𝟐𝒉 𝟐𝒉 𝟏/𝟐
(a) 𝒗𝟏𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟐 = (𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟐 ) (b) 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 = (𝒇𝟏 + 𝒇𝟐 )
𝒎 𝒎

𝟐𝒉 𝟐𝒉 𝟏/𝟐
(c) 𝒗𝟏𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐𝟐 = (𝒇𝟏 + 𝒇𝟐 ) (d) 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 = (𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟐 )
𝒎 𝒎

SOLUTION : . . (a)

Let work function be 𝑾 and 𝒗𝟏 and 𝒗𝟐 be the velocity of electrons for frequencies 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 .

Using Einstein’s photo electric equation for one photodiode, we get

𝟏
𝒉𝒇𝟏 − 𝑾 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏 (i)
𝟐

Using Einstein’s photo electric equation for another photodiode we get,

𝟏
𝒉𝒇𝟐 − 𝑾 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐 (ii)
𝟐
 Subtracting (ii) 𝐟𝐢𝐢 𝐨𝐦 (i) we get

𝟏 𝟏
𝒉𝒇𝟏 − 𝑾 − 𝒉𝒇𝟐 − 𝑾 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏 − 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝒎 𝟐
𝒉(𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟐 ) = 𝒗 𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟐

𝟐𝒉
𝒗𝟐𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟐
𝒎

71. Sodium and copper have work ffinctions 𝟐. 𝟑𝐞𝐕 and 𝟒. 𝟓𝐞𝐕 respectively. Then the ratio ofthe
wavelengths is nearest to [2002]

(a) 1: 2 (b) 4: 1 (c) 2: 1 (d) 1: 4

SOLUTION : . (c)

We know that work function,

𝒉𝑪
𝑬 = 𝒉𝐮 =
𝝀

where

𝒉 = 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐤’s constant

𝑪 = velocity of light

𝝀 = wavelength oflight

𝐄𝐍𝐚 𝝀𝐂𝐮
=
𝐄𝐂𝐮 𝝀𝐍𝐚

𝝀𝐍𝐚 𝐄𝐂𝐮 𝟒. 𝟓 𝟐
⇒ = = ≈
𝝀𝐂𝐮 𝐄𝐍𝐚 𝟐. 𝟑 𝟏
 ATOMS

Rutherford’s  -particle Scattering Experiment:

-particles -particles
detector


Radio Lead cavity

active Lead Plate Thin Gold Foil
source with slit

Experimental Observations:
a) Most of the  - particles were found to pass through the gold- foil without being deviated
from their paths.
b) Some - particles were found to be deflected through small angles   90 .
c) Few - particles were found to be scattered at fairly large angles from their initial path
  90
Incident beam of -particles

1 
2 
3
4
5 Space
6
 Nucleus
7 (+Ze) occupied
8 by Electrons
9
10  
11
 

r0
d) A very small number of  - particles about 1 in 8000 practically retracted their paths or
suffered deflections of nearly 180° .
 The observation (a) indicates that most of the portion of the atom is hollow inside.
 Because - particle is positively charged, from the observations (b), (c) and (d) atom also
have positive charge and the whole positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in
small space which is at the centre of the atom is called nucleus. The remaining part of
the atom and electrons are revolving around the nucleus in circular objects of all possible
radii. The positive charge present in the nuclei of different metals is different . Higher the
positive charge in the nucleus, larger will be the angle of scattering of - particle.
Distance of Closest Approach :
 An - particle which moves straight towards the nucleus in head on direction reaches
the nucleus i.e, it moves close to a distance r0 as shown the figure.
 As the - particle approaches the nucleus, the electrostatic repulsive force due to the
nucleus increases and kinetic energy of the alpha particle goes on converting into the
electrostatic potential energy. When whole of the kinetic energy is converted into
electrostatic potential energy, the - particle cannot further move towards the nucleus
but returns back on its initial path i.e - particle is scattered through an angle of 180°.
The distance of - particle from the nucleus in this stage is called as the distance of
closest approach and is represented by r0.
 Let m and v be the mass and velocity of the - particle directed towards the centre
 1 2
of the nucleus. Then kinetic energy of the - particle K    m v 
2
Because the positive charge on the nucleus is Ze and that on the  -particle 2e, hence
the electrostatic potential energy of the - particle, when at a distance r0 from the centre
1 (2e)( Ze)
of the nucleus, is given by U  4 . r
0 0
Because at r = r0 kinetic energy of the - particle appears as its potential energy, hence,
K=U
1 (2e)(Ze) 1
.  m v2
4 0 r0 2

1 4Ze 2
r0 
4 0 m v 2
Alpha partical scattering (additional)
 When a mono energitic beam of  particles is projected towards a thin metal foil, some of
the particles are found to deviate from their original path. This phenomenon is called 
ray scattering
 It is caused by coulomb repulsive force between  particles and positive charges in
atom.
Q n t z 2 e4
 The number of  -particles scattered at an angle  is given by N =
θ
(8πε 0 )2 r 2 E 2 sin 4  
 2
 where
Q  Total number of  particles striking the foil
n  number of atoms per unit volume of the foil
r  distance of screen from the foil
t  thickness of the foil
z  Atomic number of the foil atoms
  angle of scettering

E  kinetic energy of  particles

1
N  t; N  z2 ; N 
sin4
2

1 1
N 2 or N  4
E 
where  is the velocity of  particles falling on the foil.
 Impact Parameter(b):The perpendicular distance of the initial velocity vector of the
 - particle from centre of the nucleus is called “impact parameter”.
 
Ze 2 cot  
b 2
1
4 0  mv 2
2
Bohr’s model of atom :
 Electron can revolve round the nucleus only in certain allowed orbits called stationary
orbits and the Coulomb’s force of attraction between electron and the positively charged
nucleus provides necessary centripetal force.

–e

k ( Ze ) e mV 2 +Ze

r2 r Nucleus

 Suppose m is the mass of electron, V is the velocity and ‘r’ is the radius of the orbit, then
h
in stationary orbits the angular momentum of the electron is an integral multiple of ,
2
h
where h is the Planck’s constant. The angular momentum L  I  mVr  n where n is
2
called principal quantum number.
 An electron in a stationary orbit has a definite amount of energy. It posses kinetic energy
because of its motion and potential energy on account of the attraction of the nucleus.
Each allowed orbit is therefore associated with a certain quantity of energy called the
energy of the orbit, which equals the total energy of the electron in it. In these allowed
orbits electrons revolve without radiating energy .
 Energy is radiated or absorbed when an electron jumps from one stationary orbit to another
stationary orbit. This energy is equal to the energy difference between these two orbits
and emitted or absorbed as one quantum of radiation of frequency v given by Planck’s s
hc
equation E2  E1  hv  . This is called Bohr’s frequency condition.

Conclusion
 (i) Radius of Bohr’s orbit : When mass of the nucleus is large compared to revolving
electron, then electron revolves around the nucleus in circular orbit. According to first
postulate
k ( Ze)e mV 2  1 
2
  where k   ......(1)
r r  4 0 
According to second postulate
h nh
mVr  n where n = 1,2,3,4............. (or) V  .................. (2)
2 2 mr
n2 h2
After solving the equations, radius of the orbit r 
4 2 kZme 2
 h2  n2
For nth orbit rn  . 
 ............(3)
 4 2 ke 2  mZ
For hydrogen atom Z = 1, radius of the first orbit (n = 1) is given by
r1  0.529  10  10 m ; 0.53 Å
This value is called as Bohr’s radius and the orbit is called Bohr’s orbit. In general, the
radius of the n th orbit of a hydrogen like atom is given by
 n2 
rn  0.53   Å where n  1, 2,3,....... (4)
Z 
(ii) Velocity of the Electron in the orbit :
nh
The velocity of an electron in nth orbit Vn  2 mr hence
n

2 ke 2  Z   n2h2 
Vn  .  
 nr   ..(5)
h n  4 2 kZme 2 
i.e the velocity of electron in any orbit is independent of the mass of electron. The above
equation can also be written as
  c  Z
Vn    . m / s .......... (6)
 137  n
Where ‘c’ is the speed of light in vacuum.
(iii) Time period of electron in the orbit :
Angular velocity of electron in nth orbit

Vn  0 Z 2 83 k 2 e 4 m
n   where  0  ......(7) is the angular velocity of electron in first
rn n3 h3

2 n3
Bohr’s orbit. The time period of rotation of electron in nth orbit T    ..........
n 2 0 Z 2

n3
(8) i.e T  .
Z2
The time period of rotation increases as n increases and is independent on the mass of
the electron.
(iv) Kinetic Energy of the electron in the orbit
 The kinetic energy of the electron revolving round the nucleus in nth orbit is given by
2
1 1  2 ke 2 Z 
K n  mV 2  m  . 
2 2  h n

2  2 k 2 e 4  mZ 2  mZ2
Kn  . K
 2  .......(9); n 
h2  n  n2
(v) Potential Energy of the electron in the orbit :
k(Ze)e  4  2 kmZe 2 
Un     kZe 2  2 2 
rn  n h 

4  2 k 2 e 4  mZ 2 
Un    2  ....... (10)
h2  n 
(vi)Total energy of the electron in nth orbit
Total energy of the electron in nth orbit
2 2 k 2mZ 2e 4
En  K n  Un  
n2 h2

2  2 k 2 e 4  mZ 2 
En    2  ........ (11)
h2  n 
The expression of total energy for hydrogen like atom may be simplified as
 Z2
E n  13.6 2 eV , n = 1,2,3..... (12)
n
Where -13.6 eV is the total energy of the electron in the ground state of an hydrogen atom.
From the equations (9),(10)&(11) it is clear that
PE : K.E : T.E = -2 : 1 : -1
PE KE TE
i.e  
2 1 1
A The state n = 1 is called ground state and n > 1 states are called excited states. When electron go
from lower orbit to higher orbit speed and hence kinetic energy decrease, but both potential energy
1
and total energy increases. E tells us that the energy gap between the two successive levels
n2
decreases as the value of n increases. At infinity level the total energy of the atom becomes zero.
Energy level diagram of hydrogen atom (Z = 1) for normal and excited states as shown the figure.
The energy level diagram of hydrogen like atom with atomic number Z for normal and excited
states as shown in Figure.
n= 0eV

n=5 –0.544eV
n=4 nd –0.850eV
2 excited state
n=3 –1.511eV
1sr excited state
n=2 –3.4eV

ground state
n=1 –13.6eV
A The total energy of the electron is negative implies the atomic electron is bound to the nucleus. To
remove the electron from its orbit beyond the attraction of the nucleus , energy must be required.
A The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of an atom is called its
ionization energy and it is 13.6 Z2 eV.
A In hydrogen atom the ground state energy of electron is –13.6 eV, so 13.6 eV is the ionization
energy of the Hydrogen atom.
Emission of radiation:
A When an electron jumps from higher energy level

n2 to a lower energy level n1 in stationary atom, the difference in energy is radiated as a photon
whose frequency v is given by Planck’s formula.
E n 2 E n1  h

1 1 
(or) hv  E2  E1  13.6 Z 2  2
 2  eV
.
 n1 n2 
 13.6 Z 2   
 En  
n 2
e.V  since i.e., V  1.6  1019 J hence h c  (12.8 1018 ) Z 2  12  12  J
    n1 n2 
 1 2 1 1 1 
(or) wave number v    RZ .  n 2  n 2  m
 1 2 

where R is called for “Rydberg constant”, when the nucleus is infinitely massive as compared to

the revolving electron. In other words the nucleus is considered to be stationary. The numerical
value of R is 1.097×107 m-1.
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen atom :
Electron in hydrogen atom, can be in excited state for very small time of the order of 10-8 second.
This is because in the presence of conservative force system particles always try to occupy stable
equilibrium position and hence minimum potential energy, which is least in ground state. Because
of instability, when an electron in excited state makes a transition to lower energy state, a photon
is emitted. Collection of such emitted photon frequencies is called an emission spectrum. This
is as showing in figure.
–
e
Transition
–
photon
e +
N N

Emission spectrum

n=

n=5 bluegreen P fund series

(I.R. region)
n=4 Bracket series
(I.R. region)
n=3 L Paschen series
L L  (I.R. region)
n=2 k Balmer series
k (Visible region)
k
n=1
Lyman series
(u.v. region)

The Spectral Series of Hydrogen Atom as shown in figure, are explained below.
a) Lyman Series : Lines corresponding to transition from outer energy levels n2  2, 3, 4,.......... to
first orbit (n1= 1) constitute Lyman series. The wave numbers of different lines are given by,
1 1 1 
v  R 2  2 
 1 n2 
 Line corresponding to transition from n2 = 2 to n1 = 1 is first line; its wavelength is maximum.

1 1 1  1 1 
 R  2  2   1.1107     
max 1 2  1 4  max  1212 Å Similarly transition from n2   to n1  1 gives

1 1 1 
line of minimum wavelength.  R  2  2   1.1107  
m in 1   min  912 Å

 Lyman series lies in ultraviolet region of electro magnetic spectrum.

 Lyman series is obtained in emission as well as in absorption spectrum.
b) Balmer Series: Lines corresponding to n2  3, 4, 5,........ to n1 = 2 constitute Balmer series. The

1 1 1
wave numbers of different lines are given by, v   R 2  2
 2 n2 
 Line corresponding to transition n2=3 to n1=2 is first line, wavelength corresponding to this transition
is maximum. Line corresponding to transition n2   to n1 = 2 is last line; wavelength of last line
is minimum.
1 1 1 1 1 1 
 R 2  2  max  6568Å  R 2  2 
max min m in  3636 Å
2 3  2  
 Balmer series lies in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelength of L line is
656.8 nm (red). The wavelength of L line is 486 nm (blue green). The wavelength of L  line is
434 nm (violet). The remaining lines of Balmer series closest to violet light wavelength. The
speciality of these lines is that in going from one end to other, the brightness and the separation
between them decreases regularly.
 This series is obtained only in emission spectrum. Absorption lines corresponding to Balmer series
do not exist, except extremely weakly, because very few electrons are normally in the state n = 2
and only a very few atoms are capable of having an electron knocked from the state n = 2 to higher
states. Hence photons that correspond to these energies will not be strongly absorbed. In highly
excited hydrogen gas there is possibility for detecting absorption at Balmer-line wavelengths.
c) Paschen Series: Lines corresponding to n2 = 4,5,6,.......  to n1 = 3 constitute Paschen series.
1 1
The wave number of different lines are given by v  R  2  2 
3 n2 
 Line corresponding to transition n2 = 4 to
n1 = 3 is first line, having maximum wavelength. Line corresponding to transition n2   to n1 =
3 is last line, having minimum wavelength
1 1 1
 R  2  2  
 max 3 4  max  18747Å

1  1 1 1 
 R  2    1.1  107    0 
 min 3   9 

 min  8202Å
 Paschen series lies in the infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum.
 This series is obtained only in the emission spectrum.
d) Bracket Series: The series corresponds to transitions from n2 = 5,6,7.......,  to n1 = 4. The
wave number are given by,
1 1 1
v  R 2  2 
 4 n2 

 Line corresponding to transition from n2=5 to n1=4 has maximum wavelength and n 2   to
n1 = 4 has minimum wavelength.
1 1 1
 R  2  2  
 max max  40477Å
4 5 

1 1 1 
 R  2  2  
 min 4   min  14572Å

 This series lies in the infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum.

e) Pfund Series: This series corresponds to transitions from n 2  6,7,8,....,  to n1  5 . The wave

1  1 1 
numbers are given by v  R  
2
 5
 n 22 

 Line corresponding to transition from n2 = 6 to n1 = 5 has maximum wavelength and n 2   to n1

1 1 1
= 4 has minimum wavelength.  R 2  2 
 max 5 6 

1 1 1 
  max  74563Å   R 2  2 
min 5  
 min  22768Å
 This series lies in infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum.
Note : In an atom emission transition may start from any higher energy level and end at any energy
level below of it. Hence in emission spectrum the total possible number of emission lines from
(n 2  n1 )(n 2  n1  1)
some excited state n2 to another energy state n1 ( n 2 ) is
2

n2

n1
 Note 1: for n 2  4 , and n1 = 1, the number of possible lines are 6.
Note 2 : If E is the energy difference between two given energy states, then due to transition
12400
between these two states wavelength of emitted photon is ( Å ) 
E (eV )

Limitation of Bohr’s model :

Despite its considerable achievements, the Bohr’s model has certain short coming.
 It could not interpret the details of optical spectra of atoms containing more than one electron.
 It involves the concept of orbit which could not be checked experimentally
 It could be successfully applied only to single-electron atoms (e.g., H, He+ , Li2+, etc.)
 Bohr’s model could not explain the binding of atoms into molecules.
 No justification was given for the “principle of quantization of angular momentum”.
 Bohr’s model could not explain the reason why atoms should combine to form chemical bonds
and why do the molecules become more stable on such combinations.
 Bohr had assumed that an electron in the atom is located at definite distance from the nucleus and
is revolving with a definite velocity around it. This is against the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
With the advancements in quantum mechanics, it be came clear that there are no well defined
F i n a lare clouds of negative charge.
S .Norbits; rather
e o f there M a x im u m
o N am S ta te
I n itia l S ta te F o rm u la S e rie s R e g io n w a v e le n g th
th e s e rie s (n 2 ) lim it
(n 1)
 1  4
 R  2  2
1 1 1
1. L ym an n1 = 1 2 , 3 , 4 , ... .   1 n2     9 1 1A    UV
R 3R
 1  36
 R  2  2
4
2. B a lm e r n1 = 2 3 , 4 , 5 . . . . 1 1      V i s ib le
  2 n2  R 5R
 1  144
3. Paschen n1 = 3 4 , 5 , 6 . . . . 1
 R  2  2
1   
9   N ear IR
  3 n2  R 7R
 1  400
4. B r a c k e tt n1 = 4 5 , 6 , 7 . . . . 1
 R  2 
1   
16   M id d le IR
  4 n 22  R 9R

 1  9000
5. P fu n d n1 = 5 6 , 7 , 8 . . . . 1
 R  2 
1   
25   F ar IR
  5 n 22  R 1 1R
EX. 1:
Ex-1 The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition n1  n 2 where n1 and n2 are the
principal quantum numbers of the two states. Assume the Bohr model to be valid. The time
period of the electron in the initial state is eight times that in the final state. What are the
possible values of n1 and n2 ?
3
T1 n13 n 
Sol. Since, T  n3 ; 
T2 n32 , As T1 = 8T2,  n 1   8 (or) n1 = 2n2.
 2
Thus the possible values of n1 and n2 are n1  2, n 2  1, n1  4, n 2  2, n1  6, n 2  3; and so on.
Ex-2 Find the kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy in first and second orbit of
hydrogen atom if potential energy in first orbit is taken to be zero.
Sol. E1 = -13.60eV; K1 = -E1 = 13.60eV
U1 = 2E1 = -27.20eV E 2  3.40eV K2 = 3.40eV and U2 = -6.80eV
Now, U1 = 0, i.e., potential energy has been increased by 27.20eV. So, we will increase U and E in
all energy states by 27.20eV while kinetic energy will remain unchanged.
Hence K(eV), U(eV),E(eV)
First orbit are 13.6, 0, 13.6
in Second orbit 3.40, 20.40, 23.80
Ex-3 A small particle of mass m moves in such a way that the potential energy U = ar2 where a
is a constant and r is the distance of the particle from the origin. Assuming Bohr’s model of
quantization of angular momentum and circular orbits, find the radius of nth allowed orbit.

dU
Sol. The force at a distance r is, F    2ar Suppose r be the radius of nth orbit. Then the necessary
dr

mv2
centripetal force is provided by the above [Link],  2ar -------- (i)
r
nh
Further, the quantization of angular momentum gives, mvr  -------- (ii)
2
1/ 4
 n2 h2 
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) for r, we get r 
 8am 2 

13.6Z 2
Ex-4 Consider a hydrogen-like atom whose energy in nth excited state is given by En  
n2
when this excited atom makes transition from excited state to ground state most energetic
photons have energy E max  52.224eV and least energetic photons have energy E min  1.224eV .
Find the atomic number of atom and the state of excitation.
Sol. Maximum energy is liberated for transition En  1 and minimum energy for En  En 1
E1
Hence,  E1  52.224eV ... (1)
n2
E1 E1
and n 2  (n  1)2  1.224 eV ...... (2)
Solving above equations simultaneously, we get
13.6Z 2
E1  54.4eV and n = 5 Now E1    54.4eV . Hence, Z = 2 i.e, gas is helium originally
12
excited to n = 5 energy state.
Ex-5 A hydrogen-like atom (atomic number Z) is in a higher excited state of quantum number n.
This excited atom can make a transition to the first excited state by successively emitting two
photons of energies 10.20 eV and 17.00 eV respectively. Alternatively the atom from the same
excited state can make a transition to the second excited state by successively emitting two
photons of energies 4.25 eV and 5.95 eV respectively. Determine the values of n and Z (ionization
energy of hydrogen atom = 13.6 eV)
Sol. The electronic transitions in a hydrogen-like atom from a state n2 to a lower state n1 are given by
 1 1
E  13.6Z 2  2  2  . For the transition from a higher state n to the first excited state n
 n1 n 2  1

= 2, the total energy released is (10.2 + 17.0) eV or 27.2eV. Thus E = 27.2 eV,,
n1 = 2 and n2 = n.
2 1 1 
We have 27.2  13.6Z  4  2  ...... (1)
 n 
For the eventual transition to the second excited state n1 = 3,
the total energy released is (4.25 + 5.95) eV or 10.2eV.
2 1 1 
Thus 10.2  13.6Z  9   .....(2)
 n2 

27.2 9n 2  36
Dividing the Eq. (1) by Eq. (2) we get  .
10.2 4n 2  36
Solving we get n2 = 36 or n = 6
Substituting n = 6 in any one of the above equations, we obtain Z2 = 9 (or) Z = 3,
Thus n=6 and Z=3.
Ex-6 A doubly ionized lithium atom is hydrogen like with atomic number Z = 3. Find the
wavelength of the radiation required to excite the electron in Li2+ from the first to the third
Bohr orbit. Given the ionization energy of hydrogen atom as 13.6 eV.
13.6Z 2
Sol. The energy of nth orbit of a hydrogen-like atom is given as E n  
n2
Thus for Li2+ atom, as Z = 3, the electron energies of the first and third Bohr orbits are
For n = 1,E1 = –122.4eV, for n = 3, E3 = –13.6eV.
Thus the energy required to transfer an electron from E1 level to E3 level is, E  E 3  E1
 13.6  ( 122.4)  108.8eV .
Therefore, the radiation needed to cause this transition should have photons of this energy.
hv = 108.8 eV.
hc
The wavelength of this radiation is or    114.25 Å
108.8eV
Ex-7 A hydrogen atom in a state of binding energy 0.85 eV makes a transition to a state of
excitation energy of 10.2 eV.
(i) What is the initial state of hydrogen atom?
(ii)What is the final state of hydrogen atom ?
(iii) What is the wavelength of the photon emitted ?
13.6 13.6
Sol. (i) Let n1 be initial state of electron. Then E1   eV Here E1 = - 0.85 eV, therefore 0.85   n 2
n12 1

or n1 = 4
(ii) Let n2 be the final excitation state of the electron. Since excitation energy is always measured
with respect to the ground state, therefore
 1
E  13.6 1  2  here E  10.2eV, therefore,
 n 2 

 1
10.2 = 13.6 1  n2  or n2 = 2 Thus, the electron jumps from n1 = 4 to n2 = 2.
 2 
(iii) The wavelength of the photon emitted for a transition between n1 = 4 to n2 = 2, is given by

1 1 1 1 7 1 1
 R   2  2  (or)   1.09  10  2  2  =4860Å .
  n 2 n1  2 4 

Ex-8 A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon, which excites it to the n =
4 level. Determine the wavelength and frequency of photon. To find the wavelength and
13.6
frequency of photon use the relation of energy of electron in hydrogen atom is En=  eV .
n2
Sol. For ground state n1 = 1 to n2 = 4.
Energy absorbed by photon, E = E2  E1
 1 1 
= 13.6  2  2  1.6 1019 J
 n1 n 2 

1 1  19
= 13.6   2  1.6 10
1 4 
 15 
19
= 13.6 1.6 10   = 20.4  10-19.
 16 
or E = h = 20.4  10-19
20.4 1019 20.4 1019
Frequency  = =
h 6.631034
= 3.076  1015 = 3.1  1015 Hz.
c 3108
Wavelength of photon λ = = = 9.74  10-8 m. Thus, the wavelength is 9.7  10-8 m
 3.076 1015
and frequency is 3.1  1015 Hz.
Ex-9 (a) Using the Bohr’s model calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the n
= 1, 2 and 3 levels.
(b) Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels.
Sol. (a) Speed of the electron in Bohr’s nth orbit
c 2πKe 2
 = α where, α =
v ch
c
α = 0.0073  v=  0.0073
n
c
For n = 1, v1 =  0.0073 = 3  108  0.0073 = 2.19  106 m/s
1
c 3 108  0.0073
For n = 2 v2 =  0.0073 = = 1.095  106 m/s
2 2
c 3 108  0.0073
For n = 3 v3 =  0.0073 = = 7.3  105 m/s.
3 3
2πr
(b) Orbital period of electron is given by T =
v
2
 n 2   h  4 0
Radius of nth orbit rn      2
 m   2  e

(1)2  (6.63 1034 )2

 r1 = 4  9.87  (9 10)9  9 1031  6.6 1019 ) = 0.53  10-10 m.

2πr1 2  3.14  0.53 1010

For n = 1 T1 = v = = 1.52  10-16 s
1 2.19 106
For n = 2, radius rn = n2r1
r2 = 22 .r1 = 4  0.53  10-10 m and
v1 v1 2.19 106
velocity vn=  v2 = =
n 2 2
2  3.14  4  0.53 1010  2
Time period T2 = = 1.216  10-15 s.
2.19 106
For n = 3, radius r3 = 32
r1 = 9 r1 = 9  0.53  10-10 m
v1 2.19 106
and velocity v3 = = m/s
3 3
2πr3 2  3.14  9  0.53 10-10  3
Time period T3 = v = = 4.1  10-15 s.
3 2.19 106
Ex-10 The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3  10-111 m. What are
the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?
Sol. Given, the radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen r1 = 5.3  10-111 m.
As we know that rn = n2r1
For n = 2, radius r2 = 22
r1 = 4  5.3  10-111 = 2.12  10-10 m.
For n = 3, radius r3 = 32
r1 = 9  5.3  10-111 = 4.77  10-10 m.
Ex-11 A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature.
What series of wavelength will be emitted?
Sol. Energy of electron beam E=12.5 eV
= 12.5  1.6  10-10 J
Planck’s constant h=6.63  10-34 J-s
Velocity of light c=3  108 m/s
hc 6.62 1034  3108
Using the relation E= = = 0.993  10-7 m = 993  10-10 m = 993 A0
λ 12.5 1.6 1019
This wavelength falls in the range of Lyman series (912 A0 to 1216A0)
thus, we conclude that Lyman series of wavelength 993 A0 is emitted.
Ex-12 In accordance with the Bohr’s model, find the quantum number that characterises the
earth’s revolution around the sun in an orbit of radius 1.5  10111 m with orbital speed 3  104
m/s. (Mass of earth = 6.0  1024 kg).
A. Given, radius of orbit r = 1.5  10111 m
Orbital speed v=3  104m/s;
Mass of earth M=6  1024kg
nh 2πvrm
Angulalr momentum, mvr = or n =
2π h
[where, n is the quantum number of the orbit]
2  3.14  3 104 1.5 1011  6 1024
= = 2.57  1074 or n = 2.6  1074 .
6.631034
Thus, the quantum number is 2.6  1074 which is too large. The electron would jump from n=1 to
n=3
13.6
E3 = =  1.5 eV..
32
So, they belong to Lyman series.
EFFECT OF FINITE MASS OF NUCLEUS ON BOHR’S MODEL OF AN ATOM
i) In the atomic spectra of hydrogen and hydrogen like atoms a very small deviation with Bohr’s
model results
ii) This is in the assuption that the nucleus is infinitely massive when compared to mass of eletron so
that it remains stationary during the rotation of eletron around it
iii) Infact the nucleus is not infinitely massive and hence both the nucleus and eletron revolve around
their centre of mass with same angular velocity 
 cm
M m
r2 r1
v)
Electron
Nucleus

v) let m be the mass of eletron, M be the mass of the nucleus , Z be its atomic number and r be the
separation between them. If r1 , r2 are distances of centre of mass from electron and nucleus
respectively then r1  r2  r and
Mr mr
r1  , r2 
M m M m
vi) For both the eletron and the nucleus the necessary centripetal force to revolve in circular orbits is
provided by the electrostaic force between them.

2 1 Ze2 Mr 2 1 Ze 2
i.e., mr1  ; m  
4 0 r 2 M m 4 0 r 2

Ze2
i.e.,  r 3 2  ----- (1)
4 0
Mm
where   called reduced mass
M m
vii) From Bohr’s theory of quantization of angular moentum, total angular momentum of the system
nh 2 2 nh
L  I1  I 2  ; mr1   Mr2  
2 2
M 2r 2 Mm2 r 2 nh
m 2
  2

( M  m) ( M  m) 2

mMr 2 nh 2 nh
2
( M  m)  ie  r   --- (2)
( M  m) 2 2
viii) A system of this type is equalent a single particle of mass  revolving around the position of the
heavier particle(nucleus) in an orbit of radius r.
 0 n2 h 2
From (1) and (2) r 
 z  e2
 0 n2 h 2 n2
ix) Radius of orbit of such a particle in a quantum state n is rn   rn 
 z  e2 z
  Ze 2
x) Potential energy of the system PE  and kinetic energy of the system
4 0 r
1 1 1
KE  I1 2  I 2 2   I1  I 2   2
2 2 2
1

2
 mr12  Mr22   2

1 M 2r 2 m2 r 2  2
 m  M 2 

2   M  m 2  M  m  
1 mMr 2 2 1 mM  2 2
 2
 M  m    r 
2  M  m 2 M m

1 2 2 1 Ze2  3 2 Ze2 
ie KE  r   Q r   
2 2 4 0 r  40 
 Total energy of the system (or equivalent particle of mass  ) E  PE  KE
Ze 2 Ze 2  Z  e 2 Z 2 e4
E   2 2  2 2 2
8 0 r 8 0 n h  0 8 0 n h
ie Energy of nth quantum state
-Z2  e4 mZ 2 e4 me4  Z 2  
En =    
8 02n2 h2 8 02 n2 h2  m 8 02 h2  n2 m 

 z2    Z2  M
En  13.6 2   eV  13.6 2   eV
n  m  n  M m

13.6  Z 2 
 eV
m  n 2 
1
M
The formulae for rn and En can be obtained simply by replacing m by  in the formulae for
stationary nucleus, If  is wave length of photon emitted due to transition from a quantum state
hc me 4 z 2 1  1 1 
 2 2
  2
 2
n2 to a quantum state n1 , then  8 0 h  m   n1 n2 
1  
 M 

1 me4 z 2 1  1 1 
 2 3
   
 8 0 h c  m   n12 n22 
1  
 M 
 1 R0 Z 2  1 1 
  2 2
  m   n1 n2  where R is Rydberg’s constant when the nucleus is stationary
1   0
 M 

EXCITATION BY COLLISION
i) When an atom is bombarded by particles like electron, proton, neutron,   particle etc, the loss
in KE of the system during collision may be used in excitation of the atom
ii) If loss in KE of the system during collision (during deformation phase)is less than the energy
required to excite the eletron to next higher energy state, eletron can’t be excited and the loss of
KE of the system during deformation phase again converts into KE of the system and totally
there will be no loss of KE of of the system and hence the collision is elastic
iii) If loss in KE of the system during deformation phase is more than or equal to the energy required
to excite the electron to next higher state, excitation of the electron may take place and hence
kinetic energy of the system may not be conserved hence the collision may be inelastic or even
perfectly inelastic.
iv) If loss in KE is sufficient even ionization may take [Link] though the possible loss in KE is
greater than or equal to excitation energy of electron, excitation may not take place necessarily and
hence collision may be elastic.
v) Consider a particle of mass m moving with velocity u which strikes a stationary hydrogen like
atom of mass M which is in ground state.
vi) Loss in KE will be maximum in perfectly inelastic collision. In this case if V is common velocity
mu
after collision, from conservation of linear momentum mu+0=(M+m)V  V 
M m
 Maximum possible loss in KE is
1 1
K  mu 2   M  m  V 2
2 2
1  Mm  2
i.e  K   u
2M m
vii) If E is minimum excitation energy (ex: n=1 to n=2 in ground state) and if K  E eletron can’tt
be excited hence there will be no loss of KE of the system hence the collision is elastic.
viii) If K  E the electron may get excited and the collision may be perfectly in elastic.
ix) If K  E the electron may get excited to higher energy states or even removed from the atom
and may have some kinetic energy. In this case the collision may be inelastic or may be perfectly
inelastic as there is loss in KE of the system, or even elastic if excitation dose not take place.
x) If KEmin is the minimum KE that should bepocessed by the colliding particle to excite the
electron, K  E for excitation
1 mM 2 1 M m
u  E  mu 2  E  
2 M m 2  M 
M m  m
 KEmin  E    E 1  
 M   M
In the same way we can calculate KEmin in other cases where atom is also moving using the
conservation of linear momentum.
 X-Rays :
Roentgen discovered the X-rays.
i) Most commonly x-rays are produced by the deceleration of high energy electrons bombarding a
hard metal target.
ii) The target should have
a) high atomic weight
b) high melting point
c) high thermal conductivity
iii) They are electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength. i.e., order of wavelength 0.1A° to 100A°
, order of frequency 1016Hz to 1019 Hz, order of energy 124eV to 124keV
iv) Most of the kinetic energy of electrons is converted into heat and only a fraction is used in producing
x-rays (less than 1% x - rays and more than 99% heat).
v) Intensity of x-rays depends on the number of electrons striking the target which inturn depends on
filament current.
vi) Quality of x - rays (hard /soft) depends on P.D applied to x - rays tube.
vii) high frequency x-rays are called hard x-rays
viii) low frequency x-rays are called soft x-rays
ix) Penetrating power of x-rays is a function of potential difference between cathode and target.
x) Interatomic distance in crystals is of the order of the wavelength of x-rays hence crystals diffract x-
rays.
xi) Production of x-rays is converse of photoelectric effect.
X-Ray spectrum
i) Continuous X-ray spectrum:
a) It is produced when high speed electrons are suddenly stopped by a metal target.
b) It contains all wave lengths above a minimum wavelength  m . ( continuous spectrum ) For a given
accelerating potential,  m is called cut off wave length.
c) Properties of continuous x - rays spectra are independent of nature of target metal and they depend
only on accelerating potential.
12
10 50KV
8 40KV
Intensity

6
4 30KV
2 20KV
o -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10
0
Wave length in A

d) hc 12400 0
min   A
eV V

1
min it is Duane and Hunt’s law
V
 ev
e) Maximum frequency of emitted x - ray photon is  max 
h
f) In this spectrum intensity first increases, reaches a maximum value I and then decreases.
max
g) Every spetrum starts with certian minimum wave length called limiting wave length or cut off
wave length min .
h) With the increase in target potential, min and wavelength corresponding to maximum intensity
0 shifts towards minimum wavelength side.
i) At a given potential the range of wave length of continous x - rays produced is min to  .
out put power
j) Efficiency of x - ray tube  x 100
input power
input power P = VI. Where V is P.D applied to x - ray tube I = anode current
ii) Characterstic X-ray spectrum:
12
10 K K
35KV
Intensity

8
6
4
2
min
o -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10
0
Wave length in A
a) Produced due to transition of electrons from higher energy level to lower energy level in target
atoms
b) Wavelengths of these x-rays depend only on atomic number of the target element and independent
of target potential.
c) Characteristic x-rays of an element consists of K, L,M and N series.
d) K-series of lines are obtained when transition takes place from higher levels to k shell

K L L 

K M
M

+
K
L
M
N
O
e) This spectrum is useful in identifying the elements by which they are produced.
f) Relation among the energies Ek  Ek   Ek , Ek  EL
g) Intensity of x - rays Ik  Ik  Ik
1 1 1
h) Relation among frequences k , k  and  L is  k    k   L   
 K K L
 hc he
h) E K  E L  h K   E K  E M  h K  
K K 
he
E L  E M  h L 
K 
iii) Intensity and wavelength      graph



min 0 k k


As target potential V is increased
a)  0  min  decreases
b) Wavelength of k remains constant.
c) diffrence between k and min increases
d) diffrence between k line and  k line remains constant.


e) Difference between  k    0 increases.

Moseley’s Law
i) “The square root of frequency ( v ) of the spectral line of the characteristic x-rays spectrum is
directly proportional to the atomic number(z) of the target element.
  Z or  =a(Z-b)


v


0 b=1 Z
ii) The slope(a) of  -Z curve varies from series to series and also from line to line of a given series.

 1  Z1  1  2  Z1  1 
For K series     
 2  Z2 1  1  Z 2  1 

iii) ak  ak   ak

iv) The intercept on ‘Z’ axis gives the screening constant ‘b’ and it is constant for all spectral lines in
given series but varies with the series.
b = 1 for k series ( k  , k  , k  )
b = 7.4 for L series
 1 1
1 
v) The wavelength of characteristic X-rays is given by =R(Z-b)2  n12 n22 

k 32
vi) Ratio of k and k  lines from a given target is   27
k

vii) Significance :
a) The elements must be arranged in the periodic table as per their atomic numbers but not on their
atomic weights.
b) Helped to discover new elements like masurium (43) and illinium (61) etc.
c) Decided the positions and atomic numbers of rare earth metals.
Ex-13 Electrons with de-Broglie wavelength  fall on the target in an X-ray tube. The cut-offf
wavelength of emitted X-rays is
2mc 2 2h
A) 0  B) 0 
h mc
2m2 c 2  3
C) 0  D) 0  
h2
2
hc Pe2  h /   h2
Sol.  KE e   
0 2me 2me 2m 2

2mC  2
 0 
h
Ex-14 In coolidge tube the potential difference of electron gun is increased from 12.4 KV to 24.8
KV. As a result the value of K  C increase two fold. The wave length of K line is ( C 
cut off wave length)
A) 1A0 B) 0.5A0 C) 1.5A0 D) 1.25A0
Sol. conceptual
Ex-15 Wavelength the K X-ray of on element A is 1 and wavelength of K X-ray element B is
1 1
2 .
2 is equal to 4 and Z1 & Z2 are atoms number of A and B respectively then
A) 2Z2-Z1=1 B) Z2-2Z1=1
Z2 Z1
C) Z  4 D) Z  4
1 2

1
  2 Z 1
Sol.  2   1
 1  Z2 1
Ex-16 An X-ray tube produces a continuous spectrum of radiation with its short-wavelength
end at 0.45A 0. What is the maximum energy of a photon in the radiation? (b) From your
answer to (a), guess what order of accelerating voltage (for electrons) is required in such a
tube?
Sol. a) min  0.45A0
hc 12431
Emax  h max    27624.44eV  27.624 KeV
min 0.45
27.6keV
b) The minimum accelerating voltage for electrons is  27.6kV
e
i.e. of the order of 30 kV
Ex-17 The wavelength of the characteristics X-ray K line emitted from zinc (Z=30) is 1.415A0.
Find the wavelength of the K line emitted from molybdenum (Z=42).
Sol. According to Moseley’s law, the frequency for K series is given by
2
v   Z  1
c 2 1 2
or   Z  1 or  k  Z  1 ...(3.6)
 
Where k is a constant. Let  ' be the wavelength of K line emitted from molybdenum, then
1 2
 k  Z  1 ...  3.7 
'
Dividing (3.6) and (3.7) we get
2 2
 Z 1   30  1  0 0
'     1.415 A  0.708 A
 Z ' 1   42  1 
Ex-18 If the short series limit of the Balmer series for hydrogen is 3644A0, find the atomic
number of the element which give X-ray wavelengths down to 1A0. Identify the element
Sol. If short series limit of the Balmer series is corresponding to transition n   to n  2 which is
given by
1  1 1  R 4 4 1


 R 2  2  
2   4
or R 


3644
 A0 

The shortest wavelength corresponds to n   to n=1. Therefore c is given as

1 2 1 1 
 R  Z  1  2  2  or
c 1  
2 1 1 3644
 Z  1  
4
  911
c R 1 4
0
1A 
3644
A 
0

or Z-1 = 30.2 or Z=31.2 ; 31

Thus the atomic number of the element is 31 which is gallium.
Ex-19 A material whose K absorption edge is 0.2A0 is irradiated by X-rays of wavelength 0.15A0.
Find the maximum energy of the photoelectrons that are emitted from the K shell.
Sol. The binding energy for k shell in eV is
hc 12431
Ek   eV  62.155 KeV
k 0.2
The energy of the incident photon in eV is
hc
12431
E   82.873KeV
 0.15
Therefore, the maximum energy of the photoelectrons emitted from the K shell is
Emax  E  Ek  82.873  62.155 KeV
= 20.718 KeV
Ex-20 The wavelength of K X-rays produced by a X-ray tube is 0.76A0. What is the atomic
number of the anode material of the tube?
Sol. K X-rays are produced when an electron makes a transition from n=2 to n=1 to fill a vacancy in
K-shell. The wavelength of X-ray lines is given by
1 2  1 
  Z  1  2  2   3 R  Z  1 2
 K 1 2  4

2 4 4
or  Z  1  3R 
3  1.097  10    0.76  1010 
7
 1599.25
K

or (Z-1)2=1600 or Z-1=40 or Z=41

Ex-21 The K-absorption edge of an unknown element is 0.171A0
a) Identify the element
b) Find the average wavelengths of the K , K  & K  lines.
c) If a 100 eV electron strike the target of this element, what is the minimum wavelength of
the X-ray emitted?
Sol. From Moseley’s law, the wavelength of k series of X-rays is given by taking   1 in modified in
rydberg’s formula given as
1 2 1 
 R  Z  1 1  2  for K lines where, n=2,3,4,...
  n 
a) For K-absorption edge, we put n   , in above expression gives

1 1
 Z  1  or Z   1  74
R  0.17110 1.097 10 
10 7

The element is Tungsten

 1 2  1
b) For K line :   R  74  1 1  22 
K  
0
K  0.228 A

1 2  1
For K  line :   R  74  1 1  32 
K

0
K  0.192 A

1 2  1
For K  line :   R  74  1 1  42 
K  
0
K  0.182 A
c) The shortest wavelength corresponding to an electron with kinetic energy 100 eV is given by
hc 12431 0 0
c   A  124.31 A
E 100
Ex-22 IIn Millikan’s oil drop experiment an oil drop of radius r and charge Q is held in equilibrium
between the plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor when the potential difference is V. To
keep another drop of same oil whose radius is 2r and carrying charge 2Q in equilibrium
between the plates, find the new potential difference required.
QE

V=0
Sol. Since drop is at rest QE = mg
mg

3
V 4 3 r3 V2 r  Q
2 1
Q  r g ; V 
Q
; V  r  Q
d 3 1  1 2

V2 1
 8 ;  V2  4V
V 2
Ex-23 A charged oil drop of charge q is falling under gravity with terminal velocity v in the
absence of electric field. A electric field can keep the oil drop stationary. If the drop acquires
an additional charge, it moves up with velocity 3v in that field. Find the new charge on the
drop.
Sol. In the absence of electric field
6RV

V
mg  6 RV  (1)

mg
when electric field is applied
qE

V = 0
mg  qE  (2)

mg

If q1 = new charge and drop is moving up then

1
q E

3V
1
q E  mg  3  6 RV  (3) mg

6R3V

q1 E  4 mg  4 qE  q1  4 q

Ex-24 In Millikan’s method of determining the charge of an electron, the terminal velocities of
oil drop in the presence and in the absence of an electric field are xcm/s upwards and y cm/
s downwards respectively. Find the ratio of electric force to gravitational force on the oil
drop. (Neglect Buoyancy)
Sol. In Gravitational field, weight = viscous force
W  6 ry........(1)
In electric field,
Electric force = weight + viscous force
Eq  W  6 rx ...........(2)

Substitute (1) in (2) then Eq6r(yx)...........(3)

Electric force x y

Gravitational force y
Ex-25 In a Millikan’s experiment an oil drop of radius 1.5 x 10-6 m and density 890 kg/m3 is held
stationary between two condenser plates 1.2 cm apart and kept at a p.d of 2.3 kV. If upthrust
due to air is ignored, then the number of excess electrons carries by the drop will be
V 4 4 d
Sol Eq = mg; .ne   r 3 . g ; n    r 3  g
d 3 3 Ve
4   3.375  1018  890  9.8  1.2  102
n 
3 2.3  103  1.6  1019
n; 4
Ex-25 A charged oil drop is of charge q is falling freely under gravity in the absence of electric
field with a velocity ‘v’. It is held stationary in an electric field, as it acquires a charge it
moves up with a velocity ‘3v. Now the charge on the drop is
Sol mg  6 r , Eq = mg
Eq1  mg  6 r (3 ) , Eq1 = Eq + 3Eq
Eq1 = 4Eq  q1 = 4q

Ex-26 A charged oil drop falls with a terminal velocity V in the absence of electric field. An
electric field E keeps the oil drop stationary in it. When the drop acquires a charge ‘q’ it
moves up with same velocity. Find the initial charge on the drop.
Sol mg  6 r ,Eq = mg
E(Q+q) = mg + 6 r ,E( Q+q) = 2EQ
Q + q = 2Q  q = Q

Ex-27 Two oil drops in Millikan’s experiment are falling with terminal velocities in the ratio
1:4. The ratio of their de-Broglie wave length is
Sol T  r 2 r  VT

r1 V 1 m1 1
 1  
r2 V2 2 m2 8

1 m2 2 8 4
  .  . = 32 : 1
2 m1 1 1 1
Ex-28   particles are projected towards the nuclei of the different metals, with the same
kinetic energy. The distance of closest approach is minimum for
1) Cu(Z=29) 2) Ag(Z=47)
3) Au(Z=79) 4) Pd(Z=46)

Sol.. r  1 q1 q 2
 r q 2
4  0 ( K E )
Ex-29: In Rutherford experments on   ray scattering the number of particles scattered at 900
be 28 per minute. Then the number of particles scattered per minute by the same foil but at
600 are
1) 56 2) 112 3) 60 4) 120
1
N
 
Sol..No. of particles scattered at angle  is sin4  
 2

Ex-30 For a given impact parameter (b), if the energy increase then the scattering angle   
will
1) Decrease 2) increase
3) become zero 4) become
1
N
Sol..  
sin 4  
2
Ex-31 Find the frequency of revolution of the electron in the first stationary orbit of H-atom
1) 6 1014 Hz 2) 6.6  1010 Hz 3) 6.6  1010 Hz 4) 6.6  1015 Hz

2 r 3  108
Sol.. T  where V  ; r  0.53  10 10 m
V 137

Ex-32 Let the potential energy of a hydrogen atom in the ground state be zero. Then its energy
in the first excited state will be
1) 10.2eV 2) 13.6eV 3) 23.8eV 4) 27.2eV
27.2
Sol.. P.E2 =   27.2 =20.4 eV
4
K .E1  13.6 eV , K .E2  3.4 eV
T .e2  20.4  3.4  23.8 eV
Ex-33 According to bohr model, the diameter of first orbit of hydrogen atom will be
1) 1.A0 2) 0.529A0 3) 2.25A0 4) 0.725A0

0
Sol..Diameter  2r0 =2 x 0.529 =1.058 A
Ex-34 The energy required to excite an electron from n=2 to n=3 energy state is 47.2 e V. The
charge number of the nucleus, around which the electron revolving will be
1) 5 2) 10 3)15 4) 20

13.6 Z 2 13.6 Z 2
Sol. . A E  E3  E2    47.2
4 9
Z ?

Ex-35 An orbital electron in the ground state of hydrogen has the magnetic moment 1 .This
orbital electron is excited to 3rd excited state by some energy transfer to the hydrogen atom.
The new magnetic moment of the electron is 2 , then
1) 1  2 2 2) 21   2 3) 161   2 4) 41   2

qv
Sol. .   niA  iA ,   r 2
2r

z n2
Mvr where v & r n
n z
Ex-36 When an electron in the hydrogen atom in ground state absorbs a photon of energy 12.1
eV, its angular momenturm
1) decreases by 2.11 1034 J  s
2) decreases by 1.055  1034 J  s
3) increases by 2.11 1034 J  s
4) increases by 1.055  1034 J  s
Sol. . After absorbing a photon of energy 12.1 eV electron jumps from ground state (n=1)
to second excited state (n=3).Therefore change in angular momentum L  L3  L1

 h  h h
 3  
 2  2 
6.6 1034
 J  s  2.111034 J  s
3.14
Ex-37 A neutron moving with a speed v makes a head on collision with a hydrogen atom in
ground state kept at rest. The minimum kinetic energy of neutron for which inelastic collision
will take place is (assume that mass of proton is nearly equal to the mass of neutron)
1) 10.2 eV 2) 20.4eV 3) 12.1eV 4) 16.8ev
Sol. . Let v=speed of neutron before collision
v1= speed of neutron after collision
v2= speed of proton or hydrogen atom after collision and  E=energy of exitation.
From conservation of linear momentum
mv  mv1  mv2 ....(1)
 From conservation of energy
1 2 1 2 1 2
mv  mv1  mv2  E ....(2)
2 2 2
from 1 and 2As v1  v2 must be real
E
v2  4 0
m
1 2
 mv  2 E  2 10.2  20.4 eV
2
Ex-38. An electron in hydrogen atom after absorbing an energy photon jumps from energy state
n1to n2. Then it returns to ground state after emitting six different wavelengths in emission
spectrum. The energy of emitted photons is either equal to, less than or greater than the
absor bed photons. T hen n 1 and n2 are
1) n2  4, n1  3 2) n2  5, n2  3
3) n2  4, n1  2 4) n2  4, n1  1
Sol. . From n2  4, six lines are obtained in emission spectrum. Now: E4 2  Eabsorbed
E43  Eabsorbed and E41E31 , E21  Eabsorbed
Hence, n1  2 and n2  4
Ex-39. The figure shows energy levels of a certain atom, when the system moves from level 2E
to E, a photon of wavelength  is emitted. The wavelength of photon produced during its
transition from level 4/3 E to E level is:

2E

(4/3)E

1) 3  2)3/4  3)  /4 4)2 
hc hc 4 E
Sol. .  2E  E  E 1 ;  E  E  2
1 2 3 3

2 E 3
 
1 E 1
3
Ex-40 When the electron in hydrogen atom jumps from the second orbit to the first orbit, the
wavelength of the radiation emitted is  . When the electron jumps from the third to the first
orbit, the wavelength of the radiation emitted is
9 4 27 32
1)  2)  3)  4) 
4 9 32 27

21 1 1 
Sol. .  RZ  2
 2 
  n1 n 2 
Ex-41. An electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition n1  n2, where n1 and n2 are principal
quantum numbers of the states. Assume the Bohr’s model to be valid. The time period of the
n1
elctron in the initial states is eight times to that of final state. What is ratio of n
2

1) 8:1 2) 4:1 3) 2:1 4) 1:2

Sol. . Time period of revolution of electron in the nth orbit is T  n 3
Ex-42. Let  1be the frequency of the series limit of the Lyman series and  2 be the frequency of
the first line of the Lyman series and  3 be the frequency of the series limit of Balmar series,
then
1)  1-  2=  3 2)  2-  1=  3
3) 2  3=  1+  2 4)  1+  2=  3

Sol. . 1  R  1  1 
 2  s e r i e s li m i t f o r ly m a n s e r i e s
 1  2 
1  1 1 
 R  2  s e r i e s f o r ly m a n f i r s t li n e
  12 2 
1  1 1 
 R  s e r i e s li m i t f o r b a lm e r s e r i e s
  2 2
 2 

n
r 
Ex-43. In hydrogen atom, the radius of nth Bohr orbit is Vn . The graph between log   and
r
 1
log n will be
2)
1) r 
r  log  n 
log  n 
 r1   r1 

log n log n

3) 4)
r  r 
log  n  log  n 
 r1   r1 

log n log n
Sol. . rn  n 2
Ex-44. An energy of 24.6 eV is required to remove one of the electrons from a neutral helium
atom. The energy (In eV) required to remove both the electrons from a neutral helium atom
is : [ JEE’95, 01 ]
1) 38.2 2) 49.2 3) 51.8 4) 79.0
Sol. . A fter removing one electron He+ becomes hydrogen like and energy required to remove
the second electron
 13.6  Z 2 
 0   13.6  4  54.4eV
 n2 
 energy required to remove both the electrons  24.6  54.4  79.0eV
Ex-45. The frequency of the first line in Lyman series in the hydrogen spectrum is n. What is the
frequency of the corresponding line in the spectrum of doubly ionized Lithium ?
1) n 2) 3 n 3) 9 n 4) 27 n
2

Z 
Sol. . E = 13.6  2 
n 

13.6(1)2 13.6(1)2
 EH = (1)2
– ( 2) 2
= 10.2 eV = h

13.6(3)2 13.6(3)2
ELi = (1)2
– ( 2) 2
=91.80eV=h(9)

Ex-46. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from an excited state to the ground
state. Which following statements is true?
1) Its kinetic energy increases and its potential and total energies decrease
2) Its kinetic energy decreases, potential energy increases and its total energy remains the same
3) Its kinetic and total energies decrease and its potential energy increases
4) Its kinetic, potential and total energies decrease

13.6 z 2
Sol. . Kinetic energy (K.E.) = eV
n2

 2(13.6) z 2
Potential (P.E.) = eV
n2

 13.6 z 2
Total energy (T.E.) = eV
n2
When an electron in H–atom makes a transition from an excited state to the ground state, value of
n decreases, hence K.E. increases and its P.E. & T.E. decrease.
Ex-47. Three photons coming from excited atomic-hydrogen sample are picked up. Their
energies are 12.1eV, 10.2eV and 1.9eV. These photons must come from
1) a single atom 2) two atoms
3) three atoms 4) either two atoms or three atoms

Sol. 12.1 = E(n = 3) – E (n = 1)

10.2 = E(n = 2) – E (n = 1)
1.9 = E(n = 3) – E (n = 2)
At least two atoms must be involved as there can not be two transitions from same level from same
atom.
Ex-48. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. Hydrogen atoms in the ground state
are excited by electromagnetic radiation of energy 12.1 eV. How many spectral lines will be
emitted by the hydrogen atoms?
1) one 2) two 3) three 4) four

Sol. . 12.1 eV radiation will excite a hydrogen atom in ground state to n = 3 state.
 number of possible transitions = nC1 = 3C1 = 3.

Ex-49. The wavelength of the first line in balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum is  . What is
the wavelength of the second line :

20 3 5 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
27 16 36 4

1  1 1 49
Sol. . =R  –   1 =
1 4 9 5R

1 1 1 
similarly 2 = R  4 – 42 
16 16 5 20
 2 = 3R
= 3
× 49
= 27

Ex-50. An electron with kinetic energy 5 eV is incident on a hydrogen atom in its ground state.
The collision
1) must be elastic 2) may be partially elastic
3) must be completely inelastic 4) may be completely inelastic
Sol. . 5eV electron cannot excite a hydrogen atom and hence there will be no loss of [Link]
hence the collision is elastic.