🔹 Fill in the Blanks (10)

1. A solution that contains two components is called a binary solution.

2. The unit of molality is mol kg⁻¹.
3. Mole fraction is a dimensionless quantity.
4. Henry’s law relates the solubility of a gas with its pressure.
5. The component present in the largest quantity in a solution is called the solvent.
6. Raoult’s law applies to ideal solutions.
7. The unit of molarity is mol L⁻¹.
8. The boiling point of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.
9. The depression in freezing point is directly proportional to the molality of the solution.
10. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property.

🔹 True or False (10)

1. Solutions can only be made of liquids. — False

2. Mole fraction of all components in a solution adds up to 1. — True
3. Henry’s law constant is same for all gases. — False
4. Molarity is independent of temperature. — False
5. Molality depends on the mass of solvent. — True
6. Ideal solutions follow Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration. — True
7. Azeotropes can be separated by simple distillation. — False
8. Osmotic pressure increases with temperature. — True
9. Vapour pressure increases on adding a non-volatile solute. — False
10. Boiling point elevation depends on the number of solute particles. — True

🔹 Answer in One Sentence (10)

1. What is a binary solution?

→ A solution consisting of two components is called a binary solution.
2. What is molality?
→ Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
3. What is Henry’s Law?
→ It states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas.
4. Define mole fraction.
→ It is the ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles in
the solution.
5. What is an ideal solution?
→ An ideal solution obeys Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration.
6. What is the unit of molarity?
→ The unit is mol L⁻¹.
 7. Define vapour pressure.
→ It is the pressure exerted by the vapour in equilibrium with its liquid at a given
temperature.
8. What are colligative properties?
→ These are properties that depend on the number of solute particles, not their nature.
9. What is osmosis?
→ The movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from dilute
to concentrated solution.
10. What is an azeotrope?
→ A mixture that boils at a constant temperature and has the same composition in liquid
and vapour phase.

🔹 Answer in Brief (10)

1. Explain Raoult’s law.

→ Raoult’s law states that the partial vapour pressure of a component in a solution is
proportional to its mole fraction.
2. What is the difference between molality and molarity?
→ Molality is moles of solute per kg of solvent; molarity is moles per litre of solution.
3. What are ideal solutions?
→ Ideal solutions obey Raoult’s law and have no enthalpy or volume change on mixing.
4. What causes positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
→ It occurs when A-B interactions are weaker than A-A or B-B interactions, increasing
vapour pressure.
5. What is Henry’s law constant?
→ It is the proportionality constant relating gas solubility and its partial pressure.
6. Why is molality preferred over molarity in temperature changes?
→ Molality is based on mass and is independent of temperature, unlike molarity.
7. How is osmotic pressure calculated?
→ It is given by π = CRT, where C is molarity, R is the gas constant, and T is
temperature.
8. Define depression in freezing point.
→ It is the lowering of a solvent’s freezing point when a non-volatile solute is added.
9. What is reverse osmosis?
→ The process in which pressure is applied to reverse the natural flow of solvent through
a semipermeable membrane.
10. How do you calculate mole fraction?
→ Mole fraction = (moles of component) / (total moles of all components).

🔹 Short Notes (5)

 1. Henry’s Law
→ States that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial
pressure. Important in carbonated drinks and scuba diving.
2. Colligative Properties
→ Properties that depend on the number of solute particles: relative lowering of vapour
pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.
3. Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
→ Ideal solutions obey Raoult’s law with no enthalpy or volume change. Non-ideal ones
show deviations due to differences in intermolecular forces.
4. Mole Fraction
→ A dimensionless unit expressing the ratio of moles of one component to the total
moles in a solution.
5. Reverse Osmosis
→ A method of purifying water by applying pressure to force water through a
semipermeable membrane, leaving impurities behind.

🔹 Match the Following (1)

Column A Column B
Molality mol/kg
Mole Fraction Dimensionless
Osmosis Semipermeable Membrane

Solubility ∝ Pressure
Raoult’s Law Ideal Solutions
Henry’s Law

Answers:
Molality → mol/kg
Mole Fraction → Dimensionless
Osmosis → Semipermeable Membrane

Henry’s Law → Solubility ∝ Pressure

Raoult’s Law → Ideal Solutions

🔹 Exercise Answers

Here are the answers to the in-text questions from the PDF:

1.1
Mass % of benzene = (22 / 144) × 100 = 15.28%
Mass % of CCl₄ = (122 / 144) × 100 = 84.72%
1.2
Mole fraction of benzene = 30 g / 78 = 0.3846 mol
CCl₄ = 70 g / 154 = 0.4545 mol
Total = 0.8391
x_benzene = 0.3846 / 0.8391 = 0.4584

1.3
(a) Molar mass = 291 g/mol; Moles = 30/291 = 0.103 mol; Molarity = 0.103/4.3 = 0.0239 M
(b) Using dilution formula: M₁V₁ = M₂V₂; M₂ = (0.5×30)/500 = 0.03 M

1.4
Molality = 0.25 mol/kg × 2.5 kg = 0.625 mol
Mass = 0.625 × 60 = 37.5 g of urea

1.5
(a) Molality = (20 / 166) / (1000×0.8) = approx. 0.150 m
(b) Molarity = (20 / 166) × (1 / (850/1000)) = approx. 0.141 M
(c) Mole fraction = moles KI / (moles KI + moles water) = approx. 0.0152

1. Explain the factors affecting the solubility of a solid in a liquid.

The solubility of a solid in a liquid depends on the nature of the solute and solvent, temperature, and
pressure. Polar solutes generally dissolve in polar solvents, and non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents
—this is summarized as “like dissolves like.” Temperature significantly influences solubility; in
endothermic dissolution processes, solubility increases with temperature, while in exothermic ones, it
decreases. Pressure, however, has negligible effect on solids in liquids because solids and liquids are
incompressible. The state of dynamic equilibrium between dissolution and crystallisation determines the
saturation point.

2. Describe the significance of Henry’s Law in real-life applications.

Henry’s Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of
the gas over the liquid. This principle is crucial in industries like carbonated beverages, where CO₂ is
dissolved under high pressure. It's also important for scuba divers, as increased pressure under water
increases gas solubility in blood, and rapid ascent can cause gas bubbles leading to decompression
sickness or “the bends.” In high altitudes, lower oxygen pressure leads to lower oxygen levels in blood,
causing altitude sickness or anoxia.

3. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal solutions with examples.

Ideal solutions strictly obey Raoult’s Law across all concentrations and show no enthalpy or volume
change during mixing (ΔH_mix = 0, ΔV_mix = 0). Their intermolecular interactions between components
(A-B) are similar to those within each component (A-A, B-B). Examples include benzene and toluene or
n-hexane and n-heptane. Non-ideal solutions deviate from Raoult’s Law. Positive deviation occurs when
A-B interactions are weaker (e.g., ethanol + acetone), and negative deviation when A-B interactions are
stronger (e.g., acetone + chloroform). These deviations cause changes in vapour pressure and may lead
to azeotrope formation.

4. How does the addition of a non-volatile solute affect the properties of a

solvent?

When a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent, it causes several changes in the solvent’s
properties. Firstly, the vapour pressure of the solvent decreases because solute particles occupy surface
area, reducing solvent evaporation. This leads to a rise in boiling point (boiling point elevation) and a
drop in freezing point (freezing point depression). Additionally, the solution exhibits osmotic pressure.
These changes are collectively called colligative properties and depend on the number of solute
particles, not their nature. This principle is used in applications such as antifreeze preparation and food
preservation.

5. What is reverse osmosis and how is it useful in water purification?

Reverse osmosis is the process in which water molecules are forced through a semipermeable
membrane from a concentrated solution to a dilute one by applying pressure greater than the osmotic
pressure. This technique removes dissolved salts and impurities from water, making it useful for
desalination and purification. It is commonly used in water purifiers and in producing drinking water
from seawater. The membranes used are selective, allowing only water to pass while retaining
contaminants. Reverse osmosis is energy-efficient and essential in areas lacking access to fresh water.
🔹 Key Concepts to Master (Useful for Subjective + Objective)

1. Types of Solutions

 Homogeneous mixtures.
 Classification based on solute and solvent: solid, liquid, gas combinations.
 Table 1.1 is important—match the following style questions in JEE, short notes for boards.

2. Concentration Terms (Very Important)

✅ Focus on formulas + units

Term Formula Unit

Mass % (w/w) (Mass of solute / Total mass of solution) × 100 %

Volume % (v/v) (Volume of solute / Total volume of solution) × 100 %

Mass by volume % (w/v) (Mass of solute / Volume of solution) × 100 %

Parts per million (ppm) (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 10⁶ ppm

Mole fraction (x) n₁ / (n₁ + n₂) No units

Molarity (M) Moles of solute / Volume of solution in L mol/L

Molality (m) Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg mol/kg

➡️Boards: Define and derive.

➡️JEE: Application-based numericals.

3. Solubility

 Solid in liquid: Depends on nature, temperature (Le Chatelier’s principle), not pressure.
 Gas in liquid: Depends on temperature (↓ with temp), pressure (↑ with pressure).

4. Henry’s Law
  Formula: p=KH⋅xp = K_H \cdot xp=KH⋅x
 Applications:
o Soda bottles
o Scuba diving
o Altitude sickness (anoxia)

➡️JEE: Numericals and concept-based MCQs

➡️Boards: State and explain the law, give examples.

5. Raoult’s Law

 Formula (ideal solution):

o p1=x1p10p_1 = x_1 p_1^0p1=x1p10, p2=x2p20p_2 = x_2 p_2^0p2=x2p20
o ptotal=p1+p2p_{\text{total}} = p_1 + p_2ptotal=p1+p2
 Deviations:
o Positive: Weak A–B interaction (e.g., ethanol-acetone)
o Negative: Strong A–B interaction (e.g., acetone–chloroform)
 Azeotropes: Cannot be separated by distillation.

➡️JEE: MCQs on graphs, pressure calculations.

➡️Boards: Long answer on law, deviation, and azeotropes.

6. Colligative Properties (Very High Yield)

📌 Must Know All 4:

Property Key Formula

Relative lowering of vapour pressure Δpp0=x2\frac{\Delta p}{p_0} = x_2p0Δp=x2

Elevation in boiling point ΔTb=Kb⋅m\Delta T_b = K_b \cdot mΔTb=Kb⋅m

Depression in freezing point ΔTf=Kf⋅m\Delta T_f = K_f \cdot mΔTf=Kf⋅m

Osmotic pressure Π=CRT\Pi = CRTΠ=CRT

 Applications: Determination of molar mass.

 JEE loves numerical & concept questions here.
 Boards ask definitions, derivations, and applications.

7. Abnormal Molar Mass & van’t Hoff Factor

  Association: i < 1 (e.g., acetic acid in benzene)
 Dissociation: i > 1 (e.g., NaCl in water)
 Modified formulas: Add “i” in colligative property equations.

➡️JEE: Trick-based questions using i.

➡️Boards: Explanation and application in molar mass derivation.

🔹 Preparation Tips for Both Boards & JEE

✅ Boards:

 Focus on derivations, definitions, and reasoning.

 Practice previous year board questions.
 Be thorough with examples and diagrams.

✅ JEE:

 Practice numericals daily.

 Learn to apply concepts to MCQs and eliminate options.
 Focus on tricky concepts: mole fraction relations, i factor, Raoult’s Law graphs, and osmotic
pressure units.

🔹 Summary: What to Memorize vs Understand

Memorize Understand & Apply

Definitions (solution types, laws) Formulas & their derivations

Units of concentration terms Deviations from Raoult’s law

Values of Kf, Kb (for common solvents) Henry’s law application

Examples of ideal/non-ideal solutions Concept of van’t Hoff factor