Aim of the project
THIS PROJECT AIMS TO INVESTIGATE THE
RELATION BETWEEN THE RATIO OF-
1. INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE
2. NUMBER OF TURNINGS IN SECONDARY
COIL AND PRIMARY COIL OF A SELF MADE
TRANSFORMER
priNcipLe
IT IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
MUTUAL INDUCTION i.e., IF A VARYING
CURRENT IS SET-UP IN A CIRCUIT THEN
INDUCED EMF IS PRODUCED IN THE
NEIGHBOURING CIRCUIT. THE VARYING
CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT PRODUCES
VARYING MAGNETIC FLUX WHICH
INDUCES EMF IN THE NEIGHBOURING
CIRCUIT.
iNtroDUctioN AND WorKiNG
A transformer is a device used in the power
transmission of electric energy. The
transmission current is AC. It is commonly
used to increase or decrease the supply
voltage without a change in the frequency
of AC between circuits. The transformer
works on the basic principles of
electromagnetic induction and mutual
induction
theory of trANsformer
1. PARTS OF TRANSFORMERS
Core- this is the support to the transformer
and is responsible for or providing a low
reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux.
On this core, winding off of wire is done.
• The core is composed of soft iron for the sake
of reduction of the losses
• The diameter of the core is proportional to the
losses
The primary and the secondary coil- The coils
are wrapped around the transformer’s core.
These coils are made up of copper to minimise
the losses since copper is highly conductive.
There are two types of coils-
• Primary coil: Denoted by NP (number of turns
essentials of the primary coil). It is here that
the input is given.
• Secondary coil: Denoted by NS (number of
turns of the secondary coil). It is here that the
output is received.
It is important to note that the presence of
insulation is crucial to separate the primary
coil from the secondary coil; insulating oils,
insulating tapes, insulating papers, or wood-
based lamination is used for the same.
2. WORKING
Transformer works on the principle of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
and mutual induction. The two coils that are
the primary coil and the secondary coil, are
separated by the laminating material and are
found on the transformer’s core.
When an alternating current, AC, is passed
through the primary coil, the input coil creates
a change in magnetic flux. As stated by
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
the change in magnetic flux induces an EMF,
and an Is produced in the secondary output
coil through the means of mutual induction.
EP = – NP dΦ/dt
ES = -NS dΦ/dt
AC voltage obtained across secondary VS =
ES NS
AC voltage obtained across primary VP = EP
NP
VS = (NS/ NP) VP
IS = (NP/NS) IP
Where VP is the Primary Voltage
VS is the Secondary Voltage
IS current through the secondary coil
IP current through the primary coil
NP is the Number of Primary coil
NS is the Number of Secondary coil
EP emf induced across the primary coil
EP emf induced across the secondary coil
Φ is the Flux Linkage
The above relations are based upon the
following three assumptions-
• Primary current and resistance are small
• Tiny flux links both the primary and
secondary coil
• The secondary current is small
In actual transformers, small energy losses
occur due to the following aspects-
• Flux Leakage- some amount of flux is always
leaked, as there is no complete transfer of flux
from primary to secondary
• Resistance of the coils- because of resistance
and heat dissipation, some energy is lost
• Eddy Currents- the alternating magnetic flux
leads to the production of Eddy Currents in the
iron core and causes heating. This loss can be
minimised if laminated iron core is used
• Hysteresis- because of repeated reversion of
alternating current and magnetic field, the
core gets magnetised, leading to the
expenditure of energy in the core in the form
of heat.
3. TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
Commonly used transformer types, depending on
the voltage, are classified as follows:
• Step-up Transformer: They are used between
the power generator and the power grid. The
secondary output voltage is higher than the
input voltage.
• Step-down Transformer: These transformers
are used to convert high-voltage primary
supply to low-voltage secondary output.
4. STEP- UP TRANSFORMER
A step up transformer has more turns in the
secondary winding than the primary. It raises
the output voltage and lowers the current,
keeping power ideally constant. The symbol
typically shows the secondary coil with more
windings.
5. STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
A step down transformer features more turns
in the primary winding than the secondary,
reducing voltage but increasing current. The
electrical energy delivered remains almost
unchanged for an ideal transformer.
iLLUstrAtioN
AppArAtUs reQUireD
IRON ROD
COPPER
WIRE
VOLTMETER
AMMETER
Uses of trANsformers
Transformers are used in a variety of applications,
including power generation, transmission and
distribution, lighting, audio systems, and electronic
equipment.
• Power generation: Transformers are used in power
plants to increase the voltage of the electricity
generated by the plant before it is sent to the grid.
• Transmission and distribution: Transformers are
used in the transmission and distribution of
electricity to increase or decrease the voltage of
electricity as it is sent from power plants to homes
and businesses.
• Lighting: Transformers are used in lighting systems
to decrease the voltage of electricity before it is sent
to light bulbs.
• Audio systems: Transformers are used in audio
systems to increase or decrease the voltage of
electricity before it is sent to speakers.
• Electronic equipment: Transformers are used in a
variety of electronic devices, including computers,
TVs, radios, and cell phones.
Transformers are a vital part of the electrical grid and
are used in a variety of applications to ensure that
electricity is delivered safely and efficiently.
precAUtioNs
1. KEEP YOURSELF SAFE FROM HIGH
VOLTAGE
2. WHILE TAKING THE READINGS OF
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE THE AC
SHOULD REMAIN CONSTANT
3. AVOID FLUX LEAKAGE
4. USE PROPER WINDING OF WIRES OVER
THE CORES
soUrces of error
1. VALUES OF CURRENT CAN BE
CHANGED DUE TO HEATING EFFECT.
2. EDDY CURRENT CAN CHANGE THE
READINGS.
BiBLioGrAphy
1. CLASS 12 NCERT TEXTBOOK
2. ASHISH ARORA PHYSICS BOOK
3. CENGAGE PHYSICS
4. GOOGLE WEBSTES FOR IMAGES