1.
Inheritance
Inheritance allows a class to acquire properties and methods of another class.
It supports code reusability and method overriding.
Types: Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical.
Example: class Dog extends Animal.
2. Polymorphism
Polymorphism means many forms.
Types: Compile-time (overloading), Runtime (overriding).
It increases flexibility and extensibility.
3. Array
Array stores similar data types.
Types: Single and Multidimensional arrays.
Array index starts from 0.
4. Dynamic Array
Dynamic arrays can change size at runtime.
ArrayList is a dynamic array in Java.
5. Operators
Operators perform operations on operands.
Types include Arithmetic, Logical, Relational, Assignment, Shift, Ternary.
6. Shift Operators
<< left shift, >> right shift, >>> unsigned right shift.
Used in low-level programming.
7. Conditional Constructs
if, if-else, nested if, else-if ladder, switch, ternary operator.
Used for decision making.
8. Labelled Loop
Used to break or continue outer loops.
Helpful in nested loops.
9. Java Features
Simple, Object Oriented, Platform Independent, Secure, Robust, Multithreaded.
10. Java Architecture
Source file -> Class file -> JVM execution.
API provides predefined classes.
11. Autoboxing & Unboxing
Automatic conversion between primitive and wrapper classes.
12. Variables & Literals
Variables store data, literals are fixed values.
13. Instance Variable
Declared inside class, outside methods.
Each object has its own copy.
14. Command Line Arguments
Arguments passed at runtime via main method.
15. Static Variable
Shared among all objects.
Memory efficient.
16. Static Method
Can be called without object.
Cannot access non-static members directly.
17. Constructor
Used to initialize objects.
Types: Default and Parameterized.
18. Typecasting
Implicit and Explicit casting.
Used for data conversion.