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HANDBALL

HISTORY

The game of hand ball was originated by a famous gymnast, Konar Koch of Germany in 19th Century.
This game become popular slowly. Frederik Knudsen (Denmark) modified this game in 1911. Its main
drawback was that handball used to be considered a game of athletics. The Danish Version had 7 player
teams whereas German version teams were composed of 11 players. A show match of handball was
held in 1936 Olympics at Berlin. In 1928 Olympics at Amsterdam, teams of different countries
participated in the competition. The International Amateur Handball Federation was formed in 1928
during Amsterdam Olympics. The first world championships for 11 and 7 player teams were organised in
1938, in which Germany won both the titles. The 11-player version gradually disappeared and the 7-
player version become more popular. Handball game is governed by International Handball Federation
(IHF). It become an Olympic event for men in 1972 at Munich and for women in 1976 at Montreal
Olympics. In India, it had a slow progress. In India it was started in the year 1970. Handball Federation of
India was formed in 1955. Its regulates its organisation, selection of players and training of players.

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BASIC RULES

1. THE COURT: The handball court should be rectangular with dimensions of 40 m in length and 20
m in width. The line marking the boundaries on the side of the field are called side lines. The
short boundary lines are called goal lines (8 cm wide) for the portion between the goal post and
outer goal lines, on either side of the goal.
2. THE BALL The ball is made of leather or synthetic material and must be spherical with no shiny
or slippery surface. It should have following dimensions:

3. PLAYERS A team consists of 12 players, out of which 7 players (6 court players and 1 goalkeeper)
are playing and remaining 5 players are substitutes.
4. DURATION OF THE GAME The game shall consist of two 30 minutes halves with a 10 minutes
intermission. If the game is tied at the end of regulation time, it may be played over time after a
5 minutes interval. The extra time play consists of 2 halves of 5 minutes each with no break
between them.
5. PLAYING THE BALL A player may throw, catch, stop, push or hit the ball, using their open or
closed hand arm, head, torso, thighs and knees. A player may –
i. Hold a ball for a maximum of 3 seconds.
ii. Take a maximum of 3 steps with the ball.
iii. Bounce the ball once and catch it while standing or running and dribble the ball and
then catch it or roll it on the court and then pick up.
iv. If the ball by a defensive player except the goalkeeper travels across the goal line
outside the goal, a corner throw is awarded to opposition.

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Handball – Equipment

1. Goal Centre In handball, a goal centre is provided at each end of the court, which is 2mts tall
and 3mts wide. The goal centre and the crossbar must be of the same material. Mostly, it is
made of aluminium. The colors on both the goal centres must be the same. Each goal centre
must have a net and it must be fastened in a such a way that a ball thrown into does not pass
the goal.
2. Gloves While playing American handball, it is necessary to wear gloves as the manoeuvring of
ball needs to be really fast. Players may use some means to protect their eyes from injuries. For
example- sun glasses are permitted.
3. Shoes There is no definite specification of shoes that a handball player should use. There are
various types of shoes available which can be chosen by a player that will help them to play
comfortably and prevent any potential injury.

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Handball – Terminology

1. Court player - The players playing on the court except goal-keepers are known as court player.
2. Goalie – A player who defends the goal while opposition attempts to score goals. A goalie or
goal keeper is permitted to play inside the goal area.
3. Corner Throw – This is thrown by attacking player from the corner of court. It is done by
throwing the ball by using either hand. A corner throw is given to an attacking player while the
ball is played over goal line by a defending player or either side of the goal.
4. Free throw – It is allowed to the opposition team while other team does a foul during the game.
The ball is thrown from a line 9mts away from the goal.
5. Penalty throw – The penalty shot is thrown from a mark at a distance of 7mts from the goal. In a
penalty throw a player is allotted to score a goal through direct throw into the goal centre.
6. Referee’s throw – This throw is done by referees to resume the game after an interruption of
play caused by any other reason than mentioned above, during a handball match.
7. Dive shot – It is a way of putting the shot, in order to score a goal, by jumping above the floor
towards the goal. It is done without touching the d-line.
8. Goal – A goal is scored by throwing the ball into the goal post and is confirmed by deciding that
if the ball has hit the tape mark or not.
9. Throw-in – It is done by a player by throwing back the ball into the court after it has crossed one
of the side lines. While throwing the ball the feet of the player must be in contact with the
ground. Player may either use his/her either hands or a single hand to throw the ball.
10. Throw-on – It is done to start the play or after a goal is scored, from the centre of the court.
11. Throw out – It is a throw by a goalkeeper from the goal area in order to pass the ball to a team
player after possession of the ball in the goal area.

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VIVA-VOCE

1. What is Handball?

Ans: Handball is a fast-paced team sport in which players pass, throw, and hit a ball using their hands to
score goals in the opponent’s goal.

2. How many players are there in a Handball team?

Ans: Each team consists of 7 players on the court: 6 field players and 1 goalkeeper.

3. What is the duration of a Handball match?

Ans: A Handball match consists of two halves of 30 minutes each, with a 10-minute interval.

4. What is the size of a Handball court?

Ans: The standard Handball court measures 40 meters in length and 20 meters in width.

5. What is the goal area in Handball?

Ans: The goal area is a 6-meter semi-circular zone around the goal where only the goalkeeper is allowed
to enter.

6. Can a player run with the ball in Handball?

Ans: A player can take up to three steps without dribbling the ball.

7. What is a penalty throw in Handball?

Ans: A penalty throw is awarded for serious fouls and is taken from the 7-meter line.

8. What is the role of the goalkeeper?

Ans: The goalkeeper’s role is to defend the goal and prevent the opponent from scoring.

9. How is a goal scored in Handball?

Ans: A goal is scored when the entire ball crosses the goal line inside the goalpost.

10. Name any two basic skills used in Handball.

Ans: Two basic skills in Handball are passing and shooting.

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LAWN TENNIS

HISTORY

Tennis is believed to have originated during 12th or 13th century in France. However, it was played by
Major Walter C. Wingfield, in an hourglass shaped court in 1873 in Great Britain. It seems to have
evolved from similar ancient sports like court tennis, squash racquets and badminton. In 1877, the All
England Croquet Club held a Tennis championship in a rectangular court with rules similar to that of
modern Tennis. It quickly spread to America, Britain, and later to other parts of the world. Davis Cup, an
international tennis tournament, was held in 1900 to promote the game all over the world. On March
1st, 1913, International Tennis Federation (ITF), the international governing body of Tennis was
established. It formulates rules to be followed by all the players participating in competitions
throughout the world. It also sets guidelines, defines the kind of equipment used in the sport, and
defines court dimensions. Tennis is a sport played among two players or two pairs of players competing
with each other in a rectangular tennis court with fixed boundaries. The two sides of the court are
separated with a net. The sport involves shooting a tennis ball towards the other side of the court with a
tennis racket. The ball has to fall within the court boundaries. Players gain a point when the opposite
team or player fails to deliver the ball to the opponent. Tennis tests players in delivering the ball in the
intended direction and in defending the ball delivered by their opponent.

Dimensions of a Tennis Lawn

All tennis courts should be rectangular in shape. As the sport is played in different formats, Singles and
Doubles; the breadth of the court varies with length unchanged. The lawn should have a length of 23.77
meters for all matches. However, the width in a singles match is 8.23 meters and 10.97 meters for a
doubles match. The court is divided into two equal halves with a net that is 0.914 meters high from the
ground. A net is tied parallel to width of the court. There is a metal cable that holds the net tightly with
two net posts on either ends of length.

These posts are not movable hence; the courts for doubles and singles are different. The lines drawn on
wider ends of the court are called baselines and the ones on sides are called sidelines. There will be one
baseline on each end and there are two sidelines parallel to each other. These are 1.37 meters apart.
The first of these lines is called singles sideline and the parallel one is called doubles sideline. Two lines
are drawn parallel to net from singles sideline at 6.40 meters from net on each side.

These lines are called service lines. In addition, the area between service line and net is divided into two
equal halves with a line perpendicular to net and service line. It is called centre line. All the lines around
court should be between 2.5 and 5 centimeters except the base line that is nearly 10 centimeters wide.
The lines should have contrasting color.

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Rules of Tennis

1. For singles Game, Court shall be a rectangle 78 feet (23.77 m) long and 27 feet (8. 23 m) wide.
2. For the doubles Game, the court shall be 36 feet (10.97 m) in width, i.e. 4½ feet (1.37 m) wider
on each side than the Court for the Singles Game, and those portions of the singles sidelines
which lie between the two service lines shall be called the service side-lines. In other respects,
the Court shall be similar to Singles court. but the portions of the singles side-lines between the
base-line and service-line on each side of the net may be omitted if desired
3. The Run offs beyond each sideline shall be 12 ft and beyond baseline it shall be 21 ft. The size of
the court up to fencing shall be 120 ft. X 60 ft.
4. Court shall be divided across the middle by a net suspended from a cord or metal cable of a
maximum diameter of one-third of an inch (0.8 cm), the ends of which shall be attached to, or
pass over, the tops of the two posts, which shall be not more than 6 inches (15 cm) square or 6
inches (15 cm) in diameter.
5. The posts shall not be higher than 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the top of the net cord. The centers of
the post shall be 3 feet (0.914 m) outside the Court on each side and the height of the posts
shall be such that the top of the cord or metal cable
6. The net shall be extended fully so that it fills completely the space between the two posts and
shall be of sufficiently small mesh to prevent the ball passing through.
7. The height of the net shall be 3 feet (0.914 m) at the center, where it shall be held down taut by
a strap not more than 2 inches (5 cm) wide and completely white in color.
8. The lines bounding the ends and sides of the Court shall respectively be called the base lines and
the sidelines.

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9. On each side of the net, at a distance of 21 feet (6.40 m) from it and parallel with it, shall be
drawn the service lines.
10. The space on each side of the net between the service-line and the side-line shall be divided into
two equal parts called the service-courts by the center service-line, which must be 2 inches (5
cm.) in width, drawn half-way between, and parallel with the sideline.
11. Each base-line shall be bisected by an imaginary continuation of the center service line to a line
4 inches (10 cm) in length and 2 inches (5 cm) in width called "the center mark" drawn inside the
Court, at right angles to and in contact with such base-lines.
12. All other lines shall be not less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) nor more than 2 inches (5 cm) in width,
except the base-line which may be not more than 4 inches (10 cm) in width, and all
measurements shall be made to the outside of the lines. All lines shall be of uniform color.
13. If advertising or any other material is placed at the back of the Court, it may not contain white,
or yellow. A light color may only be used if this does not interfere with the vision of the players.
14. At Club or recreational level, the space behind each baseline should be not less than 18 feet (5.5
m) and at the sides not less than 10 feet (3.05 m).

Types of Court Surfaces

1. Natural Grass
2. Clay
3. Artificial Grass
4. Acrylic floor Surface

Grass and clay courts are clearly in the minority, throughout the world, nonetheless, they do hold some
appeal. It is important to understand that they are both more expensive and more maintenance
intensive than hard courts.

Tennis – Equipment

1. Racket Rackets can be made of many alloys or wood. There are no restrictions on the size or
materials used in making a racket. It has an oval head and a gradually widening throat that
connects the narrow handle with the head of the racket. The head of the racket is tightly woven
with strings which are made of various materials like nylon, gut or synthetic gut. The handles are
covered with leather or nylon for a better grip.

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2. Ball As per ITF rules, Tennis balls are yellow colored spherical balls, with a diameter between 2.5
and 2.625 inches. They weigh between 2 and 21/16 oz. Pressurized rubber is used to make semi
spherical half shells. They are then joined with compressed air between them. The spherical
balls are covered with bright yellow colored felt. Kids aged ten and under play with different
colored balls. They move slower, bounce lower. They are also softer and larger and are easy for
kids to hit them.

3. Net A rectangular net is used to separate the two sides of a Tennis court. The net should cover
the space between the two net posts. The net is woven in such a way that it does not allow the
Tennis ball to pass through. It is usually tied in about 3 feet above the ground at the centre.
4. Wrist bands Wrist bands are worn around wrists to prevent sweat from wetting the players’
palm or the racket. A wet grip might not be strong.
5. Head band Headbands are used to absorb sweat. They also tie player’s hair away from their
face. Any tight cap made of absorbent material can also be used instead of a head band.
6. Tennis shoes Just running shoes don’t provide enough lateral support to players. Tennis shoes
are designed to give players better stability and prevent them from sliding while moving
sideways. Shoes shouldn’t damage the court when players move briskly across the court.
7. Dress Men wear T-Shirts or shirts made of materials like polyester that does not absorb sweat
and keeps the player cool. They wear shorts that do not cover their knees. Though women are
advised to wear just any comfortable dress, of late many Tennis champions try to make a style
statement with their carefully designed clothes. Many players prefer wearing a tank top or a T-
shirt on a short skirt.

Tennis Terminology

1. Serve - A player standing behind the baseline tosses the ball in air to hit with racket before it
bounces on the ground. The ball then has to fly above the net and pitch in opponent’s service
area. The ball then travels further for opposite player to hit. This is called a serve. Importantly,
the players have to stand diagonally on the court while serving to each other. Every first serve of
game has to start from right half of the court.

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2. Ace - A correct serve is considered ace if the opponent player is unable to hit and return the ball
with his racket.
3. Deuce - When both players have scores of 40 then, it is called Deuce.
4. Advantage - The next point won by a player after deuce gets advantage point. It is equal to
game point. If this point is broken by opponent in next serve then, they get back to deuce.
5. Game Point - The last point of a game is called game point.
6. Set Point - The last point of game when the player serves to win the set.
7. Break Point - The last point of a game that opponent player wins while the other serves.
8. Match point - The last point of the match where a player is about to win over his opponent.
9. First and second serve - The number of times a player gets the first serve correct is analysed in
percentages. In case the first serve goes wrong, then next attempt to serve is called second
serve.
10. Rally - A correct serve returned by opponent player for serving player to be hit and the
continuous shots between the players is called rally. Most importantly, the players returning the
ball have to hit it over the net and ensure it pitches within area of sideline and baseline of
opponent player.
11. Volley - It is an aggressive move by a player where she/he swiftly run towards the net and take
the ball on full during a rally. This gives the player a better opportunity to place the ball well in
opponent’s court and ensure opponent misses it to gain a point.
12. Let - Chair umpire calls ‘Let’ when a player’s serve is good but the ball touches net strap before
reaching the opponent. In such case, the serving player gets another chance to serve. Let is not a
fault until it is not repeated. It also doesn’t discard any service foul made just before a let.
13. Advantage Set - The final set of a tennis match is called advantage set. This set doesn’t have a
tie-breaker instead; the player has to maintain difference of two games after winning 6 games.
The set continues till one of them achieves the target.
14. Tie-break Set - All the other sets except the final one are tie-break sets. In a situation where
both players/teams win six games each, a tie-breaker is initiated. Single points are given to
players/teams who win each serve. The first player to score seven points and maintains a
difference of two points over opponent is declared winner of the set.
15. Umpire - There are line umpires and a chair umpire in a professional tennis match. Line umpires
keep a close eye on the ball pitching on or outside the sidelines and baselines. The chair umpire
manages rest of the proceedings.
16. Ball in play - When a player unintentionally hits a fixed structure like net post or strap during a
rally and ball bounces in opponent’s court then, it is considered as ball in play. In case, the ball
bounces back to same side then, opponent gets a point.
17. Forehand - A shot played with racket where the palm faces in direction of the shot.
18. Backhand - A shot played with arms holding the racket across the body and back of hand facing
in direction of the shot.

Tennis – Variants

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1. Singles In a singles game, there is only one player on each side of the court. While serving, each
player has to start from right half of the court and serve diagonally to the opponent. In men’s
singles five sets have to be played while three sets have to be played in women’s singles.
2. Doubles In a doubles game, there are two players per team. The partners can decide who
should serve first. Similarly, the opponents can decide who receives the serve first. These roles
have to change alternately for each game. When two gentlemen play as a team in doubles, it is
called Men’s Doubles. When two ladies play as a team, it is called Ladies Doubles.
3. Mixed Doubles In mixed doubles, a gentleman and lady form a team. The rules are same as
men’s doubles that is the teams have to play five sets to win the game. Men’s doubles consist of
five sets a match. Women’s and mixed doubles consists of three sets a match. Teams winning
maximum number of sets win the match.

Tennis – Tournaments

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BOXING

HISTORY

Boxing, also known as the art of self-defense or pugilism (fist fight), is one of the most popular sports
today. Its origins are tracked back 4000 years BC in North Africa. There is also evidence of it being played
in Greece and Rome. Over the years, it developed into being the sport it is today. Boxing not only
requires a high level of athleticism, vitality and strength, but also a high level of concentration and
endurance.

Founded in 1946, AIBA is the international governing body for amateur boxing. Its headquarters
are located in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Boxing Ring

The term “ring” has its origin from the early boxing fights, where a circle was drawn at the spot in which
the match was held. A boxing ring is the space in which a boxing match is held. A modern ring, is set on a
raised platform, it is square with a post at each corner to which four parallel rows of ropes are attached
with a turnbuckle. Two of the corners are colored red and blue, belonging to a respective player. Unlike
the wrestling ring, the boxing ring ropes are connected together between the posts. The floor of the ring
must have around 1 inch (25mm) of padding covered with canvas.

Dimensions of a Boxing Ring

The size of the boxing ring may vary depending on the type of tournament and relevant governing body.
The standard ring is between 16 and 25 feet (4.9 and 7.6 m) to a side between the ropes with another 2
feet (0.61 m) outside. The platform of the ring is generally 3 to 4 feet (0.91 to 1.22 m) from the ground

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with the posts rising around 5 feet (1.5 m). The ropes are around 1 inch (25 mm) in diameter and held
up on posts rising around 5 feet (1.5 m) at heights of 18, 30, 42, and 55 inches (.46, .76, 1.07, and 1.37
m).

BOXING – EQUIPMENT

1. Gloves – This is the most important piece of equipment for boxers. It’s used to protect the
wrists and hands of the boxers, as well as to protect the face of the opponent from incoming
blows.
2. Mouthpiece – It has to be worn in order to protect the mouth and teeth, as well as to absorb
some of the force of the blows to the head.
3. Headgear – It’s mandatory only for amateur boxers to protect their head.
4. Protective cups are to be worn on every competitive level, to shield the groin area.

Boxing professionals have to wear loose-fitting trunks and soft-soled shoes across all the levels of the
game.

Weight Category in Boxing:

For AIBA (International Boxing Association) competitions, the weight categories for elite and
youth men boxers are as follows:

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Duration of a Boxing Bout

1. Amateur Boxing

Duration: 3 rounds, each lasting 3 minutes.

Rest Period: 1-minute break between rounds.

Total Time: 9 minutes of fighting time plus 2-minute breaks, totaling 11 minutes.

2. Professional Boxing

Duration: Varies by the type of bout.

Non-Championship Bouts: 4 to 10 rounds, each lasting 3 minutes.

Championship Bouts: 12 rounds, each lasting 3 minutes.

Rest Period: 1-minute break between rounds.

Total Time: Up to 36 minutes of fighting time plus breaks.

3. Title Fights

Duration: 12 rounds, each lasting 3 minutes.

Rest Period: 1-minute break between rounds.

Total Time: 36 minutes of fighting time plus 11-minute breaks, totaling 47 minutes.

4. Exhibition Matches

Duration: Varies widely, often shorter than professional bouts.

Typical Length: 2 to 6 rounds.

Rest Period: 1-minute break between rounds.

Total Time: Varies depending on the number of rounds.

5. Olympic and Major Tournaments

Duration: 3 rounds, each lasting 3 minutes.

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Rest Period: 1-minute break between rounds.

Total Time: 9 minutes of fighting time plus 2-minute breaks, totaling 11 minutes.

Safety Equipment

1. Boxing Gloves

Purpose: Protects the hands and reduces the impact on opponents.

Types: Training gloves, sparring gloves, competition gloves.

2. Hand Wraps

Purpose: Provides support to the hands and wrists, prevents injuries.

Types: Traditional wraps, Mexican-style wraps, gel wraps.

3. Mouthguard

Purpose: Protects the teeth and reduces the risk of jaw and dental injuries.

Types: Boil-and-bite, custom-made.

4. Headgear

Purpose: Reduces the risk of head injuries and cuts.

Types: Sparring headgear, competition headgear.

5. Groin Protector (Cup)

Purpose: Protects the groin area from accidental strikes.

Types: Suspensor, jockstrap with cup.

6. Boxing Shoes

Purpose: Provides support, stability, and grip during movement.

Features: Lightweight, ankle support, non-slip soles.

7. Shin Guards (for certain forms of boxing)

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Purpose: Protects the shins during training.

Types: Standard shin guards, padded shin guards.

8. Body Protector

Purpose: Protects the torso from impacts during training.

Types: Training vests, padded body shields.

9. Elbow and Knee Pads (rarely used)

Purpose: Provides protection for the elbows and knees.

Types: Padded elbow guards, knee guards.

10. Hand Grips

Purpose: Provides extra grip and support.

Types: Grip-enhancing products, gym chalk.

Scoring system in Boxing

1. Judges: A panel of judges scores the bout based on effective punching, ring generalship,
defense, and clean hits.
2. Scoring: A 10-point must system is used where the winner of the round receives 10
points and the loser gets 9 or fewer.

Decision Types:

1. Unanimous Decision: All judges agree on the winner.

2. Split Decision: Two judges favor one fighter while the third judge favors the other.
3. Majority Decision: Two judges favor one fighter and the third judge scores it as a draw.
4. Draw: The judges score the bout as a tie.
5. Technical Knockout (TKO): Referee stops the fight if a fighter is unable to continue.
6. Knockout (KO): A fighter is knocked down and unable to rise before the count of 10.
7. Disqualification (DQ): A fighter is disqualified for breaking the rules.

Official in Boxing

1 Supervisor- Supervisor means the person who is appointed to be responsible for all technical
and competition related issues.

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1 Referee- Referee” means the person who ensures that all Rules are followed by the Boxers
during their Bouts in the ring.

5 Judges- “Judge” means the person who allocates points during a Bout based on each Boxer’s
performance on the ring in respect of the AIBA Technical Rules.

IMPORTANT BOXING PLAYERS

Indian Boxers

1. Mary Kom – Six-time World Boxing Champion; Olympic Bronze Medalist (2012).
2. Vijender Singh – First Indian male boxer to win an Olympic medal (Bronze, 2008).
3. Lovlina Borgohain – Olympic Bronze Medalist (Tokyo 2020).
4. Amit Panghal – World Championship Silver Medalist.
5. Nikhat Zareen – Two-time World Women’s Boxing Champion.

International Boxers

1. Muhammad Ali (USA) – One of the greatest boxers of all time; Olympic Gold Medalist.
2. Mike Tyson (USA) – Former World Heavyweight Champion.
3. Floyd Mayweather Jr. (USA) – Undefeated professional boxer.
4. Manny Pacquiao (Philippines) – World Champion in eight weight categories.
5. Rocky Marciano (USA) – Retired undefeated heavyweight champion.

IMPORTANT BOXING TOURNAMENTS

International Tournaments

1. Olympic Games – Most prestigious international boxing competition.

2. World Boxing Championships – Organized by IBA (International Boxing Association).
3. Asian Games – Major multi-sport event featuring boxing.
4. Commonwealth Games – Important tournament for Commonwealth nations.
5. World Youth Boxing Championships – For junior and youth boxers.

National Tournaments (India)

1. National Boxing Championships – Top domestic boxing competition in India.

2. Senior National Women’s Boxing Championship
3. Junior National Boxing Championship
4. Sub-Junior National Boxing Championship

ARJUNA AWARDEE

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Year Name

1 1961 L. Buddy D’ Souza

2 1962 Padam Badadur Mal

3 1966 Hawa Singh

4 1968 Dennis Swamy

5 1971 Muniswamy Venu

6 1972 Chandranarayanan

7 1973 Mehatab Singh

8 1977-1978 B.S. Thapa

9 1978–1979 C. C. Machaiah

10 1979–1980 B. Singh

11 1980–1981 Issac Amaldas

12 1981 Ganapathy Manoharan

13 1982 Kaur Singh

14 1983 Jas Lal Pradhan

15 1986 Jai Pal Singh

16 1987 Hony. [Link] Jayaram

17 1989 Gopal Dewang

18 1991 Dharmendra Singh Yadav

19 1992 Rajendra Prasad

20 1993 Manoj Pingale

21 1993 Mukund Killekar

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22 1995 V. Devarajan

23 1996 Raj Kumar Sangwan

24 1998 Ng. Dingko Singh

25 1999 Gurcharan Singh

26 1999 Jitender Kumar

27 2002 Mohammed Ali Qamar

28 2003 M.C. Mary Kom

29 2005 Akhil Kumar

30 2006 Vijender Singh

31 2008 Verghese Johnson

32 2009 Laishram Sarita Devi

33 2010 Dinesh Kumar

34 2011 M. Suranjoy Singh

35 2012 Vikas Krishan

36 2013 Kavita Chahal

37 2014 Manoj Kumar

38 2015 Mandeep Jangra

39 2016 Shiva Thapa

40 2017 Laishram Devendro Singh

41 2019 Sonia Lather

42 2020 Lovlina Borgohain

43 2020 Manish Kaushik

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44 2021 Ms. Simranjit Kaur

45 2022 Nikhat Zareen

46 2022 Amit Panghal

47 2023 Mohammad Hussamuddin

VIVA-VOCE

1. What is Boxing?

Ans: Boxing is a combat sport in which two players fight using their fists under a set of rules
within a ring.

2. How many rounds are there in an Olympic boxing match?

Ans: An Olympic boxing match consists of 3 rounds of 3 minutes each.

3. What is the size of a boxing ring?

Ans: The boxing ring is square-shaped, measuring about 20 feet × 20 feet inside the ropes.

4. What protective equipment is compulsory in boxing?

Ans: Gloves, mouth guard, and headgear (for amateurs) are compulsory protective equipment.

5. What is a knockout (KO)?

Ans: A knockout occurs when a boxer is unable to stand up and continue within 10 seconds
after being knocked down.

6. Who is known as the Father of Modern Boxing?

Ans: Jack Broughton is known as the Father of Modern Boxing.

7. What is the governing body of boxing in India?

Ans: The governing body of boxing in India is the Boxing Federation of India (BFI).

8. Name any two famous Indian boxers.

Ans: Mary Kom and Vijender Singh are famous Indian boxers.

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9. What is meant by a foul in boxing?

Ans: A foul is an illegal action, such as hitting below the belt or holding the opponent.

10. How is a winner decided if there is no knockout?

Ans: If there is no knockout, the winner is decided by points awarded by judges.

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JUDO

HISTORY

Judo is a modern form of martial art which needs great balance upon one’s body and mind. The word
Judo means gentle way. The sport was originated in Japan in the 19th century and Jigoro Kano is known
as the father of this sport. Earlier, it was confined to only Japan but later due to its popularity it made its
place in Olympics in 1964. Judo was initially learnt as a self-defence martial arts technique. So it is quite
obvious that most of its steps are to hurt another person, but later on, suitable modifications were
made so that students can learn this art without hurting each other.

The world championship for women and men has no particular maximum age boundary. However; no
person below 15 years of age is allowed to play in any competition of judo as decided by International
Judo Federation (IJF).

For Junior World Championship (under 20), men and women from 15-19 years old are eligible. For
Cadets World Championship (under 17), boys and girls of age 15 and 16 years are eligible.

Measurements and specifications of equipments

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Weight categories of Judo

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Judo – Techniques

Different techniques in Judo are known as waza. Three different types of waza are as follows.

1. Nage-waza In this technique, the tori try to throw the uke on the ground. This also involves
various stages. The act of balance breaking under this wazas is known as kuzushi. Similarly, the
act of turning in and fitting into the ground is known as Tsukuri. The act of successfully executing
and throwing upon the ground is termed as Kake.

2. Katame-waza This process involves the art of holding someone firmly and seizing him. This waza
is further divided into many categories such as osaekomi-waza (holding technique), shime-waza
(act of choking the uke by the tori) and kansetsu-waza(tori tries to make uke down by
manipulating his joint parts).

3. Atemi-waza (Leg Sweeping Techniques): Leg sweeping is a process in which a player tries to put
his opponent on ground using his legs. Mastering this technique will be very handy for you and it
can be a key factor in winning a match.
(i) Foot Sweep

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Step 1: Make the opponent to step forward towards you.

Step 2: Before he steps back, just catch one of his ankle with your leg.
Step 3: Now swift the ankle through your leg towards the appropriate direction and let
it go so that he will fall on his back on the ground.
(ii) Nice Leg Sweep
Step 1: Apply your whole weight on the body of your opponent such that he will tilt
towards his left.
Step 2: Make sure that he applies all his weight on the left leg, right leg being in air.
Step 3: Sweep the supporting leg with strong force, resulting in an instant fall back of
your opponent.

(iii) Spin Hit Technique

Step 1: Put your leg side wise between the two legs of your opponent.
Step 2: Turn back towards your opponent.
Step 3: Move your hip closer towards your opponent to support his entire weight on
you.
Step 4: Now put your leg near his leg and tilt him up in the air for a clear and easy
sweep.

General Rule

1. Time duration for judo competition (bout) is 5 minutes for men and 4 minutes for women for Olympic
and world championships.

2. After progress has been made in throwing techniques a competitor can unhesitatingly take a lying
position and in this way become offensive.

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3. When competitor falls while adapting throwing technique or takes offensive, and the opponent falls,
even then he can take a lying posture.

4. The throwing technique is valid, if the maximum body of his opponent shall remain inside the
contesting area.

5. When one or both the competitors are outside the contest area, the use of any technique is reckoned
a failure and shall be declared against the rules.

6. Judoco should wear formal dress (Judogi) for competition.

7. Referee may declare a losing judoco as a winner, if he finds that the opponent, Judoco has caused any
injury to him/her knowingly.

8. Hitting or holding the opponent by hand is prohibited.

9. A judoco may be discarded off, if he/she does not reach at starting point after three calls made by
referee.

10. A Judoco can be declared losing player if he/she is not wearing a neat and clean dress having tidy
hair and does not have properly cut nails.

11. One judoco wears red belt and the other wears white belt while competing in the ring.

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Taekwondo

"Tae" means "foot" or "to strike with the feet". "Kwon" means "hand", or "to strike with the hand". "Do"
means discipline, art, or way. Hence TaeKwonDo (foot-hand-way) means literally "the art of the feet and
the hands" or "the art of kicking and punching".

HISTORY

Tae Kwon-do as it is today was developed and founded by Grand master general Choi Hong Hi 9th
degree black belt (9 November 1918 — 15 June 2002). As a martial art it is unique to any other in that it
utilizes fundamental principles of physics in the development of technique and power. Grandmaster
Choi set out to use his knowledge of "Tae Kyon" an ancient Korean form of foot fighting to develop Tae
Kwon do as a uniquely Korean art superior in both spirit and technique to Japanese karate. This art
which was modern Tae Kwon Do was founded on the 11th April 1955. Grand master Choi then set
himself to the task of bringing Tae Kwon Do to the rest of the world. Renowned for spectacular feats of
power and flying kicking techniques said to have been used by ancient Korean warriors to dismount
attacking warriors from their horses the popularity of Tae Kwon do spread rapidly to become a martial
art practiced all around the globe.

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General Rules

1. Every competition must have at least four teams of different countries or states for each and
every weight category otherwise the competition will be invalid.
2. Each competition shall have three rounds of 2 minutes each and 1-minute interval shall be given
after each round.

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3. Fourth round shall be played after 1-minute rest of third interval. If the score is equal after third
round, on the basis of sudden death it will decide the result of competition.
4. Target area is trunk of the body from neck to naval, and only frontal area of body. Players are
permitted to attack on the target area only by ‘Foot Technique’.
5. Result of bout (winner) is decided by the points scored in three rounds.
6. When a player scores – 4 points the referee can declare him as a loser depending on the
penalties.

7. Only the coach can present a protest to the chairman of umpire committee within 5 minutes
from the end of the match.

8. When a competitor is injured, the centre referee must stop the match and call the doctor. Match
referee will declare the result according to doctor’s decision as:

(i) Injured player as the loser if his opponent is not responsible for the injury.

(ii) Injured player is the winner if his opponent is responsible for that injury.

9. Any player who commits 3 fouls, uses drugs or misbehaves with officials or ignores the instructions of
officials,will be disqualified.

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10. One point will be deducted if the player loses his temper,insults the opponent, attacks with knee
elbow or forehead,and foul will be called by the referee.

11. A player is the winner of the match, if two or more than two corner referees give decision in favour
of that player.

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Archery

HISTORY

Archery is termed as a practice-sport, which means that it is more of a practice-oriented skill of using
bow and arrow. Propelling an arrow with force through the air has only recently been considered a sport
but it was always a very important hunting practise in olden days. Historically, archery has been used for
hunting and combat purposes. But in modern times, archery had become a recreational and competitive
sport. A person who indulges in archery is known as an archer or a bowman. An expert in archery is
known as toxophilite.

Archery involves using a bow to shoot arrows at a stationary target. There are ten concentric circles that
represent different tracts on the circular disk used as the target. The scores are dependent on the area
of the circle where the arrow hits. The objective is to shoot the target with an arrow. The bow string will
be stretched after placing the backend of the arrow for initialising an input force which throws it
towards the target.

Archery featured on the programme of the Olympic Games in 1900, 1904, 1908 and 1920. It returned in
1972 after a 52-year hiatus and has remained on the programme ever since. Athletes compete in target
archery events with recurve bows at the Olympics. The winningest archery Olympians are Hubert van
Innis of Belgium, including results from the early era, and Kim Soo-Nyung of Korea. Darrell Pace of the
USA is the only archer to have won the individual Olympic title twice. Korea is archery’s most successful
nation at the Olympic Games.

Ground Design

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Archery is played on various types of fields according to the type of game. Ground archery requires a
ground and a target. Other types of archery include Bow Hunting, Traditional Archery, 3D Archery, Field
Archery, and Target Archery.

1. Bow archery involves hunting animals using bow and arrow. It is the oldest-knownform of
archery and one of the most ancient hunting techniques. Long-range grounds are used for this
game play.
2. Traditional Archery varies from country to country. The type of bow used in traditional archery
varies according to the nation, following some ancient techniques. This is the reason this form of
archery is called traditional archery.
3. 3D archery tournaments provide for a non-violent version of bow archery with the use of
modern technology, where the archers are instructed to train their arrows on 3D form of
animals for shooting. The game is played on a wooden walk or open course. This ground design
is recommended by International Bow-hunting Organization.
4. Field archery is played on a roving course which was set through the woods. There are paper
targets ranging from 20 to 80 yards. It is one of the most exciting forms of archery and gives a
feel of the old days of hunting.
5. Target archery was featured in the Olympics Games. It consists of shooting bull’s-eyestyle,
multi-coloured target at certain distances. Different disciplines of the game has different
grounds of play.

Archery – Equipment

1. Arm Guards Arm guards are worn on the shooting hand in the forearm below the elbow. This is
safety equipment as the hands of the archers are saved from bruises and other injuries. These
injuries can occur when stretching the bowstring with the arrow for a shot.
2. Arrows Arrows are long rods that have to be shot by stretching them on a bowstring and leaving
them. Many materials are used to make these arrows but the most common is the specialized
carbon fiber as they do not bend and also cannot be broken easily. Other materials used to
make these arrows are wood, aluminum, and fiberglass. Arrows are used with bows and are
shot at the target to earn more and more points to win the game. Special arrows are used for
hunting animals. Arrows are available in the games stores in a set of 6 or 12.
3. Arrow Rest Arrow rest is a device that is used to attach it to the bow when a shot has to be
made. Arrow rest helps archers to position the arrow correctly. Arrow rests are of different
types and they include:
(i) Plunger rest
(ii) Drop-away rest
(iii) Whisker biscuit rest
(iv) Prong rest
(v) V-bar rest

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Archers should choose arrow rests that are comfortable to use and are compatible with their shooting
style.

4. Bags Bags are available for the archers to carry all their pieces of equipment which they will use
in the game. Bags are available in different shapes and sizes and archers can choose the one
suitable for their requirements. Bags can have a lot of compartments, straps, and pockets to
store different pieces of equipment. Some bags also have a separate compartment for the bow.
Durable materials are used to make these bags to protect the equipment from wear and tear.
5. Bows Another essential piece of equipment used in archery is the bow. Bows consist of a string
which is stretched by keeping an arrow which is shot at the target to get points. Archery bows
are of two types which include compound bow and recurve bow. Recurve bows consist of an
arch while compound bows consist of rigid shafts.
6. Bow Stand A bow stand is used to keep the bow when it is not in use.
7. Chest Guards Chest guards are worn over the shirt or the uniform to protect the chest from
missed shots or string contraction. An adjustable strap is also available which can be used to
fasten the guard. Chest guards are light in weight and do not cause a problem while shooting.
8. Crossbows A crossbow is a bow which is used to shoot the arrows at short distances. There is a
long frame in the bow and it looks similar to the capital T when kept horizontally. The speed of
the arrows shot from this bow is faster than other bows. The bow also consists of a trigger so
chances of human error is low.
9. Finger Tabs A finger tab is needed to protect the fingers from the string of the bow. Finger tabs
are available in the form of small devices which are worn on the fingers to protect them from
injury while making a shot. Leather or synthetic materials are used for making these finger tabs.
These finger tabs are easily adjustable so they can fit in any finger easily. Archers need to choose
comfortable finger tabs which are easy to wear and are compatible with the bow.
10. Gloves Gloves are pieces of equipment that are worn on the palms and help the archers to make
a grip on the bow and arrow. Gloves are also worn for the protection of fingers from injuries.
Gloves made up of leather are durable.
11. Quivers Quivers are the cases in which the arrows are kept. Archers can store any kind of arrows
in their quiver. A quiver consists of a strap and the case is located in such a way that archers can
access the arrows easily. Quivers help the archers to keep both their hands free as arrows are
kept in them.
12. Risers The central part of the bow is called the bow riser. Grip along with other attachments are
located here. This part of the bow is made up of wood, aluminum, and other materials. It is the
part which archers use to hold the bow. The risers are used for making a connection between
the upper and lower limbs. Bow risers are available in different designs, sizes, and shapes.
13. Spotting Scopes Spotting scopes work in the same way as a camera. It is not attached directly to
the bow. The equipment consists of a lens which archers can use for zooming the target.
14. Targets Targets are the important pieces of equipment which are used in the archery sport to
earn points. Targets are available in round shapes and have rings with different colors. The
points are given on the basis of where an arrow lands. If the arrow lands on the outermost ring,
one point is awarded. If the arrow hits the center, ten points are awarded.

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15. Target Stand A target stand is a stand on which the target is fixed. The target stand is located at
a particular distance and archers have to shoot the arrows on the target.

GENERAL Rules of Archery

1. Archers must adhere to all official rules in terms of the equipment they use in the performance
of their sport, with the main emphasis being on them using no equipment or accessories that
would give an unfair advantage over an opponent.
2. The maximum time permitted to shoot an end of three arrows is two minutes, and four minutes
for an end of six arrows.
3. Athletes may not raise the bow arm until the signal to start is given and penalties can be given –
in the form of points forfeits – if the bow is drawn after the official practice has been closed.
4. An arrow cannot be re-shot under any circumstances. The arrow may be considered not to have
been shot if it falls from the bow or misfires, or if the target blows or falls over. Extra time would
be given in such circumstances.
5. An arrow that rebounds or hangs from the target will still score based on the mark it makes on
the target face. Arrows that stick – Robin Hood-style – in the nock of another shall score the
same as the arrow in which they are embedded.
6. Athletes can be disqualified, have points deducted or be banned from competition for various
breaches of rules, based on the severity of the offence.
7. If equipment is damaged, appeals can be made to the judge for such equipment to be replaced
or fixed, and any time allowances will be at the judge’s discretion.

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Archery – Terminology

1. Anchor Point - The point to be touched by the string before releasing the arrow.
2. Archer’s Paradox - The effect generated by flexing of an arrow when it leaves the bow.
3. Bow fishing - Using archery to catch fish.
4. Bow hunting - Implementing archery in hunting and the practising of hunting.
5. Broadhead - A sharp-bladed hunting head attached to an arrow.
6. Bullseye - The centre of a target, for which hitting scores maximum points.
7. Clout Archery - A discipline in archery to shoot at a flag. The closer arrow scores maximum
points.
8. Crest - Marking on an arrow used for design or identification.
9. Crown - The nock end of the arrow where it is coloured.
10. Daikyu - Term used by Japanese for longbow.
11. Drawing - The pulling of the bowstring to an extreme stretch.
12. Dry loosing - To loosen the string without an arrow, causing damage to the bow.
13. End - A round in which arrows are shot.
14. English Longbow - A powerful bow during medieval period.
15. Field tip - Head for practising against the targets.
16. Fistmele - A good distance or the balancing height between the bowstring and bow handle.
17. Flu-flu arrow - A short range arrow that was specially designed for practising.
18. Footed arrow - An arrow along with a shaft of two types of wood.
19. Game - Wild animals hunted for sport or food.
20. Gungdo - A practise followed in Korea for the archery game.

IMPORTANT ARCHERY PLAYERS

Indian Archers

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1. Deepika Kumari – Former World No. 1; Commonwealth Games Gold Medalist.

2. Atanu Das – Asian Games Gold Medalist; Olympic archer.
3. Tarundeep Rai – Arjuna Awardee; Olympic and Asian Games medalist.
4. Abhishek Verma – World Cup Gold Medalist (Compound Archery).
5. Jyothi Surekha Vennam – World Champion in Compound Archery.

International Archers

1. Kim Woo-jin (South Korea) – Olympic and World Champion.

2. Brady Ellison (USA) – Multiple Olympic medalist.
3. Mete Gazoz (Turkey) – Olympic Gold Medalist (Tokyo 2020).
4. Chang Hye-jin (South Korea) – Olympic Champion.

IMPORTANT ARCHERY TOURNAMENTS

International Tournaments

1. Olympic Games – Most prestigious archery event.

2. World Archery Championships – Organized by World Archery Federation.
3. Archery World Cup – Annual international competition.
4. Asian Games – Major multi-sport event including archery.
5. Commonwealth Games – Archery included in selected editions.

National Tournaments (India)

1. Senior National Archery Championship

2. Junior National Archery Championship
3. Sub-Junior National Archery Championship
4. Federation Cup Archery Championship

ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS

1. Limba Ram – 1991

2. Dola Banerjee – 2005
3. Bombayla Devi Laishram – 2011
4. Tarundeep Rai – 2012
5. Deepika Kumari – 2012
6. Atanu Das – 2016
7. Abhishek Verma – 2021

VIVA-VOCE

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1. What is Archery?

Ans: Archery is a sport in which players use a bow and arrows to shoot at a target.

2. What equipment is used in archery?

Ans: The main equipment used are bow, arrows, quiver, arm guard, and finger tab.

3. What is the standard distance in Olympic archery?

Ans: The standard shooting distance in Olympic archery is 70 meters.

4. How many arrows are shot in one end?

Ans: In one end, an archer shoots 3 arrows.

5. Which type of archery is used in the Olympic Games?

Ans: Recurve archery is used in the Olympic Games.

6. What is the highest score on an archery target?

Ans: The highest score is 10 points, scored by hitting the center (gold ring).

7. Who is known as a famous Indian archer?

Ans: Deepika Kumari is a famous Indian archer.

8. Name the governing body of archery in the world.

Ans: The governing body of archery in the world is the World Archery Federation.

9. What is a quiver?

Ans: A quiver is a container used to hold arrows.

10. What safety rule must be followed in archery?

Ans: Arrows should be shot only on the command of the officials.

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Gymnastics

History of Gymnastics

Gymnastics is an ancient and basic sport. Johann Guts Muths (1759-1839) who is known as the great
grandfather of Gymnastics, introduced it into the Persian schools. It can be said that Germany
rediscovered Gymnastic and owing to that the International Gymnastic Federation was formed in 1881.
The first competition of gymnastics was held in Germany in 1884. It was included for men in the first
modern Olympic Games which were held in Athens in 1896. Gymnastics for women was included in the
Olympic Games in 1928. It was included in Asian Games in 1974 in Teheran Asian Games. The first World
Cup of Gymnastics was introduced in 1975.

Measurements and specification of equipments

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General Rules

1. Gymnasts present themselves to a judge before and after the event. They start their exercise
when the signal is given to them. If during the exercise, they fall, they have 30 seconds to
remount and continue.
2. Gymnasts are not allowed to leave the arena during competition without permission.
3. Women compete in four artistic events i.e. vaulting horse, uneven bars, balancing beam and
floor exercises. Men compete in six artistic events i.e. floor exercises, vaulting horse, pommel
horse, roman rings, horizontal bars and parallel bars.
4. In team competition 6 gymnasts of each team perform a compulsory and an optional exercise
on each apparatus. Five highest scores are added to get the team total.
5. A gymnast must wear proper attire. He may wear bandages and slippers or socks. He/she must
begin the exercise within 30 seconds once he/she is given signal. On the horizontal bar and
roman rings, a coach or another gymnast may assist a gymnast into a hanging position.
6. Breakdown of points are given below:

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