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Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Guide

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4 views2 pages

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Guide

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diyaarora102008
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS – IMPORTANT TOPICS

1. Structure and IUPAC Names:

Aldehydes (R-CHO), Ketones (R-CO-R’), Carboxylic acids (R-COOH) have sp2 hybridized carbonyl
carbon. Oxygen has lone pairs.

Aldehydes: –al, Ketones: –one, Acids: –oic acid.

2. Methods of Preparation of Benzoic Acid:

Oxidation of toluene, hydrolysis of benzonitrile, carbonation of phenylmagnesium bromide.

3. Esterification:

RCOOH + R’OH → RCOOR’ + H2O (conc. H2SO4). Esters have fruity smell.

4. Decarboxylation and HVZ:

Decarboxylation removes CO2 forming alkane. HVZ: α-halogenation of acids using Br2/P.

5. Acidity of Carboxylic Acids:

Due to resonance-stabilized carboxylate ion. –I groups increase acidity. Benzoic acid > acetic acid.

6. Cannizzaro, Iodoform, Aldol, Haloform:

Cannizzaro: aldehydes without α-H. Iodoform: yellow CHI3 from methyl ketones. Aldol: β-hydroxy
products from α-H aldehydes/ketones. Haloform: CHX3 from methyl ketones.

7. From Grignard Reagent:

RMgX + CO2 → RCOOH on hydrolysis.

8. Aromatic Ketones:

Carbonyl attached to aryl group (e.g., acetophenone). Prepared by Friedel-Crafts acylation.

9. Tollen's, Fehling’s, Benedict’s:

Tollen’s silver mirror for aldehydes. Fehling’s and Benedict’s give red ppt with aliphatic aldehydes;
ketones negative.

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