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Ch 1: Introduction to Engineering Profession
engineers make products and provide services
that make our lives better
that are suited to the needs and demands of an increasing population
The population uses 20% more of the world’s resources than the planet
can sustain
what do engineers do?
design millions of products and services that we use in our everday
lives
consider factors such as cost, efficiency, sustainability, reliability, and
safety in their designs
perform tests to ensure ability to withstand loads and conditions
prescribed
seek ways to improve existing products and services
design, maintain and supervise infrastructure system
extract materials from earth such as petroleum and natural gases
produce and process food
traits of succesfull engineers
problem solvers
understand fundamental principles of engineering
analytical, creative, and detail oriented
lifelong learners
able to work in other areas and fields outside their specialization
have good communication and time management skills
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have good people skills
good team players
solve problems in various ways
active in community and profession
ABET Accreditation
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
accredits engineering and technology programs
to become and engineer
education → accredited program, BS and/or MS level
Professional registration
Fundamental of Engineering Exam (FE)
Professional Engineering Exam (PE)
Professional organizations
life-long learnings
Ch 2: Preparing for an Engineering Career
a B.S degree in engineering requires 128 credits
16 credits/semester to graduate in 4 years
managing time
managing 68 hours left
usually 16 credit hours of courses in a semester
average of 2 to 3 hours of study per one hour of class time
consider a 5-year plan instead of 4
if we need to work
if we are married and have children
take breaks between classes or study
daily studying and preperation
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study on daily basis
read the materials ahead of time
attend class regularly
see professors if help is needed
take good notes
select a good study place
form study groups
study alone first and then discuss key ideas and concepts with
classmates
prepare for your exams
ASCE → American Society of Civil Engineers
SAE → Society of Automative Engineers
ASME → American Society of Mechanical Engineers
IEEE → Institue of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
SME → Society of Manufacturing Engineers
Ch 3: Introduction to Engineering Design
steps of the designing process:
1. Recognizing the need for a product or a service
2. Problem definition and understanding
a. most important step in any design process
b. make sure the problem is well defined and fully understood
3. Research and preparation
a. collect useful information
b. search to determine if a product already exists
c. adopt or modify existing components
4. Conceptualization
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a. generate concepts and ideas that can help solve the problem
5. Synthesis
a. details, calculations, models…
6. Evaluation
a. make sure everything is correct
b. work details out fully
7. Optimization
a. optimzing components of a system doesnt usually lead to an
optimized system
b. optimization → cost, strenght, size, weight, reliability, noise, or
performance
c. initial design → perform analysis → evaluate resutls of analysis →
can the deisgn be improved?
i. no → final design
ii. yes → modify design and start again from perfrom analysis
8. Presentation
a. communicate solution with second party
b. give oral and progress reports on daily basis
Ch 4: Engineering Communications
develop good written and oral skills
know how to express thoughts
present a concept for a product or analysis of a problem
know how to communicate design ideas
know how to write reports
problem solving steps
defining the problem
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simplifying the problem
performing the solution or analysis
verifying the results
Progress Report
Work completed so far
Work expected to be completed during the next reporting period
Any problems that may have come up, and the recommended solutions
Executive Summary
A brief and concise form of communication to top management
To convey the findings of a study or proposal
Typically few pages long
References may be made to more comprehensive reports
Short Memos
Short memos are used to convey information in a brief way to
interested individuals
general format is:
Date
From
To
Re
Technical Report
title → a brief informative description of the report contents
abstract → state precise objectives, emphasize significant findings,
and present conclusions and/or recommendations
objectives → state what is to be investigated through the performance
of the experiment
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appendix → provide the reader with copies of all original data sheets,
diagrams, and supplementary notes
3 main sections of engineering hw presentation format
given
find
solution
Ch 5: Engineering Ethics
NSPE → National Society of Professional Engineers
provide safe and reliable products
unethical and incompetent mistakes can cost money as well as lives
ethical duties:
hold the safety, health and welfare of the public
perform services only in their areas of expertise
be objective and truthful
be faithful to clients and employers
avoid deceptive acts
conduct themsleves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully
engineer’s creed
give utmost performance
participate in none but honest enterprise
be professional
place service before profit
place honor before personal advantage
place public welfare above all other considerations
Ch 6: Fundamental Dimensions and Units
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The physical quantities used to fully describe natural events and our
surroundings are:
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Temperature
Amount of substance
Luminous intensity
Systems of units
international system of units (SI)
most common system of units used in the world
ex: kg, N, m, cm
approved by General Conference on Weights and Measures
(CGPM)
british gravitational system of units (BG)
U.S customary units
Fundamental unit of length: meter (m)
Fundamental unit of mass: kilogram (kg)
Fundamental unit of time: second (s)
Fundamental unit of electric current: ampere (A)
Fundamental unit of temperature: kelvin (K)
Fundamental unit of amount of substance: mole (mol)
Fundamental unit of luminous intensity: candela (cd)
SI - Prefix and Symbol (table)
British Gravitation (BG) System
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foot (ft) for length (1 ft = 0.3048 m)
second for time
pound (lb) for force (1 lb = 4.448 N)
Fahrenheit for temperature
T(F)=9/5*T(C)+32
T(R)=9/5*T(K)
sluf is a unit of mass which is derived from Newton’s second law
1 lb = (1 slug)(1 ft/s^2)
U.S customary system of units
Primary units
foot (ft) for length (1 ft = 0.3048 m)
second for time
pound mass (lbm) for mass
1 lbm = 0.453592 kg
1 slug = 32.2 lbm
Dimension Homogenity
given: L = a + b + c
both sides of the equation shold have the sam dimensions
L represents length → a, b and c must reperesent length
Siginificant digits
last count - one. half of the samllest scale division
Ch 11: Temperature & Temperature-Related Parameters
BASE SI UNIT: Kelvin (K)
T(C) = 5/9[T(F) - 32]
Thermometers are used to measure temperature based on thermal
expansion and contraction
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Mercury thermometer is a temperature sensor that works on the principle
of expansion or contraction of mercur when its temperature changes
Celsius Scale (arbitrarily defined)
0 when the thermomter is in ice water
100 when the thermometer is in boiling water
Fahrenheit Scale (arbitrarily defined)
32 when the thermomter is in ice water
212 when the thermometer is in boiling water
Relationshio between Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales
T(C) = 5/9[T(F) - 32]
T(F) = 9/5(TC) + 32
Kelvin and Rankine scales are absolute scales based on the behavior of an
ideal gas
ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMPERATURE
PV = mRT
P is the absolute pressure of the gas (Pa)
V is the volume of the gas (m^3)
m is the mass (kg)
R is the gas constant (J/kg.K)
T is the absilute temperature (kelvin)
Tr = PrV/mR
T1 = P1V/mR
⇒ T1/Tr = P1/Pr ⇒ T1 = Tr(P1/Pr)
⇒ as T1 approaches absolute zero, P1 approaches zero
Relationships among temperature scales
T(K) = T(C) + 273
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T(R) = T(F) + 459.67
T(K) = 5/9T(R)
Temperature differences is the same in C and in K
Heat Transfer
is the form of energy transfer that occurs between bodies of differrent
temperatrues
heat always flows from high-temperature region to low-temperature
region
Units of thermal energy
calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1C
Joule is defined as 1 N.m or 1 kg.m^2/s^2
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 W = 1 J/s
1 cal/s = 4.186 W
Modes of heat transfer
conduction
conduction occurs when a temperature difference exists in a
medium
energy goes from more-energetic to less-energetic regions
energy transfered from high to low temperature regions
rate of heat transfer by conduction is given by Fouriers law
q = kA(T1-T2)/L
q is the hest transfer rate (W)
k is the thermal conductivity (W/m.C)
A is the cross area normal to heat flow (m^2)
T1-T2 is the temperature difference (C)
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L is the material thickness (m)
thermal resistance
R’ = thermla resistance = L/kA
R’ in C/W or K/W
R = R-factor = L/k
R in m^2.C/W or m^2.K/W
R-factor is a measure of resistance to heat flow
convection
q = hA(Ts-Tf)
h is the heat transfer coefficient (W/m^2.K)
A is the area of exposed surface in m^2
Ts is the surface temperature in C
Tf is the temperature of movinf fluid in C
Thermal convection resistance
R’ = 1/hA
Film resistance or film coefficient
R = 1/h
the highet the value of R the more resistance to heat flow to or
from the surrounding fluid
Windchill Factor
WCI = (10.45-V + 10radV)(33 - Ta)
WCI is the windchill index (kcal/m^2.h)
V is the wind speed (m/s)
Ta is the ambient air temperature (C)
33 is the body surface temperature (C)
Tequ = 0.045(5.27V^0.5 +10.45-0.28V)(T -33)+33
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Tequ is in C and V is in kmph
radiation
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