Chapter 8: Geometry
1. Types of Angles
• Acute Angle: An angle less than 90◦ .
• Right Angle: An angle of 90◦ .
• Obtuse Angle: An angle between 90◦ and 180◦ .
• Straight Angle: An angle of 180◦ .
• Reflex Angle: An angle greater than 180◦ but less than 360◦ .
2. Triangles
The sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180◦ .
Types of Triangles by Angles
• Acute Triangle: All angles are less than 90◦ .
• Right Triangle: Has one 90◦ angle.
• Obtuse Triangle: Has one angle greater than 90◦ .
Types of Triangles by Sides
• Equilateral Triangle: All sides and angles are equal.
• Isosceles Triangle: Two sides and two angles are equal.
• Scalene Triangle: All sides and angles are different.
Equilateral Isosceles Scalene
3. Circle Properties
• Radius: Distance from the center to any point on the circle.
• Diameter: Twice the radius, passing through the center of the circle.
• Circumference: The perimeter of the circle, given by C = 2πr.
• Arc: A portion of the circumference.
• Chord: A line segment joining two points on the circle.
• Sector: The area enclosed between two radii and an arc.
1
• Tangent: A line that touches the circle at exactly one point.
Radius
Sector
Radius
Diameter
4. Area and Perimeter Formulas
Rectangle
• Area: A = l · w (where l is length and w is width).
• Perimeter: P = 2(l + w).
Triangle
• Area: A = 1
2 · base · height.
• Perimeter: Sum of all three sides.
Circle
• Area: A = πr2 .
• Circumference: C = 2πr.
5. Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle with legs a and b and hypotenuse c:
c 2 = a 2 + b2
Example: If a = 3 and b = 4, find c.
p √ √
c = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
6. Angles in a Circle
• Central Angle: An angle whose vertex is the center of the circle. The measure of the central
angle equals the measure of its intercepted arc.
• Inscribed Angle: An angle whose vertex is on the circle and whose sides contain chords of the
circle. The inscribed angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc.
Central Angle
Radius
Inscribed Angle