Chapter on Matrices
1. Introduction to Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. Each number in a matrix is
called an element.
• A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m × n matrix.
Example:
1 2 3
is a 2 × 3 matrix.
4 5 6
2. Types of Matrices
• **Row Matrix**: A matrix with only one row.
• **Column Matrix**: A matrix with only one column.
• **Square Matrix**: A matrix with the same number of rows and columns.
• **Zero Matrix**: A matrix in which all elements are zero.
• **Identity Matrix**: A square matrix with 1’s on the diagonal and 0’s elsewhere.
Example of Identity Matrix:
1 0
I=
0 1
3. Matrix Operations
Addition and Subtraction
Two matrices of the same dimension can be added or subtracted by adding or subtracting corresponding
elements.
Example:
1 2 5 6 1+5 2+6 6 8
+ = =
3 4 7 8 3+7 4+8 10 12
Scalar Multiplication
To multiply a matrix by a scalar, multiply each element of the matrix by the scalar.
Example:
1 2 2·1 2·2 2 4
2· = =
3 4 2·3 2·4 6 8
Matrix Multiplication
Two matrices can be multiplied if the number of columns in the first matrix equals the number of rows
in the second matrix.
Example:
1 2 5 6 1·5+2·7 1·6+2·8 19 22
· = =
3 4 7 8 3·5+4·7 3·6+4·8 43 50
1
4. Determinants and Inverses of 2x2 Matrices
a b
For a 2 × 2 matrix A = ,
c d
• **Determinant**: det(A) = ad − bc
d −b
• **Inverse** (if det(A) ̸= 0): A−1 = 1
ad−bc −c a
2 3
Example: If A = , then
1 4
det(A) = 2 · 4 − 3 · 1 = 8 − 3 = 5
1 4 −3 0.8 −0.6
A−1 = =
5 −1 2 −0.2 0.4