3
Complex Number
KEY CONCEPTS
1. Real Number System
Natural Number (N): {1, 2, 3, ....... N=
(i1) Whole Number ( W): {0, W +{ 1,2.}{N}
(iüi) Integers (Zor ) :Z or =.3, -2,-1, 0, 1, 2,3, ....
I
(iv) Rational Numbers (Q:The numberswhich are in theform of ([Link] Lq0) pq
(v) Irrational Numbers (Q):The numbers which are not rational i.e. which can not be expressed in
p/q form or whose decimal part is non terminating non repeating but which may represent
magnitude of physical quantities. e.g. 51/4, n, e,.etec. 2,
(vi) Real Numbers (R) :The set of Rational and Irrational Number is called as set of Real Numbers
ie. NcWcZcQcR
2, Imaginary Number
Square root of a negative real number is an imaginary mumber, while solving equation x² +1=0 we get
xwhch is imaginary. So the quantity -1 isdenotel by called Yota thus iV1
3. Integral Power of Iota
i=-1 so = -1; =-iand =1 i
Hence jAn or in+4=1
4. Complex Number
A number of the form z =x+iy where x, y e R and i= 1 is called a complex number where x is
called as real part and y is called imaginary part of complex number and they are expressed as
Re (z) =x, Im (z) =y,
Here ifx =0the complex number is purely Imaginaryand ify =0 the complex number is purely Real.
Note:
> Inegualities in complex number are not defined because 'i is neither positive, zero nor negative so
4+ 3i<1+ 2i or i<0 or i>0 is meaning less.
> If two complex numbers are equal, then their real and imaginary parts are separately equal. Thus
if a + ib=c+id a-c and b =d
so if z =0x+ =0x=0and iy y = 0
> The complexnumber 0 is purely real and purelyimaginary both.
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ShortTrick
5. Algebra of Complex Number
If z1 al + ib and za a + iba be any two complex number then
Addition (a +ib) +(e+ =(a t c) +i(b +d)
id)
(iü) Subtraction (a + ib)-(c+ id) =(a -c) +i(b-d)
(n) Multiplicattion (a + ib )(e + id) ae + iad + ibe + ijbd (ac )
-bd + i(ad + bc)
a+1b (a +ib)(e-id)
(iv) Division
c+id (e+id(c-id)
(when at least one and dis non zero)
of c
(ac + bd)(be -ad)
Note: Additive inverse of z is -z and multiplicative inverse z is:
of
6. Conjugate of a Complex Number:
Ifz=a+ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part and it
denoted by Z, i.e. ž =a-ib
7. Properties of Conjugate Complex Number
Let z=a+ib and z =a-ib then
(ii) z+Z =2a =2Re (z) =purely real
z-Z -2ib =2i Im (2) = purely
(ii) imaginary (iv)z7 =a+b = |z|
() +2g +
(viü) re= re 0 (vil) -
(ix) z= ()"
(xi) z + ž =0or z=-7 z=0 or z is purely imaginary
(xíi) z= ž zis purely real
8. Modulus of a Complex Number
If z=x+iy then modulus of isdenoted by |z|.Thus
z=x+iy » lz| =x+y
9 Properties of Modulus of a Complex Number
(i) lz| >0 (ii) - lz| sRe (2) s lzl
(i)-1zl s Im ()s lzl
(iv) |z|= lZ|=|-z|=|-Z|
(v) zž = |z|? (vi) zl=
(vii) lz zal= lz| lzl (vii |zn |zl"
(ix) ,where Iz2l 0 (i) 2a12 12:12+
lz1 12a13 2Re (ai2,)
(x) lzi tza|2+ |z1-za|2 = 2[|z,+l2,) (xi) (z1 + z2|2= |z |2+ Jza|2 +2|zl |z2l cos(01
where 01 and 02 are the argument of zi and z
Complex Number Page-37
(xii) Iz + 2a1 12112+ za12 is purely imaginay.
(xii) l2|sl21 + |1 (triangle inequality)
(xiv) lz- l11 (triangle inequality )
10. Amplitude orArgument of Complex Number:
The amplitudeor argument of a complex number z is the incination of the directed line segment
representing z,with real axis.
z(x. y)
If z=x+ iy then amp (2) =tan
Note:
> Principle value of any complexnumber lies between-<0<.
Principal value of argument.
a) If complex number lies in first quadrantthen arg (2) =0.
(iü) If complex number lies in second quadrant then arg (2) =*-0.
(iü) If complexnumber lies in third quadrantthen arg (2) ={n-0).
(iv) Ifcomplexnumber lies in fourth quadrant then arg (z) =-0.
11. Properties of Argument of a Complex Number
amp (any real positive number) = 0
(ii) amp (any real negative number) n
(iii
amp a-2)
(iv) amp (21.z)=ampz) +amp()+ 2kn Vkel
(v) amp ()-amp (22) + 2n kEl
(vi) amp (Z) =- amp(z) = amp
(vm) amp (-) amp (3)
(viii) amp (z) =n amp (z) + 2kr (k =0, 1 or-1)
(ix) amp (2)+ amp (7)=2kr
proper value of k must be chosen so that
[Link] in (-,
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Short Tricks
12. Representation of a Complex Number in various forms
(i) Cartesian Fom:
Every complex number tiy can be represented by a point on the Cartesian plane known a
Complex plane (Argand diagram) by the ordered pair (x, y).
Imaginary axis
P(x,y)
Real axis
Length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by 1 and 0 is called the
argumentor amplitude,
1 +y &e tan
(ü) Trigonometric/PolarForm:
2r(cos8+isin 0) where lurg 20:
(iii) EulerianForm:
2 Te; 1zl7arg z8;
= cos 0+isin and e-=cos -i sin e
re
ei
Square Root ofa Complex Number
+
13.
The square root = a+ ib is of z
|z+a |zl-a for b>0and
a+ib
2ifor
|lz+a
b< 0.
14. Logarithm of a Complex Number
Let zx+ iy be a complex number and in polar form of z is re, then
log (x + =log (re)=
iy) log (r) + i9
log (+y)+itan y
or log z=
log (|zl) +i amp (2)
In general, z=rein)
log z=log lzl +i arg z + 2nri
15. De- Moivre's Theorem
A simplest formula for calculating powers of complex
numbers in the form of cOs 0 and sin 9 is known
as De-Moivre's theorem,
IfneI (set of
then cos ne +i sin ne is one
integers),then (cos 0 +isin )cosn + i sin nô and ifn e 9(set of rational numbers
of the values of (cos 0+isin )".
Note:
@ (ain B+ionn o-j-+ im-
2
() (cos +isin 1)(cos z+1sint)..(cos 8,+i sin 8)=cos (0 +0:+
(iii) (sin +icos ) sin n icos n +0.)+isin ( +:+..+ Ba)