Presented by

Dr. Tapan Kumar Mohanta

 What is IOT? 2

❖ The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects or

"things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.

❖ It allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across

existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for
more direct integration between the physical world and
computer-based systems, and resulting in improved
efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.
 3
❖ "Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices
such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on
farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles
with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for
environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field operation
devices that assist fire-fighters in search and rescue
operations.

❖ These devices collect useful data with the help of various

existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data
between other devices.
Where are we now in 2021
?
IoT ecosystem
Ecosystem components

 Device manufacturers IoT

 Sensors/actuators, smart appliances
 Network service providers
 Operators, NMS providers
 Cloud service providers
 Data centres, dBase, dWarehouse
 Platform providers
 Middleware providers, SDKs App
 3rd party application developers
 Analytics providers, tools, APIs
Example
 General Electric (GE) deploys sensors in its jet engines, turbines, and
wind farms. By analyzing data in real time, GE saves time and money
associated with predictive maintenance.

Io Ap
T p
Broad research directions
Research directions (contd.)
 History of IoT 10
The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in
1999, through the Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market-
analysis publications.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a

prerequisite for the IoT at that point. If all objects and people
in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could
manage and inventory them. Besides using RFID, the tagging
of things may be achieved through such technologies as near
field communication, barcodes, QR codes, blue-tooth, and
digital watermarking.
 How IOT Works? 11
Internet of Things is not the result of a single novel technology;
instead, several complementary technical developments
provide capabilities that taken together help to bridge the
gap between the virtual and physical world. These
capabilities include:
➢ Communication and cooperation
➢ Addressability
➢ Identification
➢ Sensing
➢ Actuation
➢ Embedded information processing
➢ Localization
➢ User interfaces
 How IoT Works?

RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech

To identify To collect To enhance To make the

and track and process the power of smaller and
the data the data to the network smaller
of things detect the by devolving things have
changes in processing the ability to
the physical capabilities to connect and
status of different part interact.
things of the
network.

12
 The Structure of IoT 13
The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network
consisting of networks of devices and
computers connected through a series of
intermediate technologies where numerous
technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections
may act as enablers of this connectivity.

➢ Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and addressability by

RFIDs.
➢ Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect data
from the environment.
➢ Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has
provoked the ability of smaller things to interact and connect
within the “things” or “smart devices.”
➢ Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices through
sensors has formed the network connection to the Internet. It can
make the “things” realizing the intelligent control.
Current Status & Future Prospect of IoT
14

“Change is the only thing permanent in this world”

 IoT as a Network of Networks:
15

These networks connected with added security,

analytics, and management capabilities. This will
allow IoT to become even more powerful in what it
can help people achieve.
 16
Knowledge Management –
Turning Data into Wisdom

The more data that is created, the better

understanding and wisdom people can obtain.
 The Future of IoT
17

"The Sky's not the limit. It's only the beginning with IoT."
 The Potential of IoT
18

GE’s estimates on potential of just ONE percent savings

applied using IoT across global industry sectors.
 19
Unlock the Massive potential of IoT
Technology roadmap of IoT 20
 Applications of IoT 21

"The Ultimate Goal of IOT is to Automate Human Life."

 Few Applications of IoT 22
✓ Building and Home automation
✓ Manufacturing
✓ Medical and Healthcare systems
✓ Media
✓ Environmental monitoring
✓ Infrastructure management
✓ Energy management
✓ Transportation
✓ Better quality of life for elderly
✓ ... ... ...
You name it, and you will have it in IoT!
23
24
25
 Sensors in even the holy cow!
26

In the world of IoT, even the cows will be connected

and monitored. Sensors are implanted in the ears of
cattle. This allows farmers to monitor cows’ health and
track their movements, ensuring a healthier, more
plentiful supply of milk and meat for people to consume.
On average, each cow generates about 200 MB of
information per year.
27
28
 29

IoT helps you in LIFE LOGGING

30
 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF IOT
At present IoT is faced with many challenges,31
such as:
▪ Scalability
▪ Technological Standardization
▪ Inter operability
▪ Discovery
▪ Software complexity
▪ Data volumes and interpretation
▪ Power Supply
▪ Interaction and short range communication
▪ Wireless communication
▪ Fault tolerance
32
 Criticisms and Controversies of IoT
33
Scholars and social observers and pessimists
have doubts about the promises of the
ubiquitous computing revolution, in the areas
as:

▪ Privacy
▪ Security
▪ Autonomy and Control
▪ Social control
▪ Political manipulation
▪ Design
▪ Environmental impact
▪ Influences human moral decision making
34
 References 35

1. [Link]

2. [Link]

3. Cisco whitepaper, "The Internet of Things" - How the Next

Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything, by Dave
Evans, April 2011.

4. GE cloud expo 2014, "Industrial Internet as a Service", by

Shyam Varan Nath, Principal Architect.

5. Dr. Mazlan Abbas, MIMOS Berhad, Wisma IEM, Petaling

Jaya
THIS CHAPTER EXPLORES THE FOLLOWING AREAS

 Drivers Behind New Network Architectures

 Comparing IoT Architectures

 A Simplified IoT Architecture

 The Core IoT Functional Stack

 IoT Data Management and Compute Stack

 DRIVERS BEHIND NEW NETWORK
ARCHITECTURES
• To implement any networking concepts designing and
understanding the network architecture is of utmost
importance.

• The difference between IT and IoT networks is much

like the difference between residential architecture
and stadium architecture.
• The key difference between IT and IoT is the data.

• While IT systems are mostly concerned with reliable and

continuous support of business applications such as email,
web, databases and so on.

• IoT is all about the data generated by sensors and how

that data is used.

• The essence of IoT architectures thus involves how the

data is transported, collected, analyzed, and ultimately
acted upon.
IOT ARCHITECTURAL DRIVERS

 Scale

 Security

 Constrained Devices and Networks

 Data

 Legacy Device Support

i. Scale

 The scale of a typical IT network is on the order of several

thousand devices—typically printers, mobile wireless
devices, laptops, servers, and so on.

 But when a scale of a network goes from a few thousand

endpoints to a few millions the IT engineers lack a
required skills to design a network that is intended to
support millions of routable IP endpoints.
ii. Security

 The frequency and impact of cyber attacks in recent years has

increased dramatically. Protecting corporate data from
intrusion and theft is one of the main functions of the IT
department.

 IoT systems require consistent mechanisms of authentication,

encryption, and intrusion prevention techniques that
understand the behaviour of industrial protocols and can
respond to attacks on critical infrastructure
 For optimum security, IoT systems must:
 Be able to identify and authenticate all entities
involved in the IoT service(i.e., gateways, endpoint
devices, home networks, roaming networks, service
platforms)

 Ensure that all user data shared between the

endpoint device and back-end applications is
encrypted
iii. Constrained Devices and Networks

 Most IoT sensors are designed for a single job, and they
are typically small and inexpensive. This means they often
have limited power, CPU, and memory, and they transmit
only when there is something important.

 If an IT network has performance constraints, the solution

is simple: Upgrade to a faster network.

 If too many devices are on one VLAN and are impacting

performance, we can simply carve out a new VLAN and
continue to scale as much as we need.
iv. Data

 IoT devices generate a mountain of data. In general, most

IT shops don’t really care much about the unstructured
chatty data generated by devices on the network.

 However, in IoT the data is like gold, as it is what enables

businesses to deliver new IoT services that enhance the
customer experience, reduce cost, and deliver new
revenue opportunities
 Although most IoT-generated data is unstructured, the insights
it provides through analytics can revolutionize processes and
create new business models.

 For ex :
 Imagine a smart city with a few hundred thousand smart
streetlights, all connected through an IoT network.

 However, when all this data is combined, it can become

difficult to manage and analyze effectively.
v. Legacy Device Support

 Supporting legacy devices in an IT organization is not

usually a big problem. If someone’s computer or operating
system is outdated, she simply upgrades. If someone is
using a mobile device with an outdated Wi-Fi standard,
such as 802.11b or 802.11g, we can simply deny him
access to the wireless network, and he will be forced to
upgrade.

 In OT systems, end devices are likely to be on the network

for a very long time—sometimes decades.

 As IoT networks are deployed, they need to support the

older devices already present on the network, as well as
devices with new capabilities.
 In many cases, legacy devices are so old that they don’t even
support IP.

 For ex :
 A factory may replace machines only once every 20 years—or
perhaps even longer!

 It does not want to upgrade multi-million-dollar machines just

so it can connect them to a network for better visibility and
control.

 However, many of these legacy machines might support older

protocols, such as serial interfaces, and use RS-232.

 In this case, the IoT network must either be capable of some

type of protocol translation or use a gateway device to connect
these legacy endpoints to the IoT network
 COMPARING IOT ARCHITECTURES
• In the past several years, architectural standards and
frameworks have emerged to address the challenge of
designing massive-scale IoT networks.

• The foundational concept in all these architectures is

supporting data, process, and the functions that endpoint
devices perform.

• Two of the best-known architectures

• oneM2M
• IoT World Forum (IoTWF)
THE ONEM2M IOT STANDARDIZED ARCHITECTURE
 European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) created the M2M Technical
Committee in 2008.

 The goal of this committee was to

 create a common architecture that would help
accelerate the adoption of M2M applications and
devices.
 In 2012 launched oneM2M as a global initiative
designed to promote efficient M2M communication
systems and IoT.

 create a common services layer, which can be

readily embedded in field devices to allow
communication with application servers.

 One of the greatest challenges in designing an IoT

architecture is dealing with the heterogeneity of
devices, software, and access methods.
• The oneM2M architecture divides IoT functions into
three major domains: the application layer, the services
layer, and the network layer.

• Let’s examine each of these domains in turn:

i. Applications layer

 The oneM2M architecture gives major attention to

connectivity between devices and their
applications.

 This domain includes the application-layer

protocols and attempts to standardize API
definitions for interaction with business
intelligence (BI) systems.
ii. Services layer

 This layer is shown as a horizontal framework

across the vertical industry applications.

 At this layer, horizontal modules include the

physical network that the IoT applications run
on, the underlying management protocols, and
the hardware.
iii. Network Layer

 This is the communication domain for the IoT devices

and endpoints.

 It includes the devices themselves and the

communications network that links them.

 the communications infrastructure include wireless

mesh technologies, such as IEEE 802.15.4, and
wireless point-to-multipoint systems, such as IEEE
801.11

 Also included are wired device connections, such as

IEEE 1901 power line communications.
THE IOT WORLD FORUM (IOTWF)
STANDARDIZED ARCHITECTURE

• In 2014 the IoTWF architectural committee (led by Cisco,

IBM, Rockwell Automation, and others) published a seven-
layer IoT architectural reference model.

• visualizing IoT from a technical perspective.

• Each of the seven layers is broken down into specific

functions, and security encompasses the entire model.

• Figure 2.2 details the IoT reference model published by the

IoTWF
Figure 2.1 : IoT Reference Model Published by the IoT World Forum
 Using this reference model, we are able to achieve the
following:
1. Decompose the IoT problem into smaller parts

2. Identify different technologies at each layer and how

they relate to one another
3. Define a system in which different parts can be
provided by different vendors
4. Have a process of defining interfaces that leads to
interoperability
5. Define a tiered security model that is enforced at the
transition points between levels
 Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer

layer is home to the “things” in the Internet of

 This
Things
 including the various endpoint devices and sensors that
send and receive information.

 Thesize of these “things” can range from almost

microscopic sensors to giant machines in a factory.

 Their
primary function is generating data and being
capable of being queried and/or controlled over a
network.
 Layer 2: Connectivity Layer
 the focus is on connectivity.

 The most important function of this IoT layer is the

reliable and timely transmission of data.
 Layer 3: Edge Computing

 Edge computing is often referred to as the “fog” layer

 At this layer, the emphasis is on data reduction and

converting network data flows into information
that is ready for storage and processing by higher
layers.

 One of the basic principles of this reference model is

that information processing is initiated as early and
as close to the edge of the network as possible
 Upper Layers: Layers 4–7
 The upper layers deal with handling and processing the IoT
data generated by the bottom layer.

IoT Reference Model Layer Functions

Layer 4 : Data Accumulation Captures data and stores it so it usable by applications
Layer when necessary. Converts event-based data to query
based processing.
Layer 5: Data Abstraction Reconciles multiple data formats and ensures consistent
Layer semantics from various sources. Confirms that the data
set is complete and consolidates data into one place or
multiple data stores using visualization.
Layer 6: Applications Layer Interprets data using software applications. Applications
may monitor, control and provide reports based on the
analysis of the data.

Layer 7: Collaboration and Consumes and shares the application information.

processes layer Collaboration on and communicating IoT information
often requires multiple steps and it is what makes IoT
useful. This layer can change business processes and
delivers benefits of IoT
 IT and OT Responsibilities in the IoT Reference
Model
 Thebottom of the stack is generally in the domain
of OT.

 For an industry like oil and gas, this includes

sensors and devices connected to pipelines, oil
rigs, refinery machinery, and so on.

 The top of the stack is in the IT area and includes

things like the servers, databases, and
applications, all of which run on a part of the
network controlled by IT.
 Atthe bottom, in the OT layers, the devices generate
real-time data at their own rate

 datahas to be buffered or stored at certain points

within the IoT stack.

 Layering data management in this way throughout the

stack helps the top four layers handle data at their own
speed.
 thereal-time “data in motion” close to the edge
has to be organized and stored so that it becomes
“data at rest” for the applications in the IT tiers.

 The IT and OT organizations need to work

together for overall data management.
ADDITIONAL IOT REFERENCE MODELS
1. Purdue model for control Hierarchy

2. Industrial Internet Reference Architecture(IIRA) by

Industrial Internet Consortium(IIC)

3. Internet of Things-Architecture(IoT-A)
A SIMPLIFIED IOT ARCHITECTURE

 we can describe an IoT framework that highlights the

fundamental building blocks that are common to most IoT
systems and which is intended to help you in designing an IoT
network.

• This framework is presented as two parallel stacks:

i. The IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
ii. The Core IoT Functional Stack
A SIMPLIFIED IOT ARCHITECTURE
THE CORE IOT FUNCTIONAL STACK
 IoTnetworks are built around the concept of “things,”
or smart objects performing functions and delivering
new connected services.

 These objects are “smart” because they use a

combination of contextual information and configured
goals to perform actions.

 “thing” interacts with an external system to report

information that the smart object collects, to exchange
with other objects, or to interact with a management
platform.
IOT DATA MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTE STACK

 The massive scale of IoT networks is fundamentally

driving new architectures. As per the projections by
Cisco nearly 50 billion devices will be connected to the
IoT networks by the year 2020.

 In fact, the data generated by IoT sensors is one of the

single biggest challenges in building an IoT system.
 Inthe case of modern IT networks, the data
sourced by a computer or server is typically
generated by the client/server communications
model, and it serves the needs of the application.

 Insensor networks, the vast majority of data

generated is unstructured and of very little use
on its own.
• In most cases, the processing location is outside the smart
object. A natural location for this processing activity is the
cloud.

• Smart objects need to connect to the cloud, and data processing

is centralized.

• One advantage of this model is simplicity. Objects just need to

connect to a central cloud application.

• This model also has some limitations.

• The data volume increases with more number of smart objects being
connected to the network which in turn creates a new requirements.
 These new requirements include the following

1. Minimizing latency
2. Conserving network bandwidth
3. Increasing local efficiency
• Data management in traditional IT systems is very simple.

• The endpoints (laptops, printers, IP phones, and so on)

communicate over an IP core network to servers in the data
center or cloud.

• Data is generally stored in the data center, and the physical

links from access to core are typically high bandwidth,
meaning access to IT data is quick.
IoT systems function differently. Several data-related problems
need to be addressed:

1. Bandwidth in last-mile IoT networks is very limited.

2. Latency can be very high.

3. Network backhaul from the gateway can be unreliable and

often depends on 3G/LTE or even satellite links

4. The volume of data transmitted over the backhaul can be

high, and much of the data may not really be that
interesting(such as simple polling messages).

5. Big data is getting bigger. The concept of storing and

analyzing all sensor data in the cloud is impractical.
 Fog Computing

• The solution to the challenges encountered in data management

is to distribute data management throughout the IoT system,
as close to the edge of the IP network as possible.

• The best-known embodiment of edge services in IoT is fog

computing.

• Any device with computing, storage, and network connectivity

can be a fog node.

• Examples include industrial controllers, switches, routers,

embedded servers, and IoT gateways
 The characteristic of fog computing are as
follows:
1. Contextual location awareness and low
latency
2. Geographic distribution

3. Deployment near IoT endpoints

4. Wireless communication between the fog

and the IoT endpoint
5. Use for real-time interactions
 Sensors are fundamental building blocks of IoT networks
 Sensors are the foundational elements found in smart
objects—the “things” in the Internet of Things

 Smart objects are any physical objects that contain

embedded technology to sense and/or interact with
their environment in a meaningful way by being
interconnected and enabling communication
among themselves or an external agent.
SENSORS, ACTUATORS, AND SMART OBJECTS
 A sensor: It senses
 More specifically, a sensor measures some physical
quantity and converts that measurement reading into a
digital representation.
 That digital representation is typically passed to another
device for transformation into useful data that can be
consumed by intelligent devices or humans
 Sensors are not limited to human-like sensory data.
 They are able to provide an extremely wide spectrum of rich
and diverse measurement data with far greater precision than
human senses
Categories
 Active or passive:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether they produce an
energy output and typically require an external power
supply (active) or
 Whether they simply receive energy and typically require no
external power supply (passive).

 Invasive or non-invasive:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether a sensor is part
of the environment it is measuring (invasive) or
 External to it (non-invasive).
 Contact or no-contact:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether they require
physical contact with what they are measuring
(contact) or not (no-contact).

 Absolute or relative:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether they
measure on an absolute scale (absolute) or based on a
difference with a fixed or variable reference value
(relative).
 Area of application:
 Sensors can be categorized based on the specific industry
or vertical where they are being used.

 How sensors measure:

 Sensors can be categorized based on the physical
mechanism used to measure sensory input (for
example, thermoelectric, electrochemical, piezoresistive, optic, electric,
fluid mechanic, photoelastic).
 What sensors measure:
 Sensors can be categorized based on their applications
or what physical variables they measure.

 Note that this is by no means an exhaustive list, and there are

many other classification and taxonomic schemes for sensors,
including those based on material, cost, design, and other
factors
Categorization based on what physical phenomenon a
sensor is measuring
11
Precision agriculture (smart farming)
 which uses a variety of technical advances to improve the efficiency,
sustainability, and profitability of traditional farming practices.
 This includes the use of GPS and satellite aerial imagery for determining field
viability; robots for high-precision planting, harvesting, irrigation, and so on; and
real-time analytics and artificial intelligence to predict optimal crop yield, weather
impacts, and soil quality.
 Among the most significant impacts of precision agriculture are those dealing
with sensor measurement of a variety of soil characteristics. These
include real- time measurement of soil quality, pH levels, salinity, toxicity levels,
moisture levels for irrigation planning, nutrient levels for fertilization planning, and
so on.

 All this detailed sensor data can be analyzed to provide highly valuable and
actionable insight to boost productivity and crop yield.
IoT Use Case: Area of precision agriculture
(smart farming)
 biodegradable, passive microsensors to measure soil and crop and
conditions
.
 These sensors, developed at North Dakota State University
(NDSU), can be planted directly in the soil and left in the ground
to biodegrade without any harm to soil quality.
Figure 3-1 Biodegradable Sensors Developed by NDSU for Smart Farming
Sensors in a Smart Phone
Figure 3-3 Growth and Predictions in the Number of Sensors
Actuators
 Actuators are natural complements to sensors
 Sensors are designed to sense and measure practically any
measurable variable in the physical world.
 They convert their measurements (typically analog) into
electric signals or digital representations that can be
consumed by an intelligent agent (a device or a human).
 Actuators, on the others hand, receive some type of
control signal (commonly an electric signal or
digital command) that triggers a physical effect,
usually some type of motion, force, and so on.
 Sensors provide the information, actuators provide the
action
 Actuators also vary greatly in function, size, design, and so on.
 Some common ways that they can be classified include the
following:
 Type of motion: Actuators can be classified based on the type of
motion they produce (for example, linear, rotary, one/two/three-
axes).
 Power: Actuators can be classified based on their power output
(for example, high power, low power, micro power)
 Binary or continuous: Actuators can be classified based on the
number of stable-state outputs.
 Area of application: Actuators can be classified based on the
specific industry or vertical where they are used.
 Type of energy: Actuators can be classified based on their
energy type.
Classification based on energy type
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
 Interesting advances in sensor and actuator technologies is in how
they are packaged and deployed.

 Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), sometimes simply

referred to as micro-machines, can integrate and combine electric and
mechanical elements, such as sensors and actuators, on a very small
(millimeter or less) scale.

 One of the keys to this technology is a microfabrication

technique that is similar to what is used for microelectronic
integrated circuits.
 This approach allows mass production at very low costs
 The combination of tiny size, low cost, and the ability to mass
produce makes MEMS an attractive option for a huge number of
IoT applications.
 MEMS devices have already been widely used in a variety of
different applications and can be found in very familiar
everyday devices.
 For example, inkjet printers use micropump MEMS.
 Smart phones also use MEMS technologies for things
like accelerometers and gyroscopes.
 In fact, automobiles were among the first to commercially
introduce MEMS into the mass market, with airbag
accelerometers.
Figure 3-6 Torsional Ratcheting Actuator (TRA) MEMS (Courtesy Sandia National
Laboratories, SUMMiT™ Technologies, [Link]/mstc.)
Smart Objects
 Smart objects are, quite simply, the building blocks of IoT.
 They are what transform everyday objects into a
network of intelligent objects that are able to learn
from and interact with their environment in a
meaningful way
 The real power of smart objects in IoT comes from being
networked together rather than being isolated as standalone
objects
 If a sensor is a standalone device that simply measures the
humidity of the soil, it is interesting and useful, but it isn’t
revolutionary
 If that same sensor is connected as part of an intelligent
network that is able to coordinate intelligently with
actuators to trigger irrigation systems as needed based on
those sensor readings, we have something far more powerful
 Extending that even further, imagine that the coordinated
sensor/actuator set is intelligently interconnected with
other sensor/actuator sets to further coordinate
fertilization, pest control, and so on—and even communicate
with an intelligent backend to calculate crop yield potential
 A smart object, is a device that has, at a minimum, the
following four defining characteristics
 Processing unit:
 Some type of processing unit for
 Acquiring data,
 Processing and analyzing sensing information
received by the sensor(s),
 Coordinating control signals to any actuators, and
 Controlling a variety of functions on the smart
object, including the communication and power systems
 The most common is a microcontroller because of its
small form factor, flexibility, programming simplicity,
ubiquity, low power consumption, and low cost
 Sensor(s) and/or actuator(s):
 A smart object is capable of interacting with the physical
world through sensors and actuators
 Communication device:
 The communication unit is responsible for connecting a
smart object with other smart objects and the
outside world (via the network).
 Communication devices for smart objects can be either
wired or wireless
 Power source:
 Smart objects have components that need to be powered.
 The most significant power consumption usually comes from
the communication unit of a smart object
Trends in Smart Objects
 Size is decreasing
 Power consumption is decreasing
 Processing power is increasing
 Communication capabilities are improving
 Communication is being increasingly standardized
SENSOR NETWORKS
 A sensor/actuator network (SANET), is a network of sensors
that sense and measure their environment and/or
actuators that act on their environment

 The sensors and/or actuators in a SANET are capable of

communicating and cooperating

 Effective and well-coordinated communication and

cooperation is a prominent challenge, primarily because the
sensors and actuators in SANETs are diverse, heterogeneous, and
resource-constrained
 SANETs offer highly coordinated sensing and actuation
capabilities.
 Smart homes are a type of SANET that display this
coordination between distributed sensors and actuators

 For example, smart homes can have temperature sensors

that are strategically networked with heating, ventilation, and
air-conditioning (HVAC) actuators.

 When a sensor detects a specified temperature, this can

trigger an actuator to take action and heat or cool the home
as needed.
 Advantages and disadvantages that a wireless-based solution
offers:
Advantages:
 Greater deployment flexibility (especially in extreme
environments or hard-to-reach places)
 Simpler scaling to a large number of nodes
 Lower implementation costs
 Easier long-term maintenance
 Effortless introduction of new sensor/actuator nodes
 Better equipped to handle dynamic/rapid topology changes
Disadvantages:
 Potentially less secure (for example, hijacked access points)
 Typically lower transmission speeds
 Greater level of impact/influence by environment
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
 Wireless sensor networks are made up of wirelessly
connected smart objects, which are sometimes referred to
as motes.

 The fact that there is no infrastructure to consider

with WSNs is surely a powerful advantage for flexible
deployments, but there are a variety of design constraints
to consider with these wirelessly connected smart objects
 The following are some of the most significant limitations of
the smart objects in WSNs:
 Limited processing power
 Limited memory
 Lossy communication
 Limited transmission speeds
 Limited power

 Note
 Smart objects with limited processing, memory, power, and
so on are often referred to as constrained nodes.
 These limitations greatly influence how WSNs are designed,
deployed, and utilized.
 The fact that individual sensor nodes are typically so limited
is a reason that they are often deployed in very large
numbers.
 As the cost of sensor nodes continues to decline, the ability
to deploy highly redundant sensors becomes increasingly
feasible.
 Because many sensors are very inexpensive and
correspondingly inaccurate, the ability to deploy smart
objects redundantly allows for increased accuracy
 Such large numbers of sensors permit the introduction
of hierarchies of smart objects.

 Such a hierarchy provides, among other organizational

advantages, the ability to aggregate similar sensor
readings from sensor nodes that are in close
proximity to each other
 . Figure 3-9 shows an example of such a data aggregation function in a
WSN where temperature readings from a logical grouping of
temperature sensors are aggregated as an average temperature
reading.

Figure 3-9 Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

 These data aggregation techniques are helpful in reducing the
amount of overall traffic (and energy) in WSNs with very large
numbers of deployed smart objects.

 This data aggregation at the network edges is where fog and

mist computing are critical IoT architectural elements needed to
deliver the scale and performance required by so many IoT use
cases
 Wirelessly connected smart objects generally have one of the
following two communication patterns:

 Event-driven:
 Transmission of sensory information is triggered only when a smart object
detects a particular event or predetermined threshold.

 Periodic:
 Transmission of sensory information occurs only at periodic intervals.

 The decision of which of these communication schemes is used depends

greatly on the specific application
 For example: medical use cases
 For example, in some medical use cases, sensors
periodically send postoperative vitals, such as
temperature or blood pressure readings. In other
medical use cases, the same blood pressure or
temperature readings are triggered to be sent only
when certain critically low or high readings are
measured.
 Communication Protocols for Wireless
Sensor Networks
 There are literally thousands of different types of sensors and actuators.
 WSNs are becoming increasingly heterogeneous, with more sophisticated
interactions.

 Any communication protocol must be able to scale to a large

number of nodes.

 Likewise, when selecting a communication protocol, you must

carefully take into account the requirements of the specific
application and consider any trade-offs the communication
protocol offers between power consumption, maximum
transmission speed, range, tolerance for packet loss, topology
optimization, security, and so on
 They must also enable, as needed, the overlay of autonomous
techniques (for example, self-organization, self-healing, self-
configuration)

 Wireless sensor networks interact with their environment. Sensors often

produce large amounts of sensing and measurement data that needs to
be processed. This data can be processed locally by the nodes of
a WSN or across zero or more hierarchical levels in IoT networks.

 Communication protocols need to facilitate routing

and
message handling for this data flow between sensor
nodes as well as from sensor nodes to optional gateways, edge
compute, or centralized cloud compute
 standardization of communication protocols is a
complicated task.

 While there isn’t a single protocol solution, there is

beginning to be some clear market convergence around
several key communication protocols.
Connecting Smart Objects
 IoT devices and sensors must be connected to the network
for their data to be utilized.

 In addition to the wide range of sensors, actuators, and smart

objects that make up IoT, there are also a number of different
protocols used to connect them