EOT PHYSICS
TOPIC:SIMPLE MACHINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:—
"At the end of today's physics
Class on Simple Machine, students
should be able to under the
following:"
1. Definition of a Machine
2. Other related terms such as
Load, effort, Velocity ratio
3. Types of Machine
[Link] of a Machine
See you in class..!
A Machine is essentially a device or tool
which allows Force or effort applied at one
end to overcome a resisting force or load at
another point.
OR
A Machine is a device by which work is done
more conviently by applying a force called
Effort to overcome another force called load at
another point.
A machine enables us to do more work easily
and conveniently than could be done without
for example
"It is easier to roll a drum of oil up an inclined
plane onto a lorry than to raise it up vertically
without the inclined plane".
Examples of machines are: levers, pliers,
wheelbarrows, nutcrackers, inclined plane,
wheel and axle and finally screw jack.
TERMS USED IN SIMPLE
MACHINES! 💥📚📖✨
1. Load(L) – It is the force to be overcome or
the resisting force
[Link] (E) – It is the force exerted to
overcome the load.
3. The ability of a machine to overcome a
large load through a small effort is known as
its mechanical advantage or force ratio(MA)
MA = load/effort
4. Velocity ratio (VR) or speed or distance
ratio – It is the ratio of distance moved by the
effort (x) to distance moved by the load (y)
VR = x/y
= distance moved by effort/distance moved
by load
Note: Both MA and VR have no units.
The distance moved by the effort is also
known as EFFORT ARM
The distance moved by the load is also
known as LOAD ARM
We can see that the MA is the ratio of two
forces (load and effort), hence it is sometimes
referred to as the force ratio. The load is the
output force and the effort is the input force
Mechanical advantage MA = output
force/input force
The mechanical advantage of a machine is
influenced by Friction in the parts. In the
presence of Friction, part of the effort applied
will be used to overcome friction and another
part will be used to overcome the resistance or
lift a load. Hence, more effort will be required
to overcome a load
A machine that has no friction is called an
ideal machine or perfect machine
Take note of these things!!!
EFFICIENCY OF A MACHINE
The efficiency of a machine is defined the
ratio of the work output to work input
Work output is the same as workdone by
machine or workdone by the load
Work input is workdone by the
effort/work put into the machine
Efficiency = Useful work done by
machine/Work put into machine × 100%
Check the diagram above for the derivation of
Efficiency = (MA/VR) × 100%
WHY THE EFFICIENCY OF A MACHINE
IS NOT 100%
The efficiency of a machine is usually less
than 100% in a practical machine because of
friction in moving parts of a machine. In such
practical machines part of the effort applied is
used to overcome frictional forces which are
always present, thus the useful work done by
the machine is less than the work done by the
effort on the machine.
Things to note
1) Work output is always less than work
input due to work done against friction i.e
Work input = Work output + Work done
against friction
Wi = Wo + Wf
2. Mechanical advantage MA is always less
than the velocity ratio VR.
3. Mechanical advantage MA and efficiency E
are affected by friction and load, hence, the
efficiency can never be 100%.
4. The highest MA is obtained in a frictionless
machine.
5. Velocity ratio VR depends on the size and
shape of the machine parts and not affected or
independent of friction and load
6. Lubricants e.g grease and ball bearings are
used in machines to reduce friction, thereby
increasing MA and Effficiency but VR
remains constant(as it is independent of
friction).
TYPES OF MACHINES
A) LEVERS.
It consists of fulcrum or pivot, effort and load.
Types of Levers
1)First order levers
In first order levers, the fulcrum or pivot is
between the load and the effort. Examples are
the crowbar, a pair of scissors pliers, etc. In
this case, MA=VR
2)Second order levers
In second-order levers the load is between the
effort and the fulcrum examples are
wheelbarrow and nutcrackers. MA and VR are
USUALLY both greater than 1 in this case.
3)Third order levers
The effort is between the load and the fulcrum.
Examples are forceps, tongs, fore-arms. MA
and VR are both greater than 1 in this case.
B) PULLEY SYSTEM
A simple pulley basically consists of two
components: The wheel and the string. The
applied effort through pulling of the screen
rotate the pulley and then pulls the load
upward helping the load to be lifted with ease.
Velocity Ratio= Number of pulleys in the
system
C)INCLINED PLANE⚡️
This type of machine is used to raise heavy
loads such as drums of oil on a sloping plank
to the high floor of lorries. This slopy plank is
an example of an inclined plane.
Velocity Ratio= Distance moved by
effort/Distance moved by load
VR = length/height
1/VR = height/length
1/VR = sinθ
VR = 1/sinθ
If frictional forces are absent in the inclined
plane, than MA=VR.
D) THE WEDGE⚡️
A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, and is a
portable inclined plane, and one of the six
simple machines. It can be used to separate
two objects or portions of an object, lift up an
object, or hold an object in place. It functions
by converting a force applied to its blunt end
into forces perpendicular (normal) to its
inclined surfaces. The mechanical advantage
of a wedge is given by the ratio of the length
of its slope to its width.
MA = slant height of wedge/Thickness of
wedge
E) THE SCREW JACK⚡️
A jackscrew, or screw jack, is a type of jack
that is operated by turning a leadscrew. It is
commonly used to lift moderately and
heavy weights, such as vehicles; to raise
and lower the horizontal stabilizers of
aircraft; and as adjustable supports for
heavy loads, such as the foundations of
houses .
Velocity Ratio = 2πr/p
where r = radius
p= pitch
If frictional forces are negligible then,
MA=VR
F) THE GEAR WHEEL⚡️
A gear is a rotating circular machine part
having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel
or gearwheel, inserted teeth (called cogs),
which mesh with another (compatible) toothed
part to transmit (convert) torque and speed.
The basic principle behind the operation of
gears is analogous to the basic principle of
levers.
Gears are used to transfer motion and torque
between machine components in mechanical
devices.
There are two types of teeth, the driven and
the driving.
Velocity Ratio= Number of teeth in Driven
wheel/ Number of teeth in driving wheel
G) THE WHEEL AND AXLE📌
The wheel and axle is a simple machine
consisting of a wheel attached to a smaller
axle so that these two parts rotate together in
which a force is transferred from one to the
other. The wheel and axle can be viewed as a
version of the lever, with a drive force applied
tangentially to the perimeter of the wheel, and
a load force applied to the axle supported in a
bearing, which serves as a fulcrum.
VELOCITY RATIO= RADIUS OF
WHEEL/RADIUS OF AXLE
Do well to read the notes ahead of
the class ...
Remain blessed