� Learning Module 1: Introduction to Renewable Energy

Information Sheet: Introduction to Renewable Energy

1.1 What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished constantly. Unlike
fossil fuels, which are finite, renewable energy sources regenerate on a human timescale. Key types
include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass.

1.2 Benefits of Renewable Energy

 Environmental: Reduces greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution

 Economic: Low operational costs, energy independence
 Social: Job creation, energy access in rural areas

1.3 Non-Renewable vs Renewable Energy

 Criteria Non-Renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Sources Coal, oil, natural gas Sun, wind, water, biomass
Emissions High CO₂ emissions Low to zero emissions
Sustainability Finite Infinite and replenishable
Initial Cost Often lower Higher (but declining)
Operational Cost Ongoing fuel costs Minimal

1.4 Global and Local Trends

 Global shift to clean energy due to climate goals (Paris Agreement).

 Philippines targets 35% RE in its energy mix by 2030 (DOE Roadmap).

1.5 Types of Renewable Energy Sources

 Solar – Converts sunlight to electricity using PV panels.

 Wind – Uses turbines driven by wind to generate electricity.
 Hydropower – Uses falling or flowing water to turn turbines.
 Geothermal – Uses Earth’s internal heat to generate power.
 Biomass – Organic matter burned or converted to energy.

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Household Energy Audit

 Identify 10 electrical appliances in your home.

 Record their power ratings and estimate daily usage hours.
 Calculate estimated daily and monthly consumption in kWh.

Activity 2: Renewable Energy Mapping

 Research the renewable energy mix of the Philippines.

 Create a pie chart showing the percentage of each RE source used.

✅ Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice (Choose the best answer)

1. Which of the following is a renewable energy source?

A. Coal
B. Natural Gas
 C. Solar
D. Uranium
2. Which energy source contributes most to greenhouse gas emissions?
A. Wind
B. Solar
C. Coal
D. Geothermal
3. What is a major advantage of renewable energy?
A. It is finite
B. It emits more carbon dioxide
C. It is cleaner and sustainable
D. It depends on fossil fuels
4. Which country is currently the global leader in solar energy installation?
A. USA
B. Germany
C. Philippines
D. China
5. Which renewable energy source uses the Earth's internal heat?
A. Biomass
B. Geothermal
C. Wind
D. Solar
6. Which of the following is not a benefit of renewable energy?
A. Reduction in pollution
B. Job creation
C. Fossil fuel dependency
D. Sustainability
7. Biomass energy comes from:
A. Rocks
B. Organic matter
C. Fossil fuels
D. Iron ore
8. A micro-hydro system primarily uses:
A. Solar panels
B. Hot air
C. Running water
D. Coal
9. Which government agency in the Philippines oversees energy development?
A. DOST
B. DENR
C. DOE
D. NEDA
10. What is the most common unit for measuring energy consumption in homes?
A. Watt
B. Horsepower
C. Kilowatt-hour
D. Volt
B. Fill in the Blanks

11. The type of solar technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity is called
____________.
12. The unit of energy commonly used in electricity bills is ____________.
13. ____________ energy uses turbines driven by wind to produce electricity.
14. The ____________ Agreement is an international treaty on climate change.
15. A ____________ footprint refers to the amount of carbon dioxide emissions caused by
activities.
16. The main gas responsible for global warming is ____________.
17. Renewable energy helps reduce dependence on ____________ fuels.
18. ____________ energy is obtained by burning or converting organic materials.
19. ____________ is the agency responsible for renewable energy development in the
Philippines.
20. ____________ energy uses falling or flowing water to generate electricity.

C. True or False

21. ___ Fossil fuels can be replenished naturally in a short period.

22. ___ Renewable energy is always available in equal amounts daily.
23. ___ Hydropower is considered a clean energy source.
24. ___ Wind turbines generate electricity without burning fuels.
25. ___ Biomass can be used to create liquid fuels like ethanol.
26. ___ Coal emits fewer pollutants than wind energy.
27. ___ Solar energy is affected by weather and time of day.
28. ___ Geothermal plants rely on solar radiation.
29. ___ The Philippines is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, which favors geothermal energy.
30. ___ Transitioning to renewable energy helps mitigate climate change.

D. Problem Solving

31. A 150-watt light bulb is used for 4 hours a day. How much energy (kWh) does it consume
daily and monthly?
32. A household has a daily energy use of 8 kWh. How many 300-watt solar panels are needed
to produce this if each receives 5 hours of sunlight?
33. A small fan rated at 50 watts runs for 6 hours a day. Calculate its monthly consumption.
34. A TV (100 W) and a fan (75 W) run 3 hours daily. What is the total monthly energy
consumption in kWh?
35. A solar panel generates 200 watts per hour for 6 hours a day. How much energy (in kWh)
does it generate daily and monthly?

E. Short Essay (Answer in 4–6 sentences)

 36. Why is it important for developing countries like the Philippines to invest in renewable
energy?
37. What are two major challenges in the adoption of renewable energy in rural areas?
38. How can you personally contribute to the shift toward renewable energy at home or in school?

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. C

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Photovoltaic (PV)

12. Kilowatt-hour
13. Wind
14. Paris
15. Carbon
16. Carbon dioxide
17. Fossil
18. Biomass
19. Department of Energy (DOE)
20. Hydropower

C. True or False

21. False
22. False
23. True
24. True
25. True
26. False
27. True
 28. False
29. True
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

 150 W = 0.15 kW
 Daily: 0.15 kW × 4 hrs = 0.6 kWh/day
 Monthly: 0.6 × 30 = 18 kWh/month

32.

 Daily panel output: 300 W × 5 hrs = 1.5 kWh

 Needed panels: 8 ÷ 1.5 = ~6 panels

33.

 50 W = 0.05 kW × 6 hrs = 0.3 kWh/day

 Monthly: 0.3 × 30 = 9 kWh/month

34.

 Total load = 100 + 75 = 175 W = 0.175 kW

 Daily: 0.175 × 3 = 0.525 kWh
 Monthly: 0.525 × 30 = 15.75 kWh/month

35.

 Daily: 200 W × 6 hrs = 1200 Wh = 1.2 kWh

 Monthly: 1.2 × 30 = 36 kWh/month

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Investing in renewable energy allows the Philippines to reduce reliance on imported fossil
fuels, lower electricity costs in rural areas, and support environmental protection. It can
also create local jobs and enhance energy security.
37. Two major challenges are the high initial cost of installing renewable systems and the lack
of technical expertise or infrastructure in rural areas.
38. I can contribute by conserving electricity, using energy-efficient appliances, supporting
solar projects, and raising awareness about the benefits of renewable energy.
Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Identified types of renewable energy

Distinguished renewable vs non-renewable energy
Computed household energy consumption
Described local and global RE trends
Completed energy audit and mapping activity

Suggested References
 Department of Energy Philippines: [Link]
 Solar Energy International (SEI) Manuals
 Twidell & Weir, Renewable Energy Resources
 TESDA Green Skills Standards (if available)
 IRENA – International Renewable Energy Agency: [Link]
 � Learning Module 2: Solar Energy Principles

Information Sheet: Understanding Solar Energy

2.1 What is Solar Energy?

Solar energy is the energy emitted by the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This energy
can be harnessed and converted into thermal or electrical energy using various technologies such as
photovoltaic (PV) cells and solar thermal collectors.

2.2 Solar Radiation and Solar Geometry

 Solar Radiation: The sun emits energy as light and heat. The solar constant is
approximately 1,367 W/m² (amount of solar radiation received outside Earth’s atmosphere).
 Insolation: The solar energy received on Earth’s surface in a given area over a given time,
measured in kWh/m²/day.
 Sun Path: The position of the sun in the sky changes with time, season, and location. This
affects the design and orientation of solar systems.
 Solar Geometry Terms:
o Azimuth Angle: Direction of the sun in relation to true north.
o Altitude Angle: Height of the sun above the horizon.
o Tilt Angle: Angle at which solar panels are inclined for optimal energy capture.

2.3 Solar Energy Technologies

 Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors
(e.g., silicon).
 Solar Thermal Systems: Use mirrors or collectors to concentrate solar heat for water
heating or power generation.

2.4 Factors Affecting Solar Energy Generation

 Location and Latitude: Regions near the equator receive more solar radiation.
 Time of Day: Peak solar hours occur between 9:00 AM and 3:00 PM.
 Seasonal Variations: Longer days in summer provide more energy.
 Weather Conditions: Cloud cover and air pollution reduce efficiency.
 Panel Orientation and Tilt: Proper alignment maximizes energy absorption.
Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Sun Path Diagram Sketch

 Draw a sun path diagram for your location.

 Identify the optimal azimuth and tilt angle for solar panel installation.

Activity 2: Solar Potential Estimation

 Using Google Project Sunroof, PVWatts, or a local solar map (if available), estimate the
average daily solar insolation (kWh/m²/day) in your area.

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. What is the unit for measuring solar insolation?

A. kW
B. kWh/m²/day
C. W/m²
D. kWh/kg
2. What is the solar constant?
A. 1000 W
B. 1000 J
C. 1367 W/m²
D. 5000 J/s
3. The azimuth angle measures the sun’s:
A. Height from the ground
B. Direction from true north
C. Intensity of radiation
D. Angle of incidence
4. Peak solar hours typically occur:
A. Early morning
B. Late evening
C. 9 AM to 3 PM
D. 6 PM to 12 MN
5. Which of the following reduces solar power output the most?
A. High altitude
B. Cloudy skies
C. South-facing panels
D. Direct sunlight
6. What technology converts sunlight directly into electricity?
A. Solar thermal collector
B. Photovoltaic cell
 C. Diesel generator
D. Battery bank
7. The energy from the sun is a form of:
A. Chemical energy
B. Kinetic energy
C. Nuclear energy
D. Electromagnetic energy
8. The optimal tilt angle for a solar panel is often based on:
A. The wind speed
B. The altitude of the sun
C. The roof slope
D. The latitude of the location
9. What factor does not affect solar power generation?
A. Dust accumulation
B. Panel orientation
C. Soil type
D. Time of year
10. Which of the following is not a component of solar geometry?
A. Altitude angle
B. Azimuth angle
C. Tilt angle
D. Frequency angle

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. The sun emits energy in the form of __________ radiation.

12. The measure of total solar energy received per day is called __________.
13. __________ angle refers to the height of the sun above the horizon.
14. Panels must face the __________ direction in the Northern Hemisphere for maximum output.
15. A __________ cell is used to convert sunlight into electricity.
16. The __________ angle is the panel’s inclination from the horizontal.
17. A __________ sky reduces the efficiency of a solar PV system.
18. The amount of solar radiation available is greatest during the __________ season.
19. Solar energy reaching Earth is influenced by Earth’s __________ movement.
20. Solar systems should be free of __________ to maximize energy capture.

C. True or False

21. ___ Solar radiation is consistent all year round at any location.
22. ___ Photovoltaic cells operate based on the photovoltaic effect.
23. ___ The sun path affects how solar panels should be positioned.
24. ___ Shadows do not affect solar panel performance.
25. ___ The best direction for solar panels in the Philippines is south.
26. ___ A low tilt angle is better for winter months in high latitudes.
 27. ___ Air pollution can reduce solar energy collection.
28. ___ Solar radiation is a form of kinetic energy.
29. ___ Solar thermal collectors generate electricity directly.
30. ___ Proper orientation and tilt can increase panel efficiency.

D. Problem Solving

31. A 250 W solar panel is exposed to 5 hours of full sunlight daily. Calculate the energy it
produces daily and monthly.
32. A solar PV system receives an average of 4.5 kWh/m²/day and has a panel area of 10 m².
Estimate the daily energy output in kWh.
33. If a home needs 6 kWh/day, how many 300 W panels are required assuming 5 peak sun
hours?
34. A panel is tilted incorrectly and receives only 70% of its potential energy. If the ideal output
is 1.5 kWh/day, what is the actual output?
35. Calculate the annual solar energy collected by a 200 W panel receiving 5.5 hours of sunlight
daily.

E. Short Essay (4–6 Sentences)

36. Explain how solar geometry affects the performance of a solar PV system.
37. What measures can be taken to optimize the output of a solar energy system?
38. In your own opinion, why is understanding solar principles important before designing a
system?

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. C
10. D
B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Electromagnetic
12. Insolation
13. Altitude
14. South
15. Photovoltaic
16. Tilt
17. Cloudy
18. Summer
19. Orbital
20. Shade

C. True or False

21. False
22. True
23. True
24. False
25. True
26. True
27. True
28. False
29. False
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

 Daily: 250 W × 5 hrs = 1,250 Wh = 1.25 kWh/day

 Monthly: 1.25 × 30 = 37.5 kWh/month

32.

 4.5 kWh/m²/day × 10 m² = 45 kWh/day

33.

 Panel output/day: 300 W × 5 hrs = 1.5 kWh

 Required: 6 ÷ 1.5 = 4 panels

34.
  1.5 kWh × 0.70 = 1.05 kWh/day

35.

 Daily: 200 W × 5.5 hrs = 1.1 kWh

 Annual: 1.1 × 365 = 401.5 kWh/year

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Solar geometry determines the best tilt and orientation of panels, which affects how much
solar radiation is captured. A good understanding allows the system to perform efficiently
year-round.
37. Cleaning the panels regularly, ensuring no shading, using proper tilt and orientation, and
installing at an optimal location can improve solar output.
38. Understanding solar principles ensures that systems are designed effectively to harness
maximum energy and operate efficiently across different seasons.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Defined solar radiation and insolation

Interpreted basic solar geometry concepts

Estimated daily solar potential

Identified factors affecting solar energy generation

Completed sun path and solar site analysis

� Suggested References
 Solar Energy International. Photovoltaics: Design & Installation Manual
 G. Tiwari. Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage
 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – [Link]
 Department of Energy Philippines – [Link]
 Google Project Sunroof or PVWatts Calculator
 � Learning Module 3: Photovoltaic (PV) Modules
Week 3 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Photovoltaic (PV) Modules

3.1 What Are PV Modules?

Photovoltaic (PV) modules, commonly known as solar panels, are devices that convert sunlight
directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. They are composed of solar cells made from
semiconductor materials (like silicon) arranged in a series and parallel configuration, protected by
glass and frame.

3.2 Types of PV Modules

1. Monocrystalline Silicon (Mono-Si)

o Made from a single crystal structure
o Higher efficiency (17%–22%)
o Expensive but space-efficient

2. Polycrystalline Silicon (Poly-Si)

o Made from multiple silicon crystals
o Moderate efficiency (13%–16%)
o More affordable but less efficient in limited space
 3. Thin-Film Solar Cells
o Made from amorphous silicon or cadmium telluride
o Flexible and lightweight
o Lower efficiency (10%–12%) but cheaper for large areas

3.3 Key Electrical Parameters

 Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) – Voltage when no current is drawn

 Short-Circuit Current (Isc) – Maximum current when output is shorted
 Maximum Power Point (Pmax) – Point where voltage × current is highest
 Efficiency – Ratio of solar energy converted into electrical energy
 Temperature Coefficient – PV performance decreases with temperature rise

3.4 Factors Affecting Performance

 Temperature: Higher temperature reduces efficiency

 Shading: Partial shading can drastically reduce power output
 Orientation and Tilt: Impacts solar energy capture
 Dirt and Dust: Blocks sunlight, reduces performance
3.5 Installation Considerations

 Panels should face true south (in Northern Hemisphere) or true north (Southern Hemisphere)
 Ideal tilt angle is approximately equal to the latitude of the location
 Avoid shading from trees, buildings, or antennas

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: PV Panel Specification Review

 Get datasheets of three types of PV panels (mono, poly, thin-film)

 Compare parameters: Voc, Isc, Pmax, efficiency, and temperature coefficient

Activity 2: Field Inspection or Video Review

 Inspect or watch a video of a PV installation

 List all physical parts (frame, cells, junction box, wiring, etc.)
 Note tilt, orientation, and cleanliness

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. What is the function of a PV module?

A. Store electricity
B. Convert heat to power
C. Convert sunlight into electricity
D. Reflect sunlight
2. Which type of panel has the highest efficiency?
A. Polycrystalline
B. Monocrystalline
C. Thin-film
D. Glass panel
3. What does “Voc” stand for?
A. Voltage on circuit
B. Voltage off center
C. Open-circuit voltage
D. Operating current voltage
4. Which material is not used in common solar cell manufacturing?
A. Silicon
B. Copper
C. Cadmium Telluride
D. Gallium Arsenide
 5. What condition can significantly reduce PV output?
A. Sunny weather
B. Proper tilt
C. Partial shading
D. Clean surface
6. What is the ideal tilt angle based on?
A. Roof height
B. Load requirement
C. Temperature
D. Latitude
7. What causes PV module efficiency to drop?
A. Cold temperatures
B. Clean panels
C. Dust and high temperature
D. Strong sunlight
8. The Maximum Power Point (Pmax) is:
A. Peak output current
B. Rated efficiency
C. Product of voltage and current at best performance
D. Safety voltage limit
9. Thin-film panels are preferred when:
A. High output is required in a small area
B. Space is limited
C. Budget is tight and space is abundant
D. Roofs are shaded
10. Efficiency is defined as:
A. Power consumed ÷ power output
B. Energy lost in storage
C. Output power ÷ input solar energy
D. Panel size ÷ sunlight area

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. The __________ effect allows solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity.
12. __________ panels are known for their black color and high efficiency.
13. Panels must be installed free from __________ to avoid energy loss.
14. The voltage when no current flows is called __________.
15. A panel’s performance typically decreases as __________ increases.
16. Polycrystalline panels are usually __________ in color.
17. __________ is the most widely used semiconductor in PV cells.
18. Shading even a small part of the panel can cause a __________ drop in output.
19. __________ panels are flexible and used in mobile applications.
20. PV modules produce __________ current (AC/DC).
C. True or False

21. ___ Monocrystalline panels are more efficient than polycrystalline.

22. ___ The higher the temperature, the better the panel performs.
23. ___ Panels need direct sunlight to produce maximum output.
24. ___ Voc refers to current in an open circuit.
25. ___ Solar panel orientation does not affect energy yield.
26. ___ Dirt on panels can reduce their efficiency.
27. ___ Panels connected in series add voltage.
28. ___ Panel tilt should be adjusted based on latitude.
29. ___ Thin-film panels require less space than mono panels.
30. ___ Efficiency represents how well a panel converts sunlight into electricity.

D. Problem Solving

31. A 300 W panel operates at its maximum output for 4.5 hours. Calculate the daily energy
produced in kWh.
32. A monocrystalline panel has an efficiency of 20% and an area of 1.5 m². How much solar
energy does it convert if sunlight is 1000 W/m²?
33. Compare energy output: Panel A (250 W) and Panel B (300 W), both used 5 hours daily.
How much more energy does Panel B produce in a month?
34. A thin-film panel loses 15% efficiency due to heat and 10% from dust. If rated at 200 W,
what is its effective output?
35. If a 150 W panel produces 0.75 kWh/day, how many panels are needed to meet a 6 kWh/day
requirement?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Why is panel efficiency important in designing solar systems?

37. Describe at least two real-world conditions that reduce PV performance.
38. If you were choosing between mono and poly panels for a small roof, which would you
choose and why?

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
 5. C
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. C

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Photovoltaic
12. Monocrystalline
13. Shade
14. Open-circuit voltage
15. Temperature
16. Blue
17. Silicon
18. Significant
19. Thin-film
20. Direct current

C. True or False

21. True
22. False
23. True
24. False
25. False
26. True
27. True
28. True
29. False
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

300 W × 4.5 hrs = 1350 Wh = 1.35 kWh/day

32.
1000 W/m² × 1.5 m² = 1500 W
20% of 1500 = 300 W

33.

Panel A: 250 × 5 = 1250 Wh/day = 37.5 kWh/month

Panel B: 300 × 5 = 1500 Wh/day = 45 kWh/month
Difference = 7.5 kWh/month

34.

200 W × (1 - 0.15 - 0.10) = 200 × 0.75 = 150 W

35.

6 ÷ 0.75 = 8 panels

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Efficiency affects how much energy a panel can produce from sunlight. Higher efficiency
means more power in a smaller space, which is vital for limited roof areas or urban settings.
37. High temperatures reduce voltage output. Shading from nearby trees or buildings can also
cause a major drop in energy output due to how panels are connected.
38. I would choose monocrystalline panels because they offer higher efficiency, which is ideal
for limited space. Though more expensive, they generate more power per square meter.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Identified different types of PV panels

Explained electrical characteristics of PV modules

Analyzed effects of environmental factors

Compared module specifications using datasheets

Performed calculations on energy output

� Suggested References
 SEI, Photovoltaics: Design & Installation Manual
 G. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems
 Manufacturer datasheets (e.g., Jinko, Trina, LG Solar)
 [Link]
 [Link] (PV panel spec sheets)
 � Learning Module 4: Solar Batteries
Week 4 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Solar Batteries

4.1 What Are Solar Batteries?

Solar batteries store excess electricity generated by solar PV systems for later use, especially during
night time, cloudy days, or power outages. This enables energy independence and stability in both
off-grid and hybrid systems.

4.2 Types of Solar Batteries

Type Features Advantages Disadvantages

Deep-cycle flooded or Heavy, shorter life, regular

Lead-Acid Low cost, proven tech
sealed (AGM/Gel) maintenance

Most common modern High efficiency, long cycle life,

Lithium-Ion Expensive upfront
choice (e.g., LiFePO4) lightweight, no maintenance

Flow Use liquid electrolytes Very large, expensive,

Long lifespan, 100% DoD
Batteries (vanadium) mostly industrial use

Nickel-
Older tech, rarely used Durable High self-discharge, cost
based
4.3 Key Battery Terms

 Ampere-Hour (Ah) – Battery capacity, current × time (e.g., 100Ah = 5A for 20 hrs)
 Depth of Discharge (DoD) – Percentage of battery capacity used
 State of Charge (SoC) – Percentage of capacity remaining
 Cycle Life – Number of charge-discharge cycles a battery can perform
 Round-Trip Efficiency – Energy output vs. energy stored

4.4 Battery Bank Configuration

 Series Connection: Increases voltage (e.g., two 12V batteries = 24V)

 Parallel Connection: Increases capacity (e.g., two 100Ah = 200Ah at same voltage)
Example: To build a 24V, 200Ah bank using 12V, 100Ah batteries
→ Series 2 batteries for 24V, then parallel 2 more sets = 4 batteries total

4.5 Sizing and Application

1. Energy Requirement: Daily load (kWh) × autonomy days / battery voltage × DoD ×
efficiency
2. Safety Factor: Account for temperature, inverter losses
3. Application Examples:
o Home backup system
o Off-grid cabin
o Solar-powered water pump
o Solar streetlights

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Battery Comparison

 Research specs for a lead-acid (AGM) battery and a lithium-ion battery

 Fill in the comparison chart:
o Voltage
o Capacity (Ah)
o Cycle life
o Depth of Discharge
o Round-trip efficiency
o Price (₱)

Activity 2: Battery Bank Design

 Design a battery bank to support a 2 kWh/day load for 2 days autonomy

 Use 12V, 100Ah lead-acid batteries, DoD = 50%
 Show your calculation and diagram
Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. Which battery type has the highest efficiency and longest lifespan?
A. Lead-acid
B. Lithium-ion
C. Nickel-cadmium
D. Gel-cell
2. What does DoD stand for?
A. Density of Discharge
B. Depth of Discharge
C. Duration of Discharge
D. Direction of Discharge
3. A 100Ah battery can supply 10A for how many hours?
A. 1
B. 5
C. 10
D. 20
4. Series battery connection increases:
A. Current
B. Capacity
C. Voltage
D. Resistance
5. The measure of energy lost during charging and discharging is called:
A. DoD
B. Cycle life
C. Round-trip efficiency
D. Amp-hour loss
6. A flooded lead-acid battery requires:
A. Ventilation and water refilling
B. No maintenance
C. High-temperature cooling
D. Automatic balancing
7. What battery feature tells how many charge cycles it can endure?
A. Efficiency
B. SoC
C. Cycle life
D. Voltage rating
8. Which battery type is most commonly used in off-grid solar homes today?
A. Lithium-ion
B. Flow battery
C. Nickel-iron
D. Zinc-carbon
9. A 24V system using 12V batteries in series requires how many batteries?
A. 1
 B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
10. What causes premature failure in lead-acid batteries?
A. Low discharge
B. Overcharging and deep discharging
C. Use of lithium in charging
D. Clean terminals

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. A __________ battery can be used without water refilling.

12. __________ is the total charge a battery can store over time.
13. The battery’s voltage increases when connected in __________.
14. __________% DoD means half the battery’s capacity is used.
15. The number of times a battery can charge/discharge is called its __________.
16. In a parallel connection, the __________ remains constant.
17. SoC stands for __________.
18. Lithium-ion batteries do not require __________ maintenance.
19. Gel and AGM batteries are examples of __________ lead-acid batteries.
20. __________ is lost during the charge/discharge process due to inefficiencies.

C. True or False

21. ___ Lead-acid batteries last longer than lithium-ion batteries.

22. ___ Cycle life of a battery improves with deeper discharges.
23. ___ Batteries convert solar energy into electrical energy.
24. ___ Higher DoD leads to shorter battery lifespan.
25. ___ Battery banks can be configured to suit voltage and capacity needs.
26. ___ Lithium-ion batteries are heavier than lead-acid batteries.
27. ___ State of Charge (SoC) measures remaining battery capacity.
28. ___ AGM batteries are flooded type and require water top-up.
29. ___ Series connection increases voltage, not amp-hour.
30. ___ Proper battery sizing is crucial for solar system performance.

D. Problem Solving

31. Calculate total amp-hours required to store 4 kWh in a 24V system with 80% efficiency and
50% DoD.
32. How many 12V, 200Ah batteries are needed to build a 24V, 400Ah bank?
33. A 12V, 100Ah battery is discharged to 50%. How many kWh of energy were used?
 34. You need 3 kWh/day for 2 days. With 12V batteries at 50% DoD and 85% system efficiency,
calculate battery capacity needed in Ah.
35. A battery bank delivers 24V at 300Ah. How much total energy (kWh) can it store?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. What are the key differences between lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in solar use?
37. Why is DoD important in battery system design?
38. Describe how battery banks can be safely maintained in home installations.

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. B
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. B

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Sealed
12. Ampere-hour (Ah)
13. Series
14. 50
15. Cycle life
16. Voltage
17. State of Charge
18. Routine
19. Sealed
20. Energy

C. True or False
 21. False
22. False
23. False (They store, not convert solar energy)
24. True
25. True
26. False
27. True
28. False
29. True
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

Energy needed = 4 kWh

Adjusted for efficiency: 4 / 0.80 = 5 kWh
Ah required = (5,000 Wh) / (24V × 0.5) = 416.67 Ah

32.

To reach 24V: 2 batteries in series

To get 400Ah: 2 parallel strings
Total batteries = 2 × 2 = 4

33.

50% of 100Ah = 50Ah

Energy = 12V × 50Ah = 600 Wh = 0.6 kWh

34.

3 kWh × 2 days = 6 kWh

Adjusted = 6 / (0.5 × 0.85) = 14.12 kWh
Ah = 14,120 Wh ÷ 12V = 1,177 Ah

35.

Energy = 24V × 300Ah = 7,200 Wh = 7.2 kWh

E. Sample Essay Answers

 36. Lithium-ion batteries are more efficient (90–95%), lighter, and have longer lifespans (10+
years), but they are more expensive. Lead-acid batteries are cheaper and proven but require
maintenance and have a shorter cycle life.
37. Depth of Discharge (DoD) determines how much of the battery’s capacity is used per cycle.
Exceeding the recommended DoD shortens battery life, so it’s important to factor it into
system sizing.
38. Battery banks should be ventilated, kept dry, and regularly checked for terminal corrosion.
Proper labeling, protective gear, and following manufacturer specs are vital for safety.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Described types of solar batteries

Calculated battery capacity and configuration

Compared technical specs of battery types

Applied formulas for Ah, DoD, and energy storage

Practiced safe and correct battery layout

� Suggested References
 Solar Electricity Handbook by Michael Boxwell
 Victron, Trojan, and Battle Born Battery datasheets
 [Link]
 TESDA TR for Solar PV Systems
 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
 � Learning Module 5: Charge Controllers
Week 5 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Charge Controllers

5.1 What is a Charge Controller?

A solar charge controller is a device that regulates the voltage and current coming from solar
panels to the battery. It ensures that the battery is charged properly and not overcharged or over-
discharged, helping extend battery life and protect the system.

5.2 Types of Charge Controllers

Type Description Advantages Disadvantages

Maintains voltage by reducing Less efficient, not

PWM (Pulse Width
current gradually as battery Affordable, simple suitable for large
Modulation)
charges systems

MPPT (Maximum Adjusts input voltage/current to High efficiency,

More expensive,
Power Point extract maximum power from ideal for larger
needs ventilation
Tracking) solar panels systems

5.3 Functions of a Charge Controller

 Prevents overcharging of batteries

 Prevents deep discharging of batteries
 Regulates voltage and current from PV panels
 Provides load control (in off-grid systems)
 Displays battery status and system health

5.4 Key Parameters

 Rated Voltage (V) – Matches system voltage (12V, 24V, 48V)

  Rated Current (A) – Maximum charging current the controller can handle
 PV Input Voltage – Should be higher than battery voltage for MPPT
 Load Control Port – Allows powering small loads directly

5.5 Charge Stages (Typical for Lead-Acid)

1. Bulk Stage – Full current until voltage rises

2. Absorption Stage – Voltage held steady, current tapers
3. Float Stage – Maintains voltage for storage
4. Equalization (optional) – Occasional overcharge to balance cells

5.6 Installation Guidelines

 Install between PV panels and battery bank

 Must match system voltage
 Use correct wire sizes and fuses
 Install in a cool, ventilated place away from moisture
 Ensure correct polarity (reversed connection can damage the unit)

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Controller Type Identification

 Review online or local supplier datasheets for PWM and MPPT controllers
 Identify brand, model, rated voltage, max current, features, and price

Activity 2: System Matching

Given a system with:

 500 W solar array (24V system)

 Battery bank: 24V, 200Ah
 Choose a suitable charge controller (type and rating)
 Justify your selection

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice
1. What is the main function of a charge controller?
A. Store energy
B. Convert DC to AC
C. Regulate charging of batteries
D. Supply electricity to appliances
2. Which type of controller adjusts to the panel’s maximum power point?
A. PWM
B. MPPT
C. AC/DC converter
D. Inverter
3. What happens if batteries are overcharged?
A. They gain more capacity
B. They explode
C. Reduced life or damage
D. Nothing
4. PWM controllers are best used for:
A. High-voltage commercial systems
B. Small, low-cost systems
C. High-efficiency industrial use
D. AC backup systems
5. The float stage in charging:
A. Maximizes charging speed
B. Discharges the battery
C. Maintains charge at low current
D. Balances temperature
6. MPPT controllers are more efficient because they:
A. Work only at night
B. Match solar voltage to battery voltage dynamically
C. Use alternating current
D. Discharge batteries faster
7. A 20A charge controller is rated to handle how much current?
A. 20A maximum
B. 20V minimum
C. 20Ah
D. 20 kW
8. The controller must be sized according to:
A. PV module power only
B. Battery weight
C. System voltage and panel current
D. Wire length
9. One key sign of over-discharge is:
A. Battery becomes warm
B. Voltage falls below safe limit
C. Panel generates more current
D. Lights become brighter
10. What is the ideal environment for installing a charge controller?
A. Damp and dark room
B. Outdoors under sun
 C. Hot engine room
D. Cool, dry, ventilated area

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. A charge controller connects between the __________ and the battery.
12. MPPT stands for Maximum __________ Point Tracking.
13. The __________ stage prevents overcharging by holding voltage steady.
14. Float charging uses __________ current to maintain battery charge.
15. __________ controllers are cheaper but less efficient.
16. The rated __________ determines the max amps the controller can handle.
17. Batteries get damaged if discharged too __________.
18. A controller’s job includes protecting the system from __________ errors.
19. MPPT controllers are ideal for __________ solar installations.
20. Equalization is used to balance __________ voltage levels in lead-acid batteries.

C. True or False

21. ___ Charge controllers are optional for all solar systems.
22. ___ MPPT controllers improve efficiency by tracking the best voltage-current combo.
23. ___ PWM controllers are cheaper but less effective in cloudy weather.
24. ___ Batteries may be overcharged if no controller is used.
25. ___ Voltage rating is the same as the controller’s current rating.
26. ___ Controllers display real-time battery status.
27. ___ Float stage is the first stage of charging.
28. ___ MPPT controllers are ideal for mismatched PV and battery voltages.
29. ___ You can connect a controller in reverse polarity without damage.
30. ___ Choosing the correct controller extends battery life.

D. Problem Solving

31. A 500 W solar array on a 24V system provides how much current? What controller rating is
needed (add 25% safety margin)?
32. You have a 12V battery and 200W panel (17V output). Can you use a PWM or MPPT
controller? Why?
33. Your system uses 300W of PV panels at 24V. What’s the minimum current rating for the
charge controller?
34. If your battery bank is 24V and total solar input is 720W, what current should your MPPT
controller handle?
35. A user connects a 12V PWM controller to a 24V panel. What will happen and why?
E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Compare PWM and MPPT controllers in terms of cost, efficiency, and application.
37. Why is choosing the right size and type of charge controller important in solar systems?
38. What safety precautions must be followed when installing a charge controller?

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. D

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. PV panel
12. Power
13. Absorption
14. Low
15. PWM
16. Current
17. Deeply
18. Wiring or polarity
19. Larger
20. Cell

C. True or False

21. False
22. True
23. True
24. True
25. False
 26. True
27. False
28. True
29. False
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

Current = 500W ÷ 24V = 20.83A

Add 25% = 20.83 × 1.25 ≈ 26A
→ Use a 30A controller

32.

PWM not ideal because panel voltage (17V) is higher than battery voltage (12V), wasting power
→ Use MPPT for better efficiency

33.

300W ÷ 24V = 12.5A

→ Controller rating = ≥15A with safety margin

34.

720W ÷ 24V = 30A

→ Recommended MPPT controller = 35–40A

35.

PWM won’t convert excess voltage → wasted power or possible damage

→ Must use MPPT or match voltage properly

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. PWM controllers are less expensive and simpler, suited for small off-grid systems. MPPT
controllers are more efficient (up to 30% more output) and best for larger or mixed-voltage
systems. However, they are more expensive.
37. Choosing the correct controller prevents damage to batteries, ensures maximum energy
harvest, and increases system longevity. An undersized controller may overheat or fail, while
an oversized one wastes money.
 38. Always disconnect solar input when wiring, follow polarity markings, use proper fuses,
install in a cool, dry place, and never install near flammable materials. Safety gear like
gloves and goggles is also important.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Identified controller types and functions

Calculated correct charge controller rating

Matched charge controllers to solar systems

Practiced safe and proper installation procedures

Interpreted controller specifications from datasheets

� Suggested References
 Solar Electricity Handbook by Michael Boxwell
 Victron, EPEVER, Renogy charge controller manuals
 TESDA Training Regulations for Solar PV
 [Link]
 [Link]
 � Learning Module 6: Inverters
Week 6 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Inverters

6.1 What is an Inverter?

An inverter is a device that converts Direct Current (DC)—produced by solar panels or

batteries—into Alternating Current (AC) used by most household appliances and grid systems. It
is a critical component of both off-grid and grid-tied solar power systems.

6.2 Types of Inverters

Type Description Applications

Produces a smooth, clean waveform similar to Suitable for sensitive electronics and
Pure Sine Wave
the grid appliances

Modified Sine Suitable for simple resistive loads (lights,

Approximates sine wave in steps
Wave fans)

Square Wave Rarely used, harsh waveform Outdated, inefficient

Grid-Tie Inverter Synchronizes with utility grid; no battery On-grid systems, net metering

Off-Grid Inverter Works independently with battery bank Remote/off-grid setups

Combines grid, solar, and battery

Hybrid Inverter Versatile systems with backup needs
functionalities

6.3 Key Specifications and Ratings

 Power Rating (W/kW) – Total continuous power output (e.g., 1000W)

  Surge Capacity – Handles short spikes (e.g., during motor starts)
 Input Voltage – Matches battery bank voltage (12V, 24V, 48V)
 Output Voltage & Frequency – Usually 220V / 60 Hz (Philippines)
 Efficiency (%) – Conversion efficiency, typically 85%–98%
 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) – Affects power quality (≤5% for pure sine)

6.4 Inverter Sizing

Formula:
Inverter size (W)=Total load (W)×Safety Factor (1.25)\text{Inverter size (W)} = \text{Total load
(W)} × \text{Safety Factor (1.25)}Inverter size (W)=Total load (W)×Safety Factor (1.25)

 Identify all appliances to be powered

 Add wattages and apply 25% safety margin
 Consider surge wattage for motorized appliances

Example:
Loads = 700 W → 700 × 1.25 = 875 W
→ Use a 1000 W inverter

6.5 Installation Considerations

 Must match battery voltage (12V/24V/48V)

 Keep close to battery to reduce voltage drop
 Use proper wire size and fuse
 Provide good ventilation (inverters generate heat)
 Avoid moisture and dust

6.6 Safety and Protection Features

 Overload protection
 Short-circuit protection
 Over-temperature shutdown
 Low/High voltage disconnects
 Ground-fault protection

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Inverter Selection
  Review datasheets of 2 different inverters (pure sine and modified sine)
 Compare power ratings, efficiency, input/output voltages, THD, and price

Activity 2: Load Matching Exercise

 List common home appliances (e.g., TV, refrigerator, fan, lights)

 Calculate total wattage
 Choose an appropriate inverter (type and size)

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. What is the primary function of an inverter?

A. Store energy
B. Regulate battery charge
C. Convert DC to AC
D. Convert AC to DC
2. Which inverter type is best for sensitive electronics?
A. Square wave
B. Modified sine wave
C. Grid-tie
D. Pure sine wave
3. What does THD measure?
A. Battery capacity
B. Energy loss
C. Harmonic distortion in AC output
D. Solar radiation
4. A 1200 W inverter with 85% efficiency draws how much power from a battery?
A. 1020 W
B. 1412 W
C. 900 W
D. 1000 W
5. Modified sine wave inverters are suitable for:
A. Refrigerators
B. Laptops
C. Simple lights or fans
D. Laser printers
6. Grid-tie inverters require:
A. Batteries
B. No connection to the grid
C. Utility grid connection
D. AC loads only
7. Which feature prevents inverter damage from overheating?
A. THD
B. Auto-reboot
 C. Over-temperature protection
D. Sine filter
8. Surge capacity refers to:
A. Continuous inverter rating
B. Voltage boost feature
C. Ability to handle high startup power
D. Grid feedback current
9. A 500W inverter should be sized for loads totaling:
A. 400W max
B. 600W max
C. 700W max
D. 500W continuous
10. Inverter efficiency of 90% means:
A. 10% more power is output
B. 90% of DC input is converted to AC
C. 90% of AC load is battery powered
D. 10% of AC power is used by the inverter itself

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Inverters convert __________ into __________.

12. A pure sine wave inverter mimics the waveform of __________ electricity.
13. Square wave inverters are mostly considered __________ technology.
14. Surge rating allows handling of short-term high __________.
15. Off-grid inverters work without connection to the __________.
16. The __________ rating shows continuous power capacity.
17. __________ inverters integrate solar, battery, and grid functions.
18. Inverter placement should ensure proper __________.
19. Inverters should match the system __________ voltage.
20. High THD in an inverter can damage sensitive __________.

C. True or False

21. ___ Inverters are only used in off-grid systems.

22. ___ Modified sine wave inverters are ideal for laptops and TVs.
23. ___ Grid-tie inverters shut down during a power outage.
24. ___ Inverters should be placed outdoors for cooling.
25. ___ Efficiency affects how long batteries can run a load.
26. ___ Surge power is usually higher than rated power.
27. ___ Inverters must match the voltage of the battery bank.
28. ___ Hybrid inverters can operate with or without batteries.
29. ___ The output frequency in the Philippines is 60 Hz.
30. ___ Using an undersized inverter may cause system shutdowns.
D. Problem Solving

31. A solar system powers the following:

 1 fan (75W),
 3 LED lights (10W each),
 1 laptop (60W),
 1 TV (100W).
What size inverter is required (include 25% safety margin)?

32. If an inverter runs a 600W load for 4 hours with 90% efficiency, how much DC energy is
required (in Wh)?
33. Calculate the inverter input current if it powers a 1000W load on a 24V battery system
(assume 90% efficiency).
34. An inverter is rated at 2000W with 4000W surge. A pump needs 3800W to start. Will it
work?
35. A user connects a 12V inverter to a 24V battery bank. What will happen?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Compare pure sine wave and modified sine wave inverters in terms of output quality and
cost.
37. Why is it important to size an inverter based on connected appliances?
38. Describe two real-world safety practices when installing or operating inverters.

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. D
3. C
4. B (1200 ÷ 0.85 = ~1412W)
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. A (Allow 25% margin)
10. B
B. Fill in the Blanks

11. DC; AC
12. Utility/grid
13. Outdated
14. Current
15. Grid
16. Power
17. Hybrid
18. Ventilation
19. Battery
20. Electronics

C. True or False

21. False
22. False
23. True
24. False
25. True
26. True
27. True
28. True
29. True
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

Total = 75 + (3×10) + 60 + 100 = 255W

255 × 1.25 = 318.75W
→ Use a 400W or 500W inverter

32.

Load = 600W × 4 hrs = 2400Wh

Adjusted for efficiency = 2400 ÷ 0.90 = 2666.7 Wh

33.

Input Power = 1000 ÷ 0.90 = 1111W

Current = 1111 ÷ 24V ≈ 46.3A
 34.

Pump surge = 3800W < inverter surge (4000W)

→ Yes, inverter can handle it temporarily

35.

Wrong voltage → May damage inverter or fail to turn on

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Pure sine wave inverters produce clean, smooth power ideal for all electronics but are more
expensive. Modified sine wave inverters are cheaper and work for simple devices but can
cause noise and overheating in sensitive equipment.
37. Sizing prevents overload and ensures system stability. If the inverter is too small, it may shut
down or fail. Oversizing wastes money. Proper sizing balances performance and cost.
38. Use appropriate circuit breakers and fuses to protect wiring. Always turn off the inverter
before wiring or maintenance, and ensure good ventilation to avoid overheating.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Described inverter types and uses

Calculated inverter size based on load

Compared inverter specs and datasheets

Applied safety practices in inverter setup

Understood inverter connection to system voltage

� Suggested References
 Photovoltaics: Design & Installation Manual (SEI)
 Victron, Growatt, Renogy inverter manuals
 TESDA TR for Solar PV Systems NC II
 [Link]
 [Link]
 � Learning Module 7: Solar Generator Design – Off-Grid Systems
Week 7 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Solar Generator Design – Off-Grid Systems

7.1 What is an Off-Grid Solar System?

An off-grid solar system is completely independent of the utility grid. It generates, stores, and
supplies electricity for standalone use—commonly in remote areas without grid access. It requires
precise system sizing to ensure reliability and autonomy.

7.2 Components of an Off-Grid System

1. Solar Panels – Harvest energy from sunlight

2. Charge Controller – Regulates charging of batteries
3. Battery Bank – Stores energy for night or cloudy days
4. Inverter – Converts DC to usable AC power
5. Loads – Appliances or devices to be powered
6. Safety Devices – Breakers, fuses, disconnects
7. Mounting and Cabling – Structural and electrical integration

7.3 System Design Steps

Step 1: Load Assessment

 List all appliances and their wattages

 Multiply by hours of use per day
 Total Daily Load (Wh) = ∑ (Watt × Hours)

Step 2: Solar Array Sizing

Solar Array (W)=Daily Load (Wh)Peak Sun Hours × System Efficiency\text{Solar Array (W)} = \frac{\text{Daily
Load (Wh)}}{\text{Peak Sun Hours × System
Efficiency}}Solar Array (W)=Peak Sun Hours × System EfficiencyDaily Load (Wh)​

 Peak Sun Hours (PSH) in the Philippines ≈ 4.5–5 hours/day

 System Efficiency = 0.7–0.85

Step 3: Battery Bank Sizing

Battery Capacity (Ah)=Daily Load × Autonomy DaysBattery Voltage × DoD × Efficiency\text{Battery Capacity
(Ah)} = \frac{\text{Daily Load × Autonomy Days}}{\text{Battery Voltage × DoD ×
Efficiency}}Battery Capacity (Ah)=Battery Voltage × DoD × EfficiencyDaily Load × Autonomy Days​

 Autonomy = Number of backup days (usually 2–3)

 DoD = Depth of Discharge (e.g., 0.5 for 50%)

Step 4: Inverter Sizing

 Continuous Power = Load demand × 1.25

 Consider surge capacity

Step 5: Charge Controller Sizing

Controller Current=Solar Array PowerBattery Voltage×1.25\text{Controller Current} = \frac{\text{Solar Array

Power}}{\text{Battery Voltage}} × 1.25Controller Current=Battery VoltageSolar Array Power​ ×1.25

7.4 Design Considerations

 Location and orientation of panels

 Shading analysis
 Ventilation for inverter and batteries
 Daily energy variation
 Future load expansion

7.5 Sample Off-Grid System Design

Appliances:

 4 LED lights (10W each, 5 hrs/day)

 1 fan (50W, 8 hrs/day)
 1 radio (20W, 6 hrs/day)
 1 phone charger (5W, 4 hrs/day)
Daily Load:
(4×10×5) + (50×8) + (20×6) + (5×4) = 200 + 400 + 120 + 20 = 740 Wh/day

Array Size:
= 740 ÷ (4.5 × 0.8) ≈ 205 W

Battery Bank (2 days autonomy, 12V, 50% DoD):

= (740×2) ÷ (12×0.5×0.9) ≈ 274 Ah

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Daily Load Calculation

 List your personal home or cabin energy needs

 Calculate total daily watt-hours

Activity 2: System Sizing

 Design a system based on your calculated load

 Determine:
o Solar array size
o Battery bank size
o Inverter size
o Charge controller size
 Include a one-line system diagram

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. What is the first step in off-grid system design?

A. Buying panels
B. Load assessment
C. Inverter sizing
D. Controller selection
2. Peak sun hours in the Philippines typically range between:
A. 1–2 hrs
B. 4.5–5 hrs
C. 6–7 hrs
D. 2–3 hrs
3. What does “autonomy” mean in battery design?
A. How long panels last
B. Number of days without sunlight
 C. Grid independence
D. Time to reach full charge
4. A 1000Wh daily load with 2 autonomy days and 50% DoD on a 12V system needs how
many Ah?
A. 167Ah
B. 333Ah
C. 500Ah
D. 125Ah
5. Which of the following is not part of an off-grid solar system?
A. Net meter
B. Solar panel
C. Inverter
D. Battery
6. System efficiency includes losses from:
A. Wiring, controller, inverter
B. Mounting racks
C. Roof slope
D. Load schedules
7. The inverter size should be:
A. Equal to load
B. Slightly smaller than load
C. 125% of load
D. Exactly 500W always
8. In battery sizing, DoD refers to:
A. Depth of Dimension
B. Duration of Demand
C. Depth of Discharge
D. Demand of Daylight
9. What device ensures batteries are not overcharged?
A. Inverter
B. Panel
C. Charge controller
D. Breaker
10. A 300W panel array on a 12V system requires what current rating for a controller (25%
margin)?
A. 15A
B. 25A
C. 35A
D. 40A

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. An off-grid system operates independently from the __________.

12. The total amount of energy used daily is called the daily __________.
13. Peak Sun Hours represent the average daily __________ intensity.
14. The depth of discharge (DoD) affects the size of the __________ bank.
 15. Loads should be calculated in __________ and hours.
16. Efficiency losses must be factored in when sizing __________.
17. A solar array converts sunlight into __________ electricity.
18. Inverter size should account for both continuous and __________ power.
19. The __________ diagram shows how all components are connected.
20. __________ devices such as breakers help prevent system damage.

C. True or False

21. ___ Off-grid systems are always connected to the utility.

22. ___ Daily energy demand determines array and battery size.
23. ___ DoD of 100% is recommended for all battery types.
24. ___ Charge controllers regulate battery charging and discharging.
25. ___ A system with low efficiency needs a larger solar array.
26. ___ Inverter surge rating is always less than continuous rating.
27. ___ Mounting angle does not affect solar panel performance.
28. ___ Shading has a minimal effect on system output.
29. ___ 3 autonomy days provide longer backup than 1 day.
30. ___ Overdesigning a system adds unnecessary cost.

D. Problem Solving

31. Calculate daily energy consumption:

 3 lights (15W, 6 hrs),

 1 fan (50W, 8 hrs),
 1 TV (100W, 4 hrs)

32. Using 5 PSH and 0.8 efficiency, what size solar array is needed for 960 Wh/day?
33. Calculate the battery bank size for 2 days of autonomy, 960 Wh/day, 12V, 50% DoD, 90%
efficiency.
34. Determine inverter size (with 25% margin) for a 750W continuous load.
35. A 360W array powers a 12V system. What minimum charge controller current rating is
required?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Why is load assessment crucial in designing off-grid systems?

37. What problems may occur if battery size is too small?
38. Discuss the importance of including autonomy days in battery sizing.
✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. B
2. B
3. B
4. B → (1000×2)/(12×0.5×0.9) = ~370Ah
5. A
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. B → 300 ÷ 12 = 25A

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Utility grid

12. Load
13. Solar
14. Battery
15. Watts
16. Panels
17. DC
18. Surge
19. One-line
20. Safety

C. True or False

21. False
22. True
23. False
24. True
25. True
26. False
27. False
28. False
29. True
30. True
D. Problem Solving

31.

(3×15×6) + (50×8) + (100×4) = 270 + 400 + 400 = 1070 Wh/day

32.

960 ÷ (5×0.8) = 240 W

33.

(960×2) ÷ (12×0.5×0.9) = 1920 ÷ 5.4 = ~355 Ah

34.

750 × 1.25 = 937.5 W → Use 1000W inverter

35.

360 ÷ 12V = 30A → Add 25% → 37.5A → Use 40A controller

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Accurate load assessment is the foundation of system design. It determines the solar panel
size, battery capacity, inverter size, and controller rating. Without it, the system may be
undersized or oversized, leading to inefficiency or failure.
37. An undersized battery bank will quickly deplete during cloudy days or heavy use. It causes
frequent deep discharges, shortening battery life, and may leave users without power when
needed most.
38. Autonomy days ensure power availability during low solar periods. Including at least 2–3
days of autonomy helps maintain battery health and ensures user comfort, especially in
areas with inconsistent sunlight.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Conducted accurate load analysis

Calculated solar panel and battery bank sizes

Sized inverter and controller appropriately

 Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Created system layout and explained component roles

Identified off-grid challenges and solutions

� Suggested References
 Off-Grid Solar Power Simplified by Nick Seghers
 Solar Electricity Handbook by Michael Boxwell
 Victron & EPEVER design manuals
 [Link]
 TESDA Solar PV NC II Training Regulation
 � Learning Module 8: Solar Generator Design – On-Grid Systems
Week 8 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Solar Generator Design – On-Grid Systems

8.1 What is an On-Grid Solar System?

An on-grid (grid-tied) solar power system is directly connected to the utility grid. It uses solar
energy during the day, while any excess energy is exported to the grid. At night or during low solar
generation, electricity is drawn from the grid.

8.2 Key Features of On-Grid Systems

 No battery storage (typically)

 Net metering for selling excess power back to the grid
 Lower initial cost compared to off-grid
 Grid acts as virtual storage
 Automatic shutdown during grid outages (anti-islanding)

8.3 Major Components

1. Solar Panels – Generate DC power from sunlight

2. Grid-Tie Inverter – Converts DC to AC and syncs with grid
3. Net Meter – Tracks energy exported/imported
4. AC/DC Disconnects and Breakers – Ensure safety
5. Utility Grid Connection – Imports/exports power
8.4 System Design Steps

Step 1: Energy Consumption Review

 Check monthly electric bills for average kWh use

 Estimate daily consumption:

Daily Load (kWh)=Monthly Consumption (kWh)30\text{Daily Load (kWh)} = \frac{\text{Monthly

Consumption (kWh)}}{30}Daily Load (kWh)=30Monthly Consumption (kWh)​

Step 2: Solar Array Sizing

Array Size (kW)=Daily Load (kWh)Peak Sun Hours × Efficiency\text{Array Size (kW)} = \frac{\text{Daily Load
(kWh)}}{\text{Peak Sun Hours × Efficiency}}Array Size (kW)=Peak Sun Hours × EfficiencyDaily Load (kWh)​

 Philippines PSH ≈ 4.5–5

 System efficiency = 0.75–0.85

Step 3: Inverter Sizing

 Typically matched to or slightly below array size

 Use grid-tie inverter with proper AC voltage (220V, 60Hz)

Step 4: Panel Layout & Mounting

 Determine roof space

 Optimize tilt angle and orientation (south-facing in PH)
 Avoid shading from trees, buildings

Step 5: Net Metering Application (if available)

 Submit system layout and application to utility company

 Must comply with local standards and interconnection guidelines

8.5 Sample System Design

Average Monthly Bill: 600 kWh

→ Daily Load ≈ 600 ÷ 30 = 20 kWh/day

Array Size:
20 ÷ (4.5 × 0.8) = ~5.56 kW
→ Install 5.5–6 kW solar array
Roof Space Needed (assuming 400W panels):
6000 ÷ 400 = 15 panels
→ ~30 m²

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Energy Profile Analysis

 Obtain or estimate your household’s average monthly kWh usage

 Calculate daily load
 Identify peak usage times

Activity 2: On-Grid System Design

 Based on your load, design a grid-tied system

 Include:
o Array size
o Inverter size
o Number of panels
o System layout
o Net metering requirements
 Draw a one-line diagram of the system

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. What is the main advantage of on-grid systems?

A. Battery backup
B. Energy independence
C. Use of the utility grid as virtual storage
D. No inverter needed
2. On-grid systems shut down during grid outages to:
A. Prevent power theft
B. Save battery power
C. Protect utility workers
D. Save inverter energy
3. Net metering allows users to:
A. Store energy in batteries
B. Use more electricity at night
C. Sell excess electricity back to the grid
D. Avoid electricity bills entirely
 4. If a house uses 15 kWh/day and system efficiency is 80%, how big should the array be
(assuming 5 PSH)?
A. 2.5 kW
B. 3.75 kW
C. 5 kW
D. 6.5 kW
5. Grid-tie inverters must synchronize with:
A. Battery voltage
B. Grid frequency and voltage
C. Solar panel current
D. Home appliance resistance
6. Shading on one panel in a string can:
A. Increase total output
B. Decrease output of entire string
C. Bypass shaded panel only
D. Improve battery life
7. Roof orientation in the Philippines should generally face:
A. East
B. South
C. West
D. North
8. Which of the following is not required in a grid-tied system?
A. Charge controller
B. Solar panels
C. Inverter
D. Net meter
9. A 5 kW system with 85% efficiency in 5 PSH/day will produce how much daily energy?
A. 21.25 kWh
B. 23.5 kWh
C. 25 kWh
D. 20.5 kWh
10. The net meter measures:
A. Solar panel voltage
B. Appliance usage
C. Energy imported and exported
D. Solar panel temperature

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. On-grid systems rely on the __________ to balance power supply and demand.
12. __________ metering credits users for exporting energy.
13. Grid-tie inverters convert __________ to synchronized AC.
14. No __________ storage is needed in typical on-grid systems.
15. The system’s daily energy output depends on __________ sun hours.
16. On-grid systems are typically more __________ than off-grid ones.
17. __________ from trees or buildings reduces solar efficiency.
 18. A __________ diagram shows how system parts are connected.
19. Utility companies require __________ for grid interconnection.
20. A __________ switch disconnects the system during maintenance.

C. True or False

21. ___ On-grid systems store electricity in batteries.

22. ___ On-grid systems cannot operate when the grid is down.
23. ___ Net metering helps reduce electricity bills.
24. ___ Inverters used in on-grid systems must be synchronized with the grid.
25. ___ South-facing panels are ideal in the Philippines.
26. ___ Partial shading increases panel efficiency.
27. ___ Inverter sizing should match the total panel output.
28. ___ Roof angle affects solar panel output.
29. ___ Utility permission is needed before connecting to the grid.
30. ___ On-grid systems are suitable for remote locations without grid access.

D. Problem Solving

31. A household consumes 18 kWh/day. With 5 PSH and 80% efficiency, calculate the required
solar array size.
32. How many 450W panels are needed to build a 6 kW array?
33. A 6 kW system with 4.5 PSH and 85% efficiency generates how much daily energy?
34. Determine roof area needed for a 5.4 kW system using 400W panels (each panel is 1.8 m²).
35. If a 4 kW array produces excess energy during the day, how is it handled in an on-grid
system?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Discuss the economic benefits of on-grid solar systems.

37. Why is system sizing important for grid-tied installations?
38. Explain the importance of inverter-grid synchronization.

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. C
 3. C
4. B → 15 ÷ (5×0.8) = 3.75 kW
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. A → 5 × 5 × 0.85 = 21.25 kWh
10. C

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Utility grid

12. Net
13. DC
14. Battery
15. Peak
16. Affordable
17. Shading
18. One-line
19. Approval
20. Disconnect

C. True or False

21. False
22. True
23. True
24. True
25. True
26. False
27. True
28. True
29. True
30. False

D. Problem Solving

31.

18 ÷ (5 × 0.8) = 4.5 kW

32.
6000 ÷ 450 = 13.3 panels → round up to 14 panels

33.

6 × 4.5 × 0.85 = 22.95 kWh/day

34.

5400 ÷ 400 = 13.5 panels → 14 panels

14 × 1.8 m² = 25.2 m²

35.

Excess energy is exported to the grid, and credited through net metering

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. On-grid solar systems reduce monthly electricity bills and can generate income through net
metering. They have lower initial costs because they don’t require batteries. Over time, users
can achieve return on investment through savings.
37. Proper sizing ensures that the system covers the household’s energy needs without
overspending. An undersized system fails to offset bills, while an oversized one adds
unnecessary cost. Accurate sizing also ensures optimal use of available roof space.
38. Inverter-grid synchronization is crucial to maintain grid stability. If the inverter is not
properly matched to the grid’s voltage and frequency, it could damage appliances or disrupt
grid operation. Safety and efficiency rely on this synchronization.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Calculated household energy demand

Sized solar array and inverter accurately

Understood net metering and utility interaction

Designed a one-line layout for on-grid system

Identified shading and orientation factors

� Suggested References
  Solar PV Grid-Tied Systems by SEI
 Net Metering Guidelines – Department of Energy Philippines
 Manuals from Fronius, Solis, SMA Inverters
 [Link]
 Local utility net metering application forms

� Learning Module 9: Wind Power Systems

Week 9 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Wind Power Systems

9.1 What is Wind Energy?

Wind energy is the process of converting the kinetic energy of moving air into mechanical or
electrical energy using wind turbines. It is a renewable, clean, and increasingly competitive source
of electricity.

9.2 Basic Components of a Wind Power System

1. Rotor Blades – Capture wind energy and spin the turbine

2. Hub and Shaft – Transmit mechanical energy to the generator
3. Generator – Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
4. Tower – Elevates the turbine to catch stronger, steadier winds
5. Controller/Inverter – Manages power conversion and system protection
6. Battery Bank (optional) – Stores excess electricity in off-grid systems
7. Braking System – Stops the rotor during dangerous wind conditions
9.3 Types of Wind Turbines

Type Description Application

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blades rotate around a horizontal axis; most Utility and
(HAWT) common residential

Urban/small-scale
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Blades rotate vertically; omnidirectional
use

9.4 Wind Resource and Site Assessment

 Wind Speed: Most critical factor; power is proportional to the cube of wind speed
 Wind Direction: Must match turbine design
 Site Clearance: No obstructions (trees, buildings)
 Height Advantage: Wind speed increases with height
 Wind Maps: Use local wind resource data (e.g., PAGASA)

9.5 Power Output of Wind Turbines

Formula:

Example:
For a 2 m radius rotor at 6 m/s:
9.6 Grid-Tied vs Off-Grid Wind Systems

 Grid-Tied: No batteries, uses inverter and net metering

 Off-Grid: Uses battery bank for energy storage
 Hybrid: Combines solar and wind sources for reliability

9.7 Advantages and Limitations

Advantages:

 Sustainable and clean

 High potential in windy areas
 Can supplement solar systems

Limitations:

 Inconsistent energy output

 Requires minimum wind speed (cut-in ~3 m/s)
 Noise and aesthetics
 Site-specific feasibility

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Wind Potential Evaluation

 Use wind map data or local observation

 Estimate average wind speed in your area
 Identify if wind energy is feasible

Activity 2: Turbine Sizing Exercise

 Given average wind speed and rotor size, calculate expected power output
 Choose between grid-tied or off-grid configuration
 Sketch a basic system diagram

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. Wind turbines convert _______ energy into electricity.

A. Thermal
 B. Solar
C. Kinetic
D. Chemical
2. Power output is proportional to the _______ of wind speed.
A. Square
B. Cube
C. Fourth power
D. Root
3. The most common type of wind turbine is:
A. VAWT
B. Axial flow
C. HAWT
D. Downwind rotor
4. What device stores electricity in off-grid wind systems?
A. Grid
B. Turbine
C. Controller
D. Battery bank
5. A 4 m/s wind is _______ as powerful as a 2 m/s wind.
A. 2 times
B. 4 times
C. 8 times
D. 16 times
6. What is the power coefficient limit for wind turbines?
A. 100%
B. 50%
C. 59%
D. 75%
7. Air density is approximately:
A. 0.9 kg/m³
B. 1.225 kg/m³
C. 1.7 kg/m³
D. 0.5 kg/m³
8. Wind speed increases with:
A. Temperature
B. Altitude
C. Ground proximity
D. Humidity
9. What is the purpose of a braking system?
A. Increase turbine speed
B. Stop turbine during high winds
C. Convert AC to DC
D. Reduce noise
10. VAWTs are better suited for:
A. Remote farms
B. Skyscrapers
C. Wide-open plains
D. Desert areas
B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Wind energy is a form of __________ energy.

12. The part of the turbine that captures wind is the __________.
13. Power coefficient represents the __________ of the turbine.
14. A wind turbine’s rotor area increases with the square of the __________.
15. A wind system with no batteries is usually __________-tied.
16. The __________ supports the turbine at high altitudes.
17. Wind resource maps are used to assess average __________ speed.
18. The ideal site has minimal __________ and turbulence.
19. A __________ diagram shows how all components are interconnected.
20. In hybrid systems, wind and __________ complement each other.

C. True or False

21. ___ Wind turbines can operate without an inverter.

22. ___ Wind energy is strongest near the ground.
23. ___ Taller towers access more consistent wind.
24. ___ Wind turbines generate electricity at any wind speed.
25. ___ Wind power is constant throughout the day.
26. ___ Grid-tied systems export power to the utility grid.
27. ___ A rotor’s diameter affects its power output.
28. ___ Power generation depends on blade shape and pitch.
29. ___ Wind systems are ideal in low-wind urban centers.
30. ___ HAWTs are more efficient than VAWTs.

D. Problem Solving

31. Calculate the rotor area of a turbine with a 3 m blade radius.

32. Using 6 m/s wind speed, 1.225 kg/m³ air density, 0.4 efficiency, and 28.26 m² swept area,
compute power output.
33. How many kWh per day can a 500W wind turbine generate at 25% capacity factor?
34. Compare energy output of turbines in 5 m/s and 7 m/s wind conditions. (Same turbine,
ignore other losses.)
35. A rural home needs 4 kWh/day. Can a 1 kW turbine with 20% capacity factor supply this
load?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Describe the advantages and limitations of using wind energy in the Philippines.
 37. What factors must be considered when installing a wind turbine?
38. How do hybrid solar-wind systems improve power reliability?

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. B

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Kinetic
12. Rotor blade
13. Efficiency
14. Radius
15. Grid
16. Tower
17. Wind
18. Obstructions
19. System
20. Solar

C. True or False

21. False
22. False
23. True
24. False
25. False
26. True
27. True
28. True
 29. False
30. True

D. Problem Solving

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Wind energy is clean, renewable, and can supplement solar power. In coastal and elevated
areas of the Philippines, wind speeds are often favorable. However, in urban or forested
areas, inconsistent wind and obstructions reduce effectiveness. Initial cost and site
evaluation are also challenges.
37. Key factors include average wind speed, turbine height, rotor size, proximity to buildings or
trees, and local zoning regulations. Reliable wind speeds above cut-in levels are essential.
Electrical integration and maintenance access are also important.
38. Hybrid systems combine solar (productive in daytime) and wind (stronger at night or in
rainy seasons). This ensures more consistent power availability, especially in off-grid
settings. They reduce the need for large battery storage and provide system resilience.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

 Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Identified wind system components

Calculated turbine output based on wind speed

Assessed wind resource and feasibility

Differentiated grid-tied and off-grid wind setups

Designed a simple wind or hybrid system layout

� Suggested References
 Wind Energy Basics by Paul Gipe
 Small Wind Electric Systems: A Guide (U.S. DOE)
 NREL Wind Toolkit
 PAGASA wind resource maps
 Local hybrid solar-wind system case studies
 � Learning Module 10: Hydroelectric Power Systems
Week 10 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Hydroelectric Power Systems

10.1 What is Hydroelectric Power?

Hydroelectric power is the generation of electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing or falling
water. It is one of the oldest and most established forms of renewable energy, commonly used in
large-scale power generation and small-scale community projects.

10.2 Types of Hydroelectric Power Systems

Type Description Example

Uses a dam to store water in a reservoir; water is released to Dams (e.g., Magat Dam,
Impoundment
drive turbines. Philippines)

Run-of-River
Diverts river flow through turbines without a large reservoir. Small rivers or creeks
(RoR)

Stores energy by pumping water to a higher elevation during

Pumped Storage Grid balancing facilities
off-peak; releases it during high demand.
10.3 Components of a Small Hydroelectric System

1. Intake/Weir – Captures water from the stream

2. Penstock – Pipe/channel delivering water to the turbine
3. Turbine – Converts water energy into mechanical energy
4. Generator – Converts mechanical energy into electricity
5. Tailrace – Returns water to the stream
6. Control System – Regulates power output and protects equipment

10.4 Factors Affecting Hydropower Generation

A. Flow Rate (Q)

 Volume of water per second (m³/s)

 Higher flow = more energy

B. Head (H)

 Vertical distance water falls (m)

 Greater head = higher energy potential

C. Efficiency (η)

 Total system efficiency (turbine, generator, transmission)

D. Power Output Formula

P=ρ⋅g⋅Q⋅H⋅η

Where:

 P = Power (Watts)
 ρ = Water density (~1000 kg/m³)
 g = Gravity (9.81 m/s²)
 Q = Flow rate (m³/s)
 H = Head (m)
 η = Efficiency (typically 60–90%)

10.5 Small-Scale Hydroelectric Applications

 Off-grid villages and farms

  Hybrid microgrid systems
 Remote schools or health centers
 Irrigation-powered turbines

10.6 Advantages and Limitations

Advantages:

 Reliable and continuous generation

 Low operation and maintenance costs
 High efficiency (up to 90%)
 Suitable for hybrid systems

Limitations:

 Site-specific (requires water source with head and flow)

 Environmental impact on aquatic ecosystems
 High initial construction costs

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Site Analysis

 Identify a nearby water source (real or hypothetical)

 Estimate head and flow
 Evaluate feasibility for hydro power installation

Activity 2: Power Calculation

 Given a flow rate and head, calculate the power output

 Determine if it can meet the energy needs of a small building

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. Which component converts water energy to mechanical energy?

A. Generator
B. Penstock
C. Turbine
D. Tailrace
2. Power from hydro is proportional to:
A. Flow only
B. Head only
C. Flow × Head
D. Water depth only
3. What is a run-of-river system?
A. Uses a dam
B. Stores water
C. Has minimal storage and no reservoir
D. Works in saltwater
4. Which factor does not directly affect hydro power output?
A. Flow
B. Head
C. Air pressure
D. Efficiency
5. The intake structure is used to:
A. Generate electricity
B. Control turbine speed
C. Capture water
D. Return water to the river
6. A 0.5 m³/s flow with 10 m head and 80% efficiency will generate approximately:
A. 2 kW
B. 4 kW
C. 5 kW
D. 10 kW
7. Water returns to the river through the:
A. Penstock
B. Generator
C. Tailrace
D. Weir
8. The weir helps in:
A. Electric storage
B. Raising the water level
C. Cooling the turbine
D. Increasing voltage
9. Which system stores water at higher elevation during off-peak hours?
A. RoR
B. Impoundment
C. Pumped storage
D. Hybrid solar-hydro
10. Which of the following is a limitation of hydro systems?
A. Renewable source
B. High efficiency
C. Seasonal flow variations
D. Low operation cost
B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Hydropower converts __________ energy into electricity.

12. The __________ carries water from intake to the turbine.
13. The formula for hydropower is P=ρgQH × __________.
14. A small stream with a high __________ may still be viable for power generation.
15. Hydroelectric systems require consistent water __________ and head.
16. The __________ releases water after power is generated.
17. An off-grid home with a nearby stream may use a __________ hydro setup.
18. The __________ is where energy is generated.
19. Hydropower systems are very __________ in terms of energy efficiency.
20. Pumped storage systems are used for energy __________.

C. True or False

21. ___ Hydroelectric systems work best on flat terrain.

22. ___ Flow rate is measured in m³/s.
23. ___ Small hydro systems are viable in remote areas.
24. ___ Penstock pressure increases with head height.
25. ___ The generator converts water to electricity directly.
26. ___ Hydropower is not suitable for hybrid systems.
27. ___ Environmental impact must be considered in hydro planning.
28. ___ Turbine efficiency affects total power output.
29. ___ A larger head always guarantees more power.
30. ___ Micro-hydro systems require large dams.

D. Problem Solving

31. Calculate power output of a hydro system with 0.8 m³/s flow, 15 m head, 85% efficiency.
32. A 5 kW hydro system runs 24 hours a day. How much energy does it produce per day?
33. Determine the energy output (in kWh/day) of a 3 kW micro-hydro system running 18
hours/day.
34. With 0.3 m³/s flow and 12 m head, what is the power output if system efficiency is 75%?
35. What flow rate is needed to generate 2 kW with 10 m head and 80% efficiency?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Explain why small hydro systems are ideal for rural or mountainous areas.
37. What environmental factors must be considered in hydroelectric installations?
38. Compare the reliability of hydro systems with solar and wind systems.
✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. B → 1000×9.81×0.5×10×0.8=39,240W≈4kW
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. C

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Kinetic
12. Penstock
13. Efficiency
14. Head
15. Flow
16. Tailrace
17. Run-of-river
18. Turbine
19. Efficient
20. Storage

C. True or False

21. False
22. True
23. True
24. True
25. False
26. False
27. True
28. True
29. False (depends also on flow and efficiency)
30. False
D. Problem Solving

31.

P=1000×9.81×0.8×15×0.85≈100kW
32.

5 kW × 24 h = 120 kWh/day

33.

3 kW × 18 h = 54 kWh/day

P=1000×9.81×0.3×12×0.75≈26.5kWP = 1000×9.81×0.3×12×0.75 ≈ 26.5

kWP=1000×9.81×0.3×12×0.75≈26.5kW

34.

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Small hydro systems are well-suited for off-grid communities in rural or mountainous areas
with flowing streams or rivers. They offer continuous and reliable power with minimal
maintenance. Since they don’t rely on batteries or fuel, they are cost-effective over time.
37. Environmental considerations include aquatic life disruption, sediment buildup, and water
diversion impacts. Proper design minimizes ecological harm. In some areas, permits and
environmental impact assessments are required.
38. Hydroelectric systems offer more consistent power generation than solar or wind, as they
operate 24/7 given a stable water source. Unlike solar (day-dependent) and wind (weather-
dependent), hydro provides base-load power, making it highly reliable in suitable sites.
✅ Performance Criteria Checklist
Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Identified components of hydro systems

Calculated hydro power using head and flow

Assessed site feasibility for hydro installation

Explained advantages and limitations of hydro

Understood application of small-scale hydro

� Suggested References
 Micro-Hydro Design Manual by ITDG
 Small Hydropower Systems (U.S. DOE)
 Philippine Department of Energy – Renewable Energy Plans
 NREL Hydropower Tools and Data
 Local case studies of barangay-level hydro projects
 � Learning Module 11: Geothermal Power Systems
Week 11 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Geothermal Power Systems

11.1 What is Geothermal Energy?

Geothermal energy is the heat derived from the Earth’s internal core. This thermal energy can be
harnessed from shallow ground, hot water reservoirs, or magma for direct use or electricity
generation. It is considered renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly.

11.2 Types of Geothermal Resources

1. Dry Steam Fields – Steam directly from the ground powers turbines.
2. Wet Steam/Flash Steam – High-pressure hot water flashes into steam to drive turbines.
3. Binary Cycle – Lower-temperature geothermal fluids heat a secondary fluid with a lower
boiling point to produce vapor.

11.3 Components of a Geothermal Power System

 1. Production Well – Drills into geothermal reservoir to extract steam/hot water.
2. Separator – Separates steam from water (in flash systems).
3. Turbine – Steam drives turbine blades.
4. Generator – Converts mechanical energy into electricity.
5. Condenser – Cools and condenses used steam back to water.
6. Injection Well – Returns used water to reservoir.
7. Control Systems – Monitors and manages flow and temperature.

11.4 Geothermal Power Plant Types

Type Temp Range Description Efficiency

Dry Steam >150°C Uses direct steam from wells High (20–25%)

Flash Steam >180°C Steam from pressure drop in hot water Moderate (15–20%)

Binary Cycle 85–170°C Heats secondary fluid to drive turbine Lower (10–13%) but widely usable

11.5 Philippines Geothermal Potential

 The Philippines ranks among the top producers of geothermal power globally.
 Notable sites: Tiwi (Albay), Makiling-Banahaw (Laguna), Tongonan (Leyte), Mt. Apo
(Mindanao)
 DOE target: Increase capacity via enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)

11.6 Advantages and Limitations

Advantages:

 Low carbon emissions

 Continuous base-load power
 Long operational lifespan
 Domestic energy source

Limitations:

 High initial cost (drilling & exploration)

 Site-specific locations (volcanic areas)
 Potential for induced seismic activity
 Chemical management of geothermal fluids
Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Geothermal Mapping

 Identify known geothermal fields in the Philippines

 Mark whether they use dry steam, flash steam, or binary cycle technology

Activity 2: System Design Exercise

 Design a basic layout of a binary cycle plant for a 100°C geothermal source
 Label components: production well, heat exchanger, turbine, generator, injection well

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. Which type of plant uses direct steam from the Earth?

A. Flash steam
B. Binary cycle
C. Dry steam
D. Hydrothermal
2. Geothermal energy is classified as:
A. Non-renewable
B. Fossil fuel
C. Renewable
D. Intermittent
3. The turbine in a geothermal system is powered by:
A. Fossil fuel
B. Condensate
C. Steam
D. Hydraulic pressure
4. What returns the used geothermal water to the reservoir?
A. Separator
B. Injection well
C. Cooling tower
D. Production well
5. Binary cycle systems use:
A. Only high-temp steam
B. Fossil fuels
C. A second fluid with lower boiling point
D. Low-pressure steam
6. What is a common limitation of geothermal energy?
A. Carbon emissions
B. Availability everywhere
 C. High running cost
D. Site-specific locations
7. The Philippines is a global leader in:
A. Biomass power
B. Solar power
C. Geothermal energy
D. Wind energy
8. Dry steam plants require source temperatures of:
A. <100°C
B. 100–150°C
C. >150°C
D. 85–120°C
9. The heat source in geothermal plants comes from:
A. Nuclear fission
B. Fossil layers
C. The Earth’s core
D. The atmosphere
10. A flash steam plant generates power by:
A. Direct steam capture
B. Solar radiation
C. Expanding gas
D. Flashed steam from hot water

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. __________ steam fields use natural steam directly from the ground.
12. The __________ well brings geothermal fluids to the surface.
13. A __________ well returns fluids to the Earth.
14. The __________ separates water from steam in flash systems.
15. In binary cycle systems, geothermal fluid never __________ with the turbine fluid.
16. The __________ converts steam pressure into rotational energy.
17. Geothermal energy is available __________, unlike solar or wind.
18. Steam is cooled and condensed in the __________.
19. The Philippines' geothermal plants are located in __________ regions.
20. __________ geothermal systems enhance heat recovery using technology.

C. True or False

21. ___ Binary cycle plants are ideal for high-temperature geothermal fields.
22. ___ Dry steam systems are the most basic form of geothermal generation.
23. ___ Geothermal energy emits high amounts of CO₂.
24. ___ Most geothermal plants need fuel to run the turbines.
25. ___ Flash steam plants operate with a pressure drop.
26. ___ Drilling is one of the most expensive aspects of geothermal development.
 27. ___ Geothermal plants can provide constant power supply.
28. ___ Binary cycle fluids are reusable.
29. ___ The Philippines has no geothermal energy potential.
30. ___ Geothermal fields are usually located near tectonic boundaries.

D. Problem Solving

31. Calculate the theoretical power from a geothermal well with flow rate 25 kg/s, enthalpy drop
of 800 kJ/kg, and efficiency of 15%.
32. A binary cycle system uses 100°C geothermal fluid. If the working fluid boils at 70°C,
explain why this works.
33. If a geothermal plant produces 30 MW and runs continuously, how much energy is produced
in one day (in kWh)?
34. A flash plant has two production wells delivering 35 kg/s and 40 kg/s respectively, with
enthalpy of 1000 kJ/kg. If overall efficiency is 12%, estimate total power.
35. Compare the theoretical energy output of two plants: one at 170°C using flash steam, and
another at 95°C using binary cycle. What limits the second?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Discuss the environmental benefits and risks of geothermal energy.

37. Why is geothermal energy considered reliable compared to solar and wind?
38. Describe how geothermal energy is harnessed in the Philippines.

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. D
B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Dry
12. Production
13. Injection
14. Separator
15. Mixes
16. Turbine
17. Continuously
18. Condenser
19. Volcanic
20. Enhanced

C. True or False

21. False
22. True
23. False
24. False
25. True
26. True
27. True
28. True
29. False
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

P=m˙×h×η=25×800×0.15=3000W=3kW

32.

The geothermal fluid transfers heat to a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point (like isobutane),
which vaporizes and spins the turbine—making use of moderate temperatures.

33.

30 MW × 24 hrs = 720,000 kWh/day

34.

Total flow = 75 kg/s

P=75×1000×0.12=9000W=9kW

35.

Binary cycle is limited by the lower temperature, resulting in reduced thermodynamic efficiency and
lower enthalpy change compared to flash systems.

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Geothermal energy has low emissions and small land footprint compared to fossil fuels. It
reduces dependence on imported energy and produces base-load power. However, improper
management can lead to land subsidence, water contamination, or seismic activity.
37. Unlike solar or wind, geothermal systems can operate 24/7, regardless of weather. They tap
into a stable underground heat source, offering consistent output and lower variability. This
makes them suitable for base-load power in the energy mix.
38. The Philippines harnesses geothermal energy from volcanic zones, using dry and flash steam
plants. Major sites include Leyte, Albay, and North Cotabato. The Department of Energy
supports further development through incentives and enhanced geothermal systems.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Identified types and components of geothermal systems

Understood working principles of dry, flash, binary systems

Calculated theoretical geothermal energy output

Mapped geothermal locations in the Philippines

Analyzed environmental implications of geothermal

� Suggested References
 Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment by William Glassley
 Philippine Department of Energy – Geothermal Project Reports
 [Link] – Geothermal Energy Statistics
 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) – Country Profiles
 Energy Development Corporation (EDC) Technical Briefs
 � Learning Module 12: Biomass Energy Systems
Week 12 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Biomass Energy Systems

12.1 What is Biomass Energy?

Biomass energy is derived from organic materials such as wood, crop residues, animal waste, and
other biological matter. It is a renewable energy source that stores solar energy through
photosynthesis and can be used for heating, electricity generation, and fuel production.

12.2 Common Biomass Sources

 Agricultural residues: rice husks, corn stalks, coconut shells

 Wood and forestry waste: sawdust, firewood, bark
 Animal waste: manure used in biogas systems
 Municipal solid waste: biodegradable organic fraction
 Energy crops: fast-growing plants like switchgrass, sugarcane

12.3 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies

 Technology Description Output

Combustion Direct burning to produce heat/steam Electricity, heat

Gasification Converts biomass to syngas (CO, H₂, CH₄) under low oxygen Gas, power

Pyrolysis Thermochemical decomposition in absence of oxygen Bio-oil, gas, char

Anaerobic Digestion Microbial breakdown in oxygen-free conditions Biogas (CH₄ + CO₂)

Fermentation Converts sugar/starch to ethanol Bioethanol (liquid fuel)

12.4 Biogas Systems (Anaerobic Digesters)

 Feedstock: animal manure, food waste, agricultural waste

 Main components: digester tank, inlet, gas collector, outlet
 Output: biogas (used for cooking, lighting, engines) and slurry (fertilizer)

12.5 Biomass Energy in the Philippines

 Philippines potential: over 16 million metric tons of biomass residues per year
 Common uses: rice husk-fired power plants, coconut shell charcoal, rural biogas systems
 DOE Biomass Roadmap: Supports local projects and renewable fuel production

12.6 Advantages and Limitations

Advantages:

 Converts waste to energy

 Locally available and sustainable
 Carbon-neutral when managed properly
 Supports rural development

Limitations:

 Emissions if not properly controlled

 Requires constant biomass supply
 Competes with food/agricultural land use
 Needs pre-treatment (drying, sizing)
Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Biomass Resource Inventory

 List biomass resources available in your local community

 Categorize them into solid, liquid, and gaseous types
 Suggest possible uses or technologies for each

Activity 2: Biogas System Sketch

 Draw a small-scale anaerobic digester system

 Label the parts: inlet, digester, gas outlet, gas collector, slurry outlet
 Describe how it operates and where it can be applied

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. Biomass energy comes from:

A. Fossil fuels
B. Inorganic rocks
C. Organic matter
D. Minerals
2. Pyrolysis occurs in the:
A. Presence of air
B. Absence of oxygen
C. Presence of nitrogen
D. Wet environment
3. Anaerobic digestion produces:
A. Bioethanol
B. Biodiesel
C. Biogas
D. Biochar
4. Which is NOT a biomass source?
A. Wood chips
B. Corn stalks
C. Plastic waste
D. Cow dung
5. Gasification produces:
A. Biogas
B. Syngas
C. Alcohol
D. Steam
6. What is the main gas in biogas?
A. CO₂
 B. Methane
C. Hydrogen
D. Nitrogen
7. Biomass is considered carbon-neutral because:
A. It absorbs more oxygen
B. It emits zero CO₂
C. It releases the same CO₂ it absorbs during growth
D. It uses only hydrogen
8. Fermentation of sugar produces:
A. Biodiesel
B. Biogas
C. Bioethanol
D. Biochar
9. Which of the following technologies is microbial-based?
A. Combustion
B. Pyrolysis
C. Anaerobic digestion
D. Gasification
10. Which is an advantage of biomass?
A. High emissions
B. Waste-to-energy capability
C. Requires fossil fuels
D. Non-renewable

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Biomass energy is derived from __________ matter.

12. __________ combustion involves burning biomass directly.
13. __________ digestion uses microbes to produce methane.
14. Gasification takes place with __________ oxygen.
15. Pyrolysis occurs in __________ oxygen.
16. Syngas stands for __________ gas.
17. The solid by-product of pyrolysis is called __________.
18. The Philippine DOE supports the __________ Biomass Program.
19. Biomass can reduce dependence on imported __________.
20. Biogas can be used for cooking, lighting, and __________ generation.

C. True or False

21. ___ Biomass energy is non-renewable.

22. ___ Pyrolysis requires oxygen to work.
23. ___ Biogas contains flammable methane.
24. ___ All biomass sources are organic.
25. ___ Gasification and pyrolysis are thermochemical processes.
 26. ___ Anaerobic digestion produces bioethanol.
27. ___ Philippines has high biomass energy potential.
28. ___ Biochar can be used as a soil enhancer.
29. ___ Biomass requires complex and expensive technology only.
30. ___ Biomass use must be balanced to avoid overharvesting.

D. Problem Solving

31. A biogas digester receives 25 kg of cow dung daily. Estimate biogas output, given 0.035
m³/kg yield.
32. A rice husk gasifier outputs 1.2 m³ of syngas per kg. How much gas is produced from 40 kg
of rice husk?
33. A generator powered by biogas requires 1.8 m³/hour. How many hours can 18 m³ of gas last?
34. If 1 liter of bioethanol contains 21 MJ, how much energy is in 50 liters?
35. A family consumes 3 m³ of biogas daily. How much cow dung is needed (0.035 m³/kg yield)?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Discuss the benefits of biogas systems in rural communities.

37. What are the environmental impacts of biomass energy if not properly managed?
38. How can biomass help achieve energy sustainability in the Philippines?

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. B

B. Fill in the Blanks

 11. Organic
12. Direct
13. Anaerobic
14. Limited
15. Absence of
16. Synthetic
17. Biochar
18. National
19. Oil
20. Electricity

C. True or False

21. False
22. False
23. True
24. True
25. True
26. False
27. True
28. True
29. False
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

25 kg × 0.035 m³/kg = 0.875 m³/day

32.

40 kg × 1.2 m³/kg = 48 m³

33.

18 m³ ÷ 1.8 m³/hr = 10 hours

34.

50 L × 21 MJ = 1,050 MJ

35.
3 m³ ÷ 0.035 m³/kg = ~86 kg of cow dung

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Biogas systems provide a clean and affordable energy source in rural areas. They reduce
dependence on firewood or LPG and improve sanitation by managing animal and kitchen
waste. Additionally, the leftover slurry can be used as organic fertilizer.
37. Improper biomass use can lead to deforestation, air pollution, and health risks due to smoke
inhalation. Open burning of agricultural residues contributes to carbon emissions. Proper
control, clean combustion, and sustainable harvesting are essential.
38. Biomass is abundant in the Philippines due to agriculture and food production. Utilizing this
resource reduces waste and imports of fossil fuels. With proper policies, it can support rural
electrification and circular economy initiatives.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Identified types of biomass and conversion technologies

Understood biogas production principles

Completed biomass inventory and system sketch

Calculated biomass energy outputs

Analyzed sustainability and impact of biomass use

� Suggested References
 Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals by Donald Klass
 Department of Energy (DOE) Philippines – Biomass Reports
 FAO Biogas Handbook
 Renewable Energy Center – CLSU (Central Luzon State University)
 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Biomass Database
 � Learning Module 13: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Week 13 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

13.1 What are Hybrid Energy Systems?

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) combine two or more energy sources—often
renewable and backup (non-renewable or battery storage)—to increase power reliability,
efficiency, and sustainability. These systems are common in off-grid or remote areas where a single
energy source may not be sufficient year-round.

13.2 Common Hybrid System Combinations

Energy Source 1 Energy Source 2 Typical Use

Solar PV Diesel Generator Off-grid homes, disaster response units

Solar PV Wind Turbine Island or coastal communities

Energy Source 1 Energy Source 2 Typical Use

Wind Turbine Battery Storage Remote rural locations

Solar PV Hydro Power Mountain villages, riverine areas

Solar PV Biogas Farm-based energy systems

Solar PV Grid-Tie + Battery Smart homes and net metering

13.3 Benefits of Hybrid Systems

 Improves system reliability and energy availability

 Reduces dependence on fossil fuel
 Balances variable energy production (e.g., day vs. night, windy vs. calm)
 Supports energy autonomy in remote areas
 Enhances sustainability and grid flexibility

13.4 Components of a Hybrid System

1. Primary renewable source (e.g., solar PV or wind turbine)

2. Secondary source (e.g., generator, biogas, battery bank)
3. Charge controller or hybrid inverter
4. Energy storage system (batteries)
5. Load controller and distribution panel
6. Monitoring and control systems

13.5 Load Profile and System Design

A proper hybrid system design begins with analyzing energy load, determining renewable
resource availability, and designing for autonomy days and backup capacity.

Example Load Estimation Table:

Appliance Quantity Power (W) Hours/Day Energy Use (Wh/day)

LED Lights 6 10 5 300

Fan 2 50 4 400

Refrigerator 1 120 10 1,200

Appliance Quantity Power (W) Hours/Day Energy Use (Wh/day)

Laptop 1 60 6 360

Total 2,260 Wh/day

13.6 Control Strategy

Hybrid systems use smart controllers to:

 Switch between energy sources based on availability

 Manage battery charging/discharging
 Protect appliances from over/under-voltage
 Maximize efficiency of renewable inputs

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Energy Audit and Load Profile

 List down the typical appliances used in a small house

 Calculate total daily energy consumption
 Use this data to size a hybrid solar-wind or solar-diesel system

Activity 2: System Design

 Sketch a block diagram of a hybrid system using two energy sources (e.g., solar + wind)
 Label the major components (PV, wind, battery, inverter, loads, etc.)
 Indicate energy flow and switching points

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. Hybrid systems combine:

A. Two solar panels
B. Renewable and/or backup sources
C. AC and DC currents
D. Transformers and capacitors
2. What is the main advantage of hybrid systems?
A. Low sunlight usage
B. Increased reliance on fossil fuels
 C. Reliable power supply
D. Higher emissions
3. A common backup in hybrid systems is:
A. Microwave
B. Diesel generator
C. LED bulb
D. Thermostat
4. A hybrid solar-wind system benefits from:
A. Day and night energy generation
B. Battery overheating
C. Less maintenance
D. Radio signals
5. Which component stores excess energy?
A. Inverter
B. Wind turbine
C. Battery bank
D. Generator
6. Control systems in hybrids help to:
A. Increase sunlight
B. Switch sources and regulate voltage
C. Dry solar panels
D. Heat batteries
7. Net metering is possible in:
A. Off-grid systems only
B. On-grid hybrids
C. Biogas-only setups
D. Diesel-only systems
8. Solar + biogas hybrid is ideal for:
A. Ocean ships
B. Farm-based systems
C. Oil rigs
D. High-rise apartments
9. Which of these is not a renewable source?
A. Solar PV
B. Wind turbine
C. Diesel generator
D. Small hydro
10. What defines an autonomous system?
A. Needs full grid support
B. Requires battery every hour
C. Functions independently of grid
D. Uses gasoline every day

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. A hybrid system improves energy __________ and reliability.

 12. Solar and __________ combinations are common in hybrid systems.
13. A __________ bank stores energy for later use.
14. Hybrid inverters can handle both solar input and __________.
15. __________ profiles are needed to determine system sizing.
16. Energy from solar panels is in __________ current.
17. Hybrid systems can reduce __________ fuel consumption.
18. A __________ controller prevents battery overcharging.
19. Wind turbines generate more energy during __________ conditions.
20. System control units manage energy __________ and flow.

C. True or False

21. ___ Hybrid systems use only one source of energy.

22. ___ Batteries are optional in most hybrid systems.
23. ___ Hybrid setups improve energy availability in cloudy or calm days.
24. ___ Hybrid systems work only with solar and wind.
25. ___ Diesel generators are sometimes used as backup sources.
26. ___ A hybrid inverter controls both input and output.
27. ___ Hybrid systems are used only in urban areas.
28. ___ Hybrid control systems help optimize power usage.
29. ___ Load profile calculations are necessary in system design.
30. ___ Net metering applies only to stand-alone hybrid systems.

D. Problem Solving

31. A household uses 3.2 kWh/day. How many 250 W solar panels are needed to meet this load
in 5 sun hours/day?
32. A hybrid wind-solar system provides 2 kW from wind and 3 kW from solar. How much
energy (in kWh) is produced in 24 hours?
33. If a battery bank stores 7.2 kWh, how long can it supply a 300 W appliance continuously?
34. A backup generator provides 2 kW and runs for 3 hours. How much energy does it supply?
35. Calculate the total daily load of a system with these appliances:

 5 lights (10 W each, 5 hrs/day)

 1 TV (100 W, 4 hrs/day)
 1 refrigerator (150 W, 24 hrs/day)

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Explain why hybrid energy systems are ideal for off-grid locations.
37. What factors should be considered when designing a hybrid system?
38. Discuss how hybrid renewable systems contribute to sustainable energy goals.
✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. C

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Availability
12. Wind
13. Battery
14. Grid or backup generator
15. Load
16. Direct (DC)
17. Fossil
18. Charge
19. Windy
20. Distribution

C. True or False

21. False
22. False
23. True
24. False
25. True
26. True
27. False
28. True
29. True
30. False
D. Problem Solving

31.

Daily demand: 3.2 kWh

Daily output/panel: 250 W × 5 hrs = 1.25 kWh
Panels needed: 3.2 ÷ 1.25 = ~3 panels (round up to 3 or 4)

32.

2 kW (wind) + 3 kW (solar) = 5 kW
24 hrs × 5 kW = 120 kWh

33.

7.2 kWh ÷ 0.3 kW = 24 hours

34.

2 kW × 3 hrs = 6 kWh

35.

Lights: 5 × 10 W × 5 hrs = 250 Wh

TV: 100 W × 4 hrs = 400 Wh
Refrigerator: 150 W × 24 hrs = 3,600 Wh
Total = 4,250 Wh = 4.25 kWh

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Hybrid systems are ideal for off-grid areas where the reliability of one energy source may
vary. By combining solar and wind or solar and diesel, energy availability improves across
different conditions, such as night time or calm weather. These systems reduce fuel
dependency and bring power to remote areas.
37. Designing a hybrid system requires analyzing energy load, selecting appropriate energy
sources, understanding local climate and availability, and choosing compatible components.
Battery capacity, inverter type, and autonomy period must also be considered.
38. Hybrid systems reduce carbon emissions and fossil fuel use by integrating renewables with
backup power. They offer energy security and flexibility, especially in areas with unreliable
grid access. Their use supports the transition to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

 Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Identified components and types of hybrid systems

Designed basic hybrid system layout with energy sources

Performed load calculations and component sizing

Understood energy flow and switching control

Explained sustainability role of hybrid energy systems

� Suggested References
 Renewable Energy System Design by Ziyad Salameh
 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – Hybrid System Design Tools
 Department of Energy – Philippines Hybrid Energy Projects
 HOMER Energy Software (hybrid optimization tool)
 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) – Hybrid System Case Studies

� Learning Module 14: Integration, Evaluation, and Capstone

Project
Week 14 – Renewable Energy Systems Workbook

Information Sheet: System Integration and Capstone Application

14.1 Overview of System Integration

System integration in renewable energy involves:

 Combining various renewable components (solar, wind, hydro, biomass)

 Ensuring compatibility and efficiency in energy flow
 Managing storage, switching, and loads

Integrated system design ensures:

 Reliable, stable energy supply

 Optimized performance
 Cost-effective implementation
14.2 Steps in Designing an Integrated Renewable Energy System

1. Load Assessment
o Determine daily and peak energy needs
o Identify critical vs. non-critical loads
2. Resource Assessment
o Evaluate availability of solar, wind, biomass, hydro, or geothermal
3. Technology Selection
o Match energy source with location, load, and budget
4. Component Sizing
o Panels/turbines, inverters, batteries, controllers
5. System Layout & Integration
o Draw electrical diagram with energy flows, switches, backup
6. Monitoring & Maintenance Plan
o Include system controls, diagnostics, and long-term support

14.3 Capstone Project Overview

Students will develop and present a Capstone Project which includes:

 A complete renewable system design

 Technical diagrams (schematics)
 Load and energy calculations
 Budgetary estimate
 Sustainability and environmental assessment
 Presentation of project concept

14.4 Sample Capstone Themes

 Solar PV and battery system for rural schools

 Hybrid wind-solar system for island communities
 Biomass digester and solar lighting for farm operations
 Micro-hydro system design for upland barangays
 On-grid net metering system for a small business

Activity Sheet
Activity 1: Final Integration Design
  Form small teams (2–3 students)
 Choose one renewable energy system scenario (real or hypothetical)
 Submit a 5-page technical report containing:
o Energy load profile
o Resource assessment
o System components and sizing
o Layout diagram
o Budget estimate
o Environmental and social impact discussion

Activity 2: Capstone Presentation

 Prepare a 10-minute presentation

 Include system overview, diagrams, calculations, photos or renderings
 Present to classmates or external evaluators (if available)
 Use slides, posters, or printed layouts

Self-Check Test
A. Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is essential in system integration?

A. Painting solar panels
B. Overloading circuits
C. Component compatibility
D. Using old batteries
2. The first step in designing an energy system is:
A. Buying equipment
B. Load assessment
C. Wiring the system
D. Grid inspection
3. A hybrid system for an island might use:
A. Solar and grid
B. Solar and wind
C. Diesel and electric vehicles
D. Firewood and batteries
4. Which is NOT a component of an integrated system?
A. Load analysis
B. Switching system
C. Distribution panel
D. Hair dryer
5. A Capstone Project helps students:
A. Memorize facts only
B. Apply theory to real situations
C. Avoid calculations
D. Skip final exams
 6. Backup power in hybrid systems is used when:
A. It's windy
B. Batteries are full
C. Renewables are insufficient
D. Solar power increases
7. The inverter in a hybrid system:
A. Stores solar energy
B. Converts AC to DC
C. Converts DC to AC
D. Runs the generator
8. A budget estimate must include:
A. Warranty policy
B. List of donors
C. Cost of components
D. Insurance rate
9. Which of the following is an environmental benefit of renewables?
A. Greenhouse gas increase
B. Low carbon emissions
C. Fossil fuel reliance
D. River pollution
10. Which tool is most useful in drawing system diagrams?
A. Paintbrush
B. Ladder
C. Diagram software or drafting tools
D. Screwdriver

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. A hybrid system uses more than one __________ source.

12. A __________ profile shows how much energy is consumed daily.
13. The __________ diagram shows the energy flow in a system.
14. Wind turbines generate __________ energy.
15. A charge controller prevents battery __________.
16. Net metering allows users to feed power back to the __________.
17. Solar panels produce __________ current.
18. Proper __________ ensures system efficiency and safety.
19. Biogas digesters reduce __________ waste.
20. The capstone project demonstrates real-world __________.

C. True or False

21. ___ System integration improves energy reliability.

22. ___ Load profiles are not necessary in system design.
23. ___ Solar and wind can be used together in a hybrid system.
 24. ___ Budget estimates are optional in system planning.
25. ___ Capstone projects develop problem-solving and planning skills.
26. ___ Renewable systems never need maintenance.
27. ___ Wiring diagrams help in visualizing system layout.
28. ___ Renewable systems have no environmental impact.
29. ___ Wind, solar, and hydro are renewable sources.
30. ___ Project presentations are part of engineering practice.

D. Problem Solving

31. A household requires 4.5 kWh/day. If each solar panel provides 300W with 5 sun hours/day,
how many panels are needed?
32. If a battery stores 9.6 kWh and a household load is 600 W, how many hours of backup does
the battery provide?
33. Design a hybrid solar-diesel system for a remote clinic that requires 10 kWh/day. Solar
should provide 70% of the load. How much energy should the generator supply?
34. Calculate the total budget if:

 6 panels @ ₱7,000 each

 1 inverter @ ₱18,000
 4 batteries @ ₱10,000 each
 Mounting, wiring, installation @ ₱12,000

35. A wind turbine provides 1.2 kW for 6 hrs/day. How much energy does it produce per day?

E. Short Essay (4–6 sentences)

36. Discuss the importance of integrating renewable systems in today’s energy landscape.
37. What challenges do students face when designing and proposing real-world energy systems?
38. How does the capstone project enhance your understanding of renewable technologies?

✅ Answer Key
A. Multiple Choice

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. C
 7. C
8. C
9. B
10. C

B. Fill in the Blanks

11. Energy
12. Load
13. Electrical/system
14. Mechanical/electrical
15. Overcharging
16. Grid
17. Direct (DC)
18. Integration
19. Organic
20. Application

C. True or False

21. True
22. False
23. True
24. False
25. True
26. False
27. True
28. False
29. True
30. True

D. Problem Solving

31.

Daily need: 4.5 kWh

Each panel: 300 W × 5 hrs = 1.5 kWh
Panels = 4.5 ÷ 1.5 = 3 panels

32.

9.6 kWh ÷ 0.6 kW = 16 hours

 33.

70% from solar = 7 kWh

Generator = 30% = 3 kWh

34.

₱7,000 × 6 = ₱42,000
₱10,000 × 4 = ₱40,000
₱18,000 + ₱12,000 = ₱30,000
Total = ₱112,000

35.

1.2 kW × 6 hrs = 7.2 kWh/day

E. Sample Essay Answers

36. Integrating renewable energy systems helps diversify energy sources and reduce dependence
on fossil fuels. It enhances energy security and minimizes environmental impacts. Hybrid
systems ensure consistent power supply even in variable conditions. This is crucial in
addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development.
37. Students may struggle with component sizing, cost estimation, and technical drawing. They
also need to consider real-world constraints like location, weather, and user behavior.
Designing energy systems requires both theoretical knowledge and practical decision-
making.
38. The capstone project allows me to apply classroom knowledge to real energy challenges. It
teaches system planning, sustainability, and teamwork. By completing the project, I
understand how solar, wind, and other renewables work together. It boosts my confidence in
designing real systems.

✅ Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Yes No Remarks

Integrated knowledge from multiple renewable technologies

Designed and evaluated a complete energy system

Completed load profile and component sizing

Presented capstone project effectively

Demonstrated sustainability and practical application

� Suggested References

 Designing with Solar Power by Deo Prasad & Mark Snow

 Department of Energy (DOE) – Off-grid and Hybrid Systems Guides
 HOMER Pro Simulation Tool
 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Capstone Project Guidelines
 Clean Energy Council – Hybrid Systems Case Studies