Work
Work is said to be done by a force acting on a body, provided the body
is displaced actually in any direction except in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of the force.
Work done is defined as:
ω=F⃗.s⃗ω=F.s
Work done by a constant force:
ω=F⃗.s⃗or ω=Fs cosθω=[Link] ω=Fs cosθ
Dimension and units of work: Work = [M1 L2 T–2] Joule is the SI unit
of work.
Erg is the absolute unit of work in C.G.S system.
Positive work: As
∴ When θ is acute (θ < 90°), cos q is positive.
ω=F⃗.s⃗=Fs cos θω=F.s=Fs cos θ
Hence work done is positive.
Negative work: As
∴ When θ is obtuse (θ> 90°), cos q is negative.
ω=F⃗.s⃗=Fs cos θω=F.s=Fs cos θ
Zero work: When angle θ between
F⃗ and s⃗=Fs cosθF and s=Fs cosθ
cos θ = cos 90° = 0. Therefore work done is zero.
Work done by a variable force:
w=∫xAxBF(dx)w=∫xAxBF(dx)
Conservative Force: A force is said to be conservative if work done
by or against the force in moving a body depends only on the initial
and final positions of the body and not on the nature of path followed
between the initial and final position. If the force depends on the path
followed, the force is said to be non conservative.
Power
Power of a body is defined as the rate of doing work.
P=worktime=wt=F⃗.s⃗t∴ P=F⃗.v⃗P=timework=tw=tF.s∴ P=F.v
Dimension of power:
P=wt=[M1L2T−2][T]=[M1L2T−3]P=tw=[T][M1L2T−2]
=[M1L2T−3]
The absolute unit of power in SI is watt.
1w = 1 Js-1
1 horse power = 746 w
Energy
Energy of a body is defined as the capacity or ability of the body to do
the work.
The kinetic energy of a body is the energy possessed by the body by
virtue of its motion.
K.E. of body =k =12mv2K.E. of body =k =21mv2
∵ p = mvK=12mv2=12(m2v2)K=p22m∵ p = mvK=21
Relation between K.E. and linear momentum
mv2=21(m2v2)K=2mp2
Work energy theorem: According to this principle, work done by a
force is equal to the change in K.E. of the body.
The potential energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by
the body by virtue of its positon or configuration in same field.
Gravitational P.E. of the body = U = mgh.
Potential energy of the spring is given by
U=12kx2U=21kx2
k is called force constant of the spring
The mechanical energy (E) of a body is the sum of kinetic energy (K)
and potential energy (U) of the body: E = K + U
Different forms of energy are:
(i) Heat energy
(ii) Internal energy
(iii) Electrical energy
(iv) Chemical energy
(v) Nuclear energy
Mass energy equivalanece: E = mc2
Principle Of Conservation Of Energy
According to the principle of conservation of energy, the total sum of
energy in an isolated system remains
constant at all times.
A collision in which there is absolutely no loss of K.E. is called an elastic
collision.
A collision in which there occurs some loss of K.E. is called an inelastic
collision.
Coefficient of restitution is defined as the ratio of relative velocity of
separation after collision to the
relative velocity of approach before collision.
e=v2−v1v2−v1e=v2−v1v2−v1
For perfectly elastic collision: e = 1
For perfectly inelastic collision: e = 0
Elastic collision in one Dimension:
v1=(m1−m2)v1m1+m2+2m2v2m1+m2v2=2m1v1m1+m2
+(m2−m1)v2(m1+m2)v1=m1+m2(m1−m2)v1+m1+m22m2
v2v2=m1+m22m1v1+(m1+m2)(m2−m1)v2
Particular cases :
(i) When masses of two bodies are equal, then v 1 = u2 and v2 = u1
(ii) When the large body B is initially at rest, i.e.
u2 = 0
v1=(m1−m2)v1m1+m2v2=2m1v1m1+m2v1=m1+m2(m1
−m2)v1v2=m1+m22m1v1