Chapter 2

Chapter Two

Atoms, Molecules and Ions

 Chapter 2

The Atomic Theory

Dalton’s atomic theory has four assumptions:

1. Atoms are the building blocks of elements.
2. For the same element, all atoms are identical. The atoms for one element are
different from the atoms of all other elements.
3. Atoms combine in definite ratio to make compounds.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination and
rearrangement of atoms. It dos not result in their creation or destruction.
H2O  H2 + 2O
What is atom?
Atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination.
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• Protons and neutrons are together in the nucleus of an atom, whereas

electrons are in motion in orbits around the central nucleus.
• Protons carry a positive electrical charge, electrons carry a negative
charge, and neutrons carry no charge.
• Most atoms are electrically neutral, meaning that they have an
equal number of protons and electrons

Mass (g) Mass (amu) Charge Symbol Particle

9.10938 x 0.0005486 -1 e- Electron

1.67262 x 1.007276 +1 p+ Proton
1.67493 x 1.008665 0 n0 Neutron

amu is atomic mass unit

1 amu = 1.66053886 × 10-27 kilograms
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Atomic Number and Mass Number

• All atoms can be identified by the number of protons and neutrons they contain.
• Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus.
• In neutral atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, thus
the atomic number also refers to the number of electron.
• The chemical identity of an atom can be determined solely by the atomic
number.
• Example: the atomic number of Fluorine is 9 this means that each fluorine atom
has 9 protons and 9 electrons.
Any atom has 9 protons is Fluorine.
• Atomic Mass is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus
of an atom of an element.

Thus, number of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number

 Chapter 2

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus

Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of neutrons in
their nuclei.

Mass Number AX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number Z
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 Chapter 2
Isotopes

• Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number (proton number) but
different mass numbers.
• This mean the number of neutrons is the only difference between isotopes.
• For example, there are 3 isotopes for hydrogen

1
1
H 21
12
H 31
13 H
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• Example: Carbon (atomic number 6) has three natural isotopes

with atomic weights of 12, 13 and 14.

• With exception of hydrogen, which has different names for each of its
Isotopes, isotopes of element are identified by their mass number.
For example, carbon isotopes are called : carbon-12 , carbon-13 and
carbon-14
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235 238
92 U 92 U
• Important notice : as chemical properties of element is determined by the
number of protons and electrons. Thus isotopes of an element have similar
chemistries, forming the same type of compounds and displaying similar
reactivity.
Do you understand Isotopes?
• How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in ?

6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

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23
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Na ?
11

protons, 12 (23-11) neutrons, 11 electrons 11

Chapter 2
 Chapter 2

Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

Find number of electrons, protons, and neutrons?

63 239 26 17 202 48
29
Cu 94
Pu 13
Al 8
O 80
Hg 22
Ti
29 94 13 8 80 e
-
22
29 94 13 8 80 22
+
p
34 145 13 9 122 n
26
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Molecules
• Molecules : is an aggregate of at least two atoms or more in a definite arrangement
held together by chemical forces (Chemical bonds).
• What is the difference between molecule and compound?
• A molecule may contain atoms of the same elements or atoms of two or more
different elements joined together in a fixed ratio.
A CHEMICAL COMPOUND is a substance composed of atoms of two or more
different elements. H2O, NH3 or CH4
Thus all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
H2O , I2 , NaCl , H2 , O2 , NaOH
Molecules or compounds ?
 Chapter 2

Molecules

Diatomic Molecules Polyatomic molecules

contain only two atoms. either similar contains more than two atoms
or different either similar or different
Similar as: H2, N2, O2, Cl2,Different as: O3 , H2O, NH3, CH4
HCl, CO
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Chapter 2
 Chapter 2

Do You Understand Ions?

27 3+
How many protons and electrons are in Al
Proton = 13 , electron = 13-3 = 10 13
Neutron = 27 – 13 = 14

How many protons and electrons are in 78 2-

Se
Proton = 34 , electron = 34 +2 = 36 34
Neutron = 78 – 34 = 44
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Chemical Formula
Chemists use chemical formulas to express the composition of molecules and ionic
compounds in terms of chemical symbols. By composition we mean not only the
elements present but also the ratios in which the atoms are combined. Here we are
concerned with two types of formulas:
1- molecular formula and 2- empirical formula.
Molecular Formula
A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest
unit of a substance. The actual numbers of atoms in a molecule,
Thus, H2 is the molecular formula for hydrogen, O2 is oxygen, O3 is ozone, and H2O is
water.
Molecular Models:
ball-and-stick models and space-filling models.
The structural formula:
.which shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule
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Chemical Formula

Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

It’s a formula shows the exact

number of atoms of each elements
shows the simplest whole-number
in the smallest unit of a substance ratio of the atoms in a substance.
The actual numbers of atoms in a
molecule The simplest whole number ratio of
elements in a compound
•C6H12O2
•C3H6O
•N2H4
•NH2
•O3
•O
•C2H4Cl2 Structural Formula •CH2Cl
•C8H10N4O4 •C4H5N2O2
Show the relative arrangements
•Al2O3 of atoms in a molecule •Al2O3
 Chapter 2

Empirical CH4
H2 H2 O NH3
Formula
 Chapter 2

Formula of Ionic Compounds

•Ionic compound consists of a cation and an anion

•The formula is always the same as the empirical formula

•The sum of the charges on the cation and anion in each formula unit
must equal zero
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• The subscript of the cation is numerically equal to the charge

on the anion, and the subscript on the anion is numerically
equal to the charge on the cation
Examples:

Al3+ O2- k+ Br - Mg2+ N3-

Al2O3 KBr Mg3N2

Ca2+ O2+

CaO
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Ionic Compounds -
+
 Chapter 2

Naming Ionic Compounds

• Mostly metals cation + nonmetal anion
• Rule: Name the metal first, then the nonmetal as -ide.
Example :
NaCl Sodium chloride
ZnI2 Zinc iodide
Al2O3 Aluminum oxide NH4+ is called ammonium
Na3N Sodium nitride

KBr Potassium bromide

Calcium oxide
CaO

MgS Magnesium sulfide

 Chapter 2

Ionic Compounds
• Metal cations can be divided into two categories:
1- metal form one type of cation. Example: Alkali group and alkali earth group.
2- metal form more than one type of cation. Example: transition metals. (Fe2+, Fe3+).

• Rule Exceptions:
If have a variable charged metal, then give its charge in the middle with a Roman
Numeral in parenthesis. This called stock system.
Example:
FeCl2= Iron (II) Chloride.
FeCl3= Iron (III) chloride
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Ionic Compounds

• Nonmetal anion can be divided into two groups:

1- monoatomic anion. Example: Cl- chloride , Br- bromide, O2- Oxide.
2- Polyatomic anion. Example: OH- hydroxide, CN- cyanide.

• Common names for some anions:

CO32- Carbonate, PO43- Phosphate, SO42- Sulphate
HCO3- Bicarbonate, NO3- Nitrate, SO32- Sulphite
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Ionic Compounds
 Chapter 2

Ionic Compounds
• Example:

Name the following compounds :

a) Cu(NO3)2 b) KH2PO4 C) NH4ClO3
a) Cu from transition metal then it have more than one form of cation, NO 3-
has common name nitrate thus:
copper (II) nitrate
b) Potassium from group 1A thus it form only one type of cation, H 2PO4- has
common name dihydrogen phosphate thus:
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
C) NH4+ has common name ammonium, ClO3- has common name chlorate
thus: Ammonium chlorate
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Molecular Compounds

• Made of nonmetals or nonmetals +

metalloids.

−Common names
H2O, NH3, CH4,

−First Element is named by its name

−If more than one compound can be formed
from the same elements, use prefixes to
indicate number of each kind of atom

−Last element name ends in ide

29
 Chapter 2

Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

SO2 sulfur dioxide

N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

N 2O dinitrogen monoxide
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 Chapter 2

Acid Compounds

An acid can be defined as a substance that yields

hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

• Pure substance, hydrogen chloride, HCl (g).

• Dissolve in water yields H+ and Cl– ions,
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).

An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and another element.

HNO3
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Naming Acids
 Chapter 2
Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions

Two or more oxoacids have the same central atom but a different
number of O atoms; the following rules to name these compounds.

1. Addition of one O atom to the “-ic” acid: The acid is called “per . . -ic”
acid.
HClO3 chloric acid
HClO4 perchloric acid
2. Removal of one O atom from the “-ic” acid: The acid is called “-ous”
acid.
HNO3 nitric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
3. Removal of two O atoms from the “-ic” acid: The acid is called “hypo
. . . -ous” acid.
HBrO3 Bromic acid
HBrO hypobromous acid.
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Base Compounds

A base can be defined as a substance that yields

hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water.

NaOH Sodium hydroxide

KOH Potassium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide

 Chapter 2
Naming Hydrates:
o Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number of
water molecules attached to them.
BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate

LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate

MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

Sr(NO3)2 •4H2O strontium nitrate tetrahydrate

CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4