📘 Topic: Looping Statements (Page 1)
What is Looping / Iteration?
Looping means:
Repeating the same task again and again until a condition becomes false.
Example in real life:
👉 Writing numbers from 1 to 10 without writing PRINT 10 times.
The PDF says that QBasic has three main looping statements:
1. FOR … NEXT
2. WHILE … WEND
3. DO … LOOP
Among these, FOR…NEXT is the most common loop.
🔁 FOR … NEXT Loop (Page 1–2)
What is FOR…NEXT?
Used when the number of repetitions is already known
Automatically increases or decreases the counter
Syntax explained:
FOR x = start TO end STEP n
statements
NEXT x
x → loop control variable
start → starting value
end → ending value
STEP n → increase/decrease value (optional, default = 1)
Example 1: Natural numbers 1 to 10
FOR x = 1 TO 10
PRINT x;
NEXT x
✔ Prints numbers from 1 to 10
✔ Runs exactly 10 times
Example 2: Even numbers 1 to 20
FOR i = 2 TO 20 STEP 2
PRINT i;
NEXT i
✔ Starts from 2
✔ Jumps by 2 (even numbers)
Example 3: Descending order (20 to 1)
FOR a = 20 TO 1 STEP -1
PRINT a;
NEXT a
✔ STEP -1 means counting backward
Example 4: Print name 10 times
FOR i = 1 TO 10
PRINT "Your Name"
NEXT i
✔ Loop runs 10 times
✔ Same text printed repeatedly
Example 5: Multiplication table
INPUT "Enter a number "; n
FOR c = 1 TO 10
PRINT n; "x"; c; "="; n * c
NEXT c
✔ Uses loop for table
✔ Avoids writing 10 lines manually
🔁 WHILE … WEND Loop (Page 3–4)
What is WHILE…WEND?
Used when the number of repetitions is not fixed
Loop runs as long as the condition is TRUE
Condition is checked before entering the loop
Syntax:
WHILE condition
statements
WEND
Example 1: Natural numbers 1 to 10
n = 1
WHILE n <= 10
PRINT n;
n = n + 1
WEND
✔ Manual increment required
✔ If increment is missing → infinite loop ❌
Example 2: Even numbers
n = 2
WHILE n <= 20
PRINT n;
n = n + 2
WEND
Example 3: Descending order
n = 20
WHILE n >= 1
PRINT n;
n = n - 1
WEND
Example 4: Print name 10 times
n = 1
WHILE n <= 10
PRINT "Your Name"
n = n + 1
WEND
Example 5: Multiplication table
i = 1
INPUT "Enter any number "; n
WHILE i <= 10
PRINT n; "x"; i; "="; i * n
i = i + 1
WEND
🔁 DO … LOOP (Page 4–6)
What is DO…LOOP?
Loop runs at least once
Condition can be checked at the start or at the end
More flexible than WHILE
Four Syntax Types (as in PDF):
1️⃣ DO … LOOP WHILE
2️⃣ DO WHILE … LOOP
3️⃣ DO … LOOP UNTIL
4️⃣ DO UNTIL … LOOP
Example 1: Natural numbers
n = 1
DO
PRINT n;
n = n + 1
LOOP WHILE n <= 10
✔ Loop body executes first
✔ Condition checked at the end
Example 2: Even numbers
n = 2
DO
PRINT n;
n = n + 2
LOOP WHILE n <= 20
Example 3: Descending order using UNTIL
n = 20
DO
PRINT n;
n = n - 1
LOOP UNTIL n < 1
✔ UNTIL means loop stops when condition becomes TRUE
Example 4: Name 10 times
n = 1
DO WHILE n <= 10
PRINT "Your Name"
n = n + 1
LOOP
Example 5: Multiplication table
i = 1
INPUT "Enter any number "; n
DO WHILE i <= 10
PRINT n; "x"; i; "="; i * n
i = i + 1
LOOP
🔁 NESTED LOOP (Page 6–7)
What is a Nested Loop?
A loop inside another loop
Outer loop → rows
Inner loop → columns
Example 1: Outer & Inner loop text
FOR i = 1 TO 4
PRINT "This is an outer loop "; i
FOR j = 1 TO 3
PRINT "Inner Loop "; j
NEXT j
PRINT
NEXT i
Example 2: Number pattern
FOR i = 1 TO 5
FOR j = 1 TO i
PRINT j;
NEXT j
PRINT
NEXT i
Output:
1
12
123
1234
12345
Other examples show:
Printing i instead of j
Reverse triangle using STEP -1
📝 Final Exam Memory Lines
FOR…NEXT → fixed number of times
WHILE…WEND → condition checked first
DO…LOOP → runs at least once
Nested loop → loop inside loop