EL
PT
Lecture – 36 : Computer implementation of stiffness approach- Plane frame system
N
• Input identification for plane frame system
EL
• Plane frame member stiffness- global coordinates
• Load vector and global stiffness assembly
• Solution steps
PT
N
Steps in computer oriented-stiffness
approach
Identify the structural data- Input parameters
EL
Identify member stiffness and load data
Assembly of global stiffness and load vector
PT
Rearrangement of the matrix for free and restraint
DoFs
N
Solution of the equations
Post-computation
Input parameters
Node data- Plane frame members
Node X-cord Y-cord Restraint Restraint Restraint
number X Y θ
EL
Member Joint ‘j’ Joint ‘k’ PT
Member data- Plane frame members
Area E I L Cos α Sin α
N
A
Member stiffness in global
coordinates
Member stiffness for all possible degrees of freedom can be defined in the global coordinates.
EL
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
0 0 − 0 0
PT
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
N
𝑆 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
− 0 0 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 − − 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Member stiffness in global
coordinates
Coordinate transformation – Planer system
EL
PT
N
Member stiffness in global
coordinates
Member stiffness for all possible degrees of freedom can be defined in the global coordinates.
Coordinate transformation – Planer system
EL
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
0 0 − 0 0
PT
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
N
𝑆 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
− 0 0 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 − − 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Member stiffness in global
coordinates
EL
PT
N
Member stiffness in global
coordinates
EL
PT
N
Load vector for direct joint
forces
EL
PT
N
Member load contribution- global
coordinates
EL
PT
N
N
PT
EL
EL
PT
Lecture – 37 : Computer implementation of stiffness approach- Plane frame system
N
• Load vector and global stiffness assembly
EL
• Solution steps
PT
N
Member stiffness in global
coordinates
EL
PT
N
Assembly of global stiffness
Identify overall stiffness matrix size
Position of individual member contributions
EL
PT
N
Assembly of global stiffness
matrix
EL
PT
N
Joint load vector- member
contribution
EL
PT
N
Support conditions and
rearrangement
Arrange the DoFs (subsequently stiffness matrix and load vector) in the order of free and restraint DoFs.
EL
PT
N
Support conditions and
rearrangement
Arrange the DoFs (subsequently stiffness matrix and load vector) in the order of free and restraint DoFs.
EL
PT
N
Solution steps
EL
PT
N
Solution steps
EL
PT
N
• A systematic approach for analysis of plane frame members is highlighted.
• The procedure is similar to the regular beam or plane truss members with changes
in the member stiffness contributions and order of DoFs.
EL
• The approach is suitable for computer implementation similar to the beam and
plane truss structures.
PT
N
N
PT
EL
EL
PT
Lecture – 38 : Computer implementation for plane frame- Example problem
N
• Cover a simple plane frame problem
EL
• Systematic solution approach
• Implementation for MATLAB algorithm
PT
N
Problem statement
STEPS
STEP 1- DEFINING INPUT PARAMETERS TO
COMPUTER
STEP 2- MEMBER STIFFNESS MATRIX IN GLOBAL
EL
COORDINATE/ ELEMENT LOAD VECTOR
STEP 3- ASSEMBLY OF GLOBAL STRUCTURAL
STIFFNESS MATRIX
PT
STEP 4- REARRANGEMENT OF THE STIFFNESS
MATRIX AND SOLUTION
N
Step 1- Input definition
Node data- Plane frame members
Node X-cord Y-cord Restraint Restraint Restraint
number X Y θ
EL
Member Joint ‘j’ Joint ‘k’ PT
Member data- Plane frame members
Area E I L Cos α Sin α
N
A
Step 1- Input definition
EL
PT
N
Step 2- Member stiffness in global
coordinates
EL
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
0 0 − 0 0
PT
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
N
𝑆 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
− 0 0 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 − − 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Step 2- Member stiffness in global
coordinates
1
2
3
4
EL
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
PT 4
5
6
N
7
8
9
4 5 6 7 8 9
Step 2- Member load
contributions
EL
PT
N
Step 2- Member load
contributions
EL
PT
N
Step 2- Member load
contributions
EL
PT
N
Step 2- Member load
contributions
EL
PT
N
Step 3- Global stiffness and load
assembly
EL
PT
N
Step 4- Matrix rearrangement
EL
PT
N
Step 4- Matrix rearrangement and
solution
1
2
3
EL
A = 4
A A
5
6
PT
7
8
9
N
∆ =
Step 4- Matrix rearrangement and
solution
Reactions
EL
A =A −A in N and N-mm
Member
forces
PT
N
A =A +S ∆
in N and N-mm
N
PT
EL
EL
PT
Lecture – 39 : Computer implementation of stiffness approach- Grid Structures
N
• Similarities between plane frame and grid structures
EL
• Grid member stiffness and assembly
• Load vector assembly
• Solution steps
PT
N
Grid structures- Comparison with
plane frame
Members: Grid systems are similar to plane frame with all members defined in one plane.
Forces: Forces are applied in the same plane for plane-frame while grid forces are normal to
the plane of the grid members.
EL
Moment: Moments in plane frame have moment vector normal to the plane frame while in
case of the grid structures, moment vectors are in the same plane of the grid members.
PT
N
Grid structures- Member
Displacements
Grid structures will have:
• One translation about the normal direction to grid plane (axis-Z)
• One moment about the one direction of the grid plane (axis-X)
EL
• One moment about the second direction of the grid plane (axis-Y)
PT
N
Grid structures- Global
Displacements
EL
Grid structure- Global axes
PT
Member axes and Displacements
N
Global axes and grid displacements
Steps in computer oriented-stiffness
approach
Identify the structural data- Input parameters
EL
Identify member stiffness and load data
Assembly of global stiffness and load vector
PT
Rearrangement of the matrix for free and restraint
DoFs
N
Solution of the equations
Post-computation
Input parameters
Node data- Plane frame members
Node X-cord Y-cord Restraint Restraint Restraint
number z θ1 θ2
EL
Member Joint ‘j’ Joint ‘k’ PT
Member data- Plane frame members
Area E I/ J L Cos α Sin α
N
A
Member stiffness in local
coordinates
Member stiffness for all possible degrees of freedom can be defined in the global coordinates.
EL
𝐺𝐽 𝐺𝐽
0 0 − 0 0
PT
𝐿 𝐿
4𝐸𝐼𝑌 6𝐸𝐼𝑌 2𝐸𝐼𝑌 6𝐸𝐼𝑌
0 − 0
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼𝑌 12𝐸𝐼𝑌 6𝐸𝐼𝑌 12𝐸𝐼𝑌
0 − 0 − −
𝑆 = 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
N
𝐺𝐽 𝐺𝐽
− 0 0 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼𝑌 6𝐸𝐼𝑌 4𝐸𝐼𝑌 6𝐸𝐼𝑌
0 − 0
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼𝑌 12𝐸𝐼𝑌 6𝐸𝐼𝑌 12𝐸𝐼𝑌
0 − 0
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Member stiffness in global
coordinates
EL
PT
N
Member stiffness in global
coordinates
EL
PT
N
Load vector for direct joint
forces
EL
PT
N
Member load contribution- global
coordinates
EL
PT
N
Assembly of global stiffness
Identify overall stiffness matrix size
Position of individual member contributions
EL
PT
N
Assembly of global stiffness
matrix
EL
PT
N
Joint load vector- member
contribution
EL
PT
N
Support conditions and
rearrangement
Arrange the DoFs (subsequently stiffness matrix and load vector) in the order of free and restraint DoFs.
EL
PT
N
Solution steps
EL
PT
N
• A systematic approach for analysis of grid structures is highlighted.
• The procedure is similar to the plane frame members with changes in the member
stiffness contributions and order of DoFs.
EL
• The approach is suitable for computer implementation similar to the beam and
plane truss structures.
PT
N
N
PT
EL
EL
PT
Lecture – 40 : Transformation in 3D domain- Space frame and Space Truss
N
• Transformation in 3D space
EL
• Member stiffness in global coordinates
• Solution approach and post-computation
PT
N
Space structures- Transformation
Each problem till now adopted transformation in a given plane. However, space structures
adopt transformation for 3D coordinate system.
EL
PT
N
Space structures- Transformation
Rotation in 3D space can be represented by the direction cosines as the cosine angle
between the member axes ‘1/2/3’ with structural axes 1, 2 and 3.
EL
PT
N
Space structures- Transformation
Rotation in 3D space can be represented by the direction cosines as the cosine angle
between the member axes ‘1/2/3’ with structural axes 1, 2 and 3.
EL
PT
N
Selecting member axes- space
structures
The orientation for Xm is typically fixed along member length so one can define its
direction cosine.
However choice of Ym and Zm is not so
EL
unique. Further, even in cases where
member local axes can be fixed around
principal axes, these can still take any
possible orientation as rotation in general
is allowed in 3D space.
PT
N
Selecting member axes- space
structures
To identify the orientation of the Ym and Zm axes, we consider:
• Zm is in the horizontal plane Xs-Zs.
• Ym is in the vertical plane described by the Xm and Ys.
EL
PT
N
Selecting member axes- space
structures
To identify the orientation of the Ym and Zm axes, we consider:
• Zm is in the horizontal plane Xs-Zs.
• Ym is in the vertical plane described by the Xm and Ys.
EL
PT
N
Generalized transformation- Space
frame
In case space frame has cross-section plane with principal axes defined. One can select Ym
and Zm further along these principal directions.
This can be achieved by keeping the existing transformation and keeping one more
EL
transformation about Xm-axis.
PT
N
Final rotation matrix- 3D Space
As successive rotation about axes give the final transformation.
One can write the total transformation as:
EL
PT
N
Final rotation matrix- 3D Space
As successive rotation about axes give the final transformation.
One can write the total transformation as:
EL
PT
N
• A general transformation for 3D space is identified.
• While the axis of the skeletal structure is well defined, the cross-section axes need
to be considered in specific planes.
EL
• A generalized rotation about three orthogonal axes can reproduce the transformed
coordinates.
PT
N
N
PT
EL