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GRADE 11 – COMPUTER SCIENCE

UNIT 1 : OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

BY
SHAHID R. AFGHAN
(SUBJECT SPECIALIST – IT)
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

▪ Computers are essential in today’s age, they are everywhere.

▪ Used in smartphones, aircraft, robots, toys, etc..
▪ Make life comfortable.
▪ Definition: An electronic device that accepts input, processes,
stores, and produces outputs
▪ Components: CPU, I/O devices, storage, communication
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COMPUTING DEVICES
▪ Machines that perform calculations
▪ Simple → complex tasks
▪ Types:
▪ 1. Early devices
▪ 2. Modern devices
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EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES

Abacus
▪ Developed in China or Mesopotamia around
5000 ago.
▪ Considered as the first calculating machine
(computer).
▪ It uses sliding beads arranged on a rack.

Leibniz Computing Machine

▪ Developed in 1694 by a German
Gottfied Wilhem Von Leibniz.
▪ Could add, sub, multiply, using
gears and dials.
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EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES

Difference Engine
▪ Real beginning of the computer by English
mathematician Charles Babbage in 1822.
▪ Developed difference-engine to solve
differential equations.
Analytical Engine
▪ After 10 years, he proposed a general-purpose
computer called the Analytical Engine, but
cannot be completed due to a lack of technology.
▪ His son Henry progressed this machine further.
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EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES

Tabulating Machine
▪ American Herman Hollerith in 1889 applied
Jacquard loom concept to computing and
developed the Tabulating Machine.
▪ It was used for the US census.

Vannevar Bush Calculator

▪ Differential Analyzer developed by Vannevar
bush in 1931 for solving complex differential
equations.
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EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES

All-Electronic Computer
▪ All electronic computers developed by
John V. Atanasoff and his student
Clifford Berry in 1940.
▪ It applied Boolean algebra to circuitry.

Z3 (Zuse 3)
▪ German Engineer Konrad Zuse developed
Zuse 3 (Z3) in 1941 for airplane and missile design.
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EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES

Mark-I
▪ Automatic sequence-controlled
calculator was the electronic relay
computer developed by Howard H.
Aiken, a Harvard engineer working
with IBM in 1944.
▪ Electromagnetic signals move
mechanical parts to solve arithmetic
and complex equations.
ENIAC
▪ Electronic numerical integrator and
computer (ENIAC) developed by John
Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.
▪ General Purpose, 1000 times faster than
Mark-I.
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EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES

EDVAC
▪ Designed by Von Neumann, Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC) in 1945.
▪ It had a memory to hold stored programs
and data.

UNIVAC-I
▪ Built by Remington Rand in 1951, Universal
Automatic Computer (UNIVAC-I).
▪ 1st Commercial Computer.
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MODERN COMPUTING DEVICES

▪ Transistor (1948) revolutionized electronics (computers)
▪ Supercomputers take advantage of this, i.e., IBM Stretch, LARC by
Sperry-Rand, used by atomic energy labs for large data.
▪ In the 1960s, commercial computers (i.e., IBM 1401) were used by
businesses, universities, and governments.
▪ Integrated Circuits (1958, Jack Kilby) brought revolutions in terms of
speed, memory, and peripheral support.
▪ Intel 4004 (Microprocessor) (1971) placed all components on a single
chip.
▪ (IBM PC (1981) small computer for home, offices, etc.
▪ Trend: Desktop → Laptop → Tablet → Mobile
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MODERN COMPUTING DEVICES

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COMPUTER OPERATIONS
▪ A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input),
process the data according to specified rules, produce information
(output), and store the information for future use.
▪ Four Basic Operations:
▪ 1. Input
▪ 2. Processing
▪ 3. Output
▪ 4. Storage
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INPUT OPERATION
▪ Input Operation: Capturing or accepting data or information
by using input devices. It can be commands from the keyboard or
data from another computer or device.

▪ Processing Operation: It is the transformation process to

convert the input into the output. The CPU processes instructions
while storing data or instructions in memory for direct access.

▪ Output Operation: It is the result or outcome that come

from processing operation via screen, speaker, or printer.
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INPUT OPERATION
▪ Storage Operation: The process of storing the data or
instructions on a storage device like HDD, SSD, DVD, or USB, so that
the user can retain or retrieve it when required.
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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
▪ Based on size, performance, use:
▪ 1. Microcomputers
▪ 2. Mainframes
▪ 3. Supercomputers
▪ 4. Mobile computers
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MICROCOMPUTERS

▪ Also called PCs

▪ Small, cheap, for single users
▪ Based on microprocessor (that reside on a single chip that controls all
operations)
▪ Uses: business, education, entertainment, for word processing,
accounting, publishing, spreadsheet, DBMS, for playing games, internet
surfing, etc.
▪ Types: Desktop, Notebook, Laptop, Handheld
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MICROCOMPUTER

▪ Desktop Computers:
▪ Most common PC that fits of a desk.
▪ Uses peripherals (keyboard, monitor, mouse)
▪ Found at homes, schools, offices
▪ Can be small, medium and large in size

▪ Notebook Computers:
▪ It provide mobile computing with all
the power a user need.
▪ Portable and lightweight
▪ Used by students & professionals
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MICROCOMPUTER
▪ Laptop Computers:
▪ More features than notebooks
▪ Rechargeable battery
▪ Self-contained system

▪ Handheld/Palmtop Computers:
▪ They can be placed on the top of palm
▪ Also known as Palmtop
▪ Small, lightweight
▪ Examples: PDAs, Smartphones
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MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

▪ Large, central, 2nd most powerful,

expensive, storage
▪ Used in government, universities,
corporations
▪ Can process large data i.e. consumer
statistics, census data, transactions, at very
high speed i.e., BIPS
▪ Can run for decades reliably
▪ Support many terminals simultaneously
i.e., network or web servers.
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SUPERCOMPUTERS
▪ Fastest, most powerful, biggest,
most expensive
▪ For complex scientific,
engineering, and business tasks
▪ Can process BIPS or TIPS.
▪ Used in weather forecasting,
graphics, nuclear research,
petroleum exploration, weapon
research, stock analysis,
automobile design, space
missions, complex calculations,
etc.
▪ Examples: Fugaku with 442
quadrillion instructions/sec
speed. Mars 2020 perseverance
rover.
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MOBILE COMPUTERS

▪ It process and transmit data, voice and

video wirelessly
▪ Examples: Smartwatches, Fitness
bands, Smart glasses, Smartphones
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HARDWARE VS SOFTWARE

▪ Hardware: Physical components (CPU, keyboard, memory)

▪ Software: Instructions/programs that tell computer what to do
and operate the H/W
▪ Both interdependent to provide computerized functionality.
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HARDWARE VS SOFTWARE DIFFERENCE

▪ Hardware: Physical, tangible, understand binary data, have

physical faults, works when S/W is loaded.

▪ Software: Logical, intangible, programs, logical faults, runs on

H/W
▪ H/W Examples: monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse, hard disk,
modems etc.
▪ S/W Examples: Windows, Word, Excel, Games, etc.
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE

▪ Set of instructions that guide H/W

▪ Interface between user & hardware
▪ S/W and H/W are interdependent
▪ S/W Needs installation, some can be loaded directly into memory
▪ Without software computer are useless
▪ S/W has two types i.e. System and Application S/W
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE

▪ Controls operations of hardware & system

▪ Interface between user, application S/W & hardware
▪ System S/W are fast, complex, close to system, user friendly,
implemented in low level languages
▪ Examples: OS, Drivers, Utilities, Language processors
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE

▪ Programs/software package for accomplishing a user specific task.

▪ Installed after system S/W based on user needs
▪ Interact with user and with system S/W for H/W
▪ Examples: Office Suites, Media Players, Graphics software
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TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

▪ 1. Operating System
▪ 2. Device Drivers
▪ 3. Utility Software
▪ 4. Language Processors
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE - OPERATING SYSTEM

▪ Set of specialized program used to control all resource, H/W, S/W, and
operations.
▪ Monitors all execution of application S/W and even other system S/W
▪ Platform for installing and running application S/W
▪ Tasks: Input, Output, File management, Device control
▪ Examples: Windows, Linux, MacOS
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE - DEVICE DRIVERS

▪ Control specific hardware devices (speakers, Wifi)
▪ It is required for devices to work with computer
▪ Required for printers, monitors, drives
▪ Some drivers are Built-in in OS
▪ For new type of device separate driver is installed
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SYSTEM - UTILITY SOFTWARE

▪ It performs specific task related to management of functions, resources,

or files.
▪ It can be Built-in or installed separately on OS
▪ Supporting role
▪ Examples: Antivirus, Disk cleaner, Backup, Password protection.
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE - LANGUAGE PROCESSORS

▪ Language processor or translator translates source program into

object program.
▪ Convert high-level code → machine code
▪ Types:
▪ 1. Interpreter: it execute and translate line by line in sequence at the
same time e.g. BASIC, PHP, Perl, etc.
▪ 2. Compiler: it translate whole source code from high level to
machine code and the execute it. Larg and error-checking abilities.
e.g C/C++, Java, COBOL etc.
▪ 3. Assembler: translate assembly language (symbolic language)
code to machine code.
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE – GENERAL PURPOSE

▪ Performs common general-purpose variety of tasks based on user

needs.
▪ Productivity: Database, Multimedia, Word processing,
Spreadsheet, Presentation, etc. (e.g. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, DBMS,
MySQL, Access, SQL Server, Oracle)
▪ Business: (Marketing, Inventory, Communication, Payroll,
Accounting)
▪ Entertainment: (Media players, Games)
▪ Education: Teaching & learning tools (Encarta, CBT, Simulations,
Encyclopaedia, CAL)
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE - SPECIAL PURPOSE

▪ Designed for specific task only (custom software)

▪ Used in large organization, complex, and lengthy to develop
▪ Examples: Bank software, Inventory control, Hospital management
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SOFTWARE TERMINOLOGIES
▪ Licensed/Proprietary: Licensed, Paid, used under certain
conditions, restricted from modification, distribution, and rebuilding
under copy rights (e.g. Windows, MS Office, Adobe Premier etc.)

▪ Open Source: Free, source code available to modification,

developed as collaboration (e.g. Linux, Open Office, Squirrel Mail, etc.)

▪ Shareware: Trial-based, limited functionality or time, similar to

licensed software but provide trial. (e.g. IDM, WinRar, Photoshop etc.)

▪ Freeware: Free with possible source code access but restricted to

modifications and commercial use (e.g. VLC, Skype, Chrome, Apache
server, etc.)
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SOFTWARE TERMINOLOGIES - FIRMWARE

▪ Fixed, small machine coded programs embedded in hardware

for basic functionalities of the devices.
▪ Found in ROM, Mobiles, Cameras, Toys
▪ Enables devices’ basic operation and implementing higher
level functions
▪ Most firmware are restricted to modifications but recent ones
allows some modifications and updates.
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COMPUTER HARDWARE

▪ Physical parts of the computer that you can see and touch.
▪ Include all mechanical and electrical devices for input, process,
storage, and output operations.
▪ Types: Input devices, Output devices, CPU, Memory
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CPU

▪ Main hardware component

▪ It has two main parts
▪ CU (Control Unit): Manages operations (overall activities)
▪ ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic (Add, Sub, etc.) &
logical Operations (smaller, greater than etc.)
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MEMORY

▪ It stores data or programs on permanent or temporary basis

▪ Data is stored in binary form (0s and 1s) where 0 represent OFF
while 1 represents ON.
▪ RAM and ROM are common examples.
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INPUT DEVICES

▪ Input is any data entered into the computer’s memory.

▪ Any device that allows users to insert data and instructions into a
computer.
▪ Data can be text, graphics, audio or video.
▪ Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Touch screen, Scanner, Mic,
Camera
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INPUT DEVICES TYPES - KEYBOARD

▪ Most common and compulsory input device.

▪ It has more than 100 keys.
▪ When a key is pressed, a predefined value (code) in the form of
signal tells computer which key is pressed.
▪ Different key arrangements but commons is QWERTY.
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INPUT DEVICES – POINTING DEVICES

▪ Enters data by pointing the data or command through Graphical

User Interface (GUI).
▪ The movements are echoed on the screen by movements of the
pointer.
▪ Examples: mouse, trackball, light pen, joystick, touch screen, etc.
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INPUT DEVICES – POINTING DEVICES

MOUSE
▪ Two or more button (Left and Right) for opening and closing files
and navigation.
▪ Movement of mouse changes direction of pointer.
▪ Old mouse used a ball to record movements and send it to
computer.
▪ Newer ones are laser based.
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INPUT DEVICES – POINTING DEVICES

TRACKBALL
▪ Upside down mouse where user roll the wheels to point to a specific
direction.
▪ Used in games in information kiosk.
▪ Used as alternative to mouse.
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INPUT DEVICES – POINTING DEVICES

JOYSTICK
▪ A stick fixed on a base and reports angle or directions to a
computer.
▪ It has one or more buttons for functionalities.
▪ Mostly used for playing games, simulation, airplanes etc.
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INPUT DEVICES – POINTING DEVICES

TOUCH SCREEN
▪ Developed by Frank Beck and Bent Stumpe at CERN in 1970s.
▪ It is a touch-sensitive transparent input device for interaction with
computer using fingers or stylus.
▪ All smartphones use touch screen now a days.
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INPUT DEVICES – POINTING DEVICES

LIGHT PEN
▪ It provides input in the form of a light-sensitive pen used in combination
with a screen.
▪ It points to objects, draw on the screen, with great position accuracy.
▪ It only works with CRT based displays.
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INPUT DEVICES – POINTING DEVICES

TOUCH PAD
▪ Also called track pad.
▪ It is a specialized surface that translate the movements of fingers to
positions on screen.
▪ It is mostly used in laptops or PDAs.
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INPUT DEVICES – MICROPHONE

▪ Inputs Audio Data to a computer.

▪ In Desktop it is connected via USB connector or 3.5mm audio jack as an
external device.
▪ In Laptops and in phones it is built-in.
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INPUT DEVICES – DIGITAL CAMERA

▪ Inputs images and video data to a computer.

▪ It record images and videos via electronic image sensors.
▪ Cameras are incorporated to phones, laptops, and vehicles.
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INPUT DEVICES – SCANNER

▪ Light-sensitive input device that reads text or images from a surface and
convert it into digital form.
▪ Its quality depends on resolution and color depth.
▪ It may include OCR which can convert image with text to editable text.
▪ It can be connected via USB port.
▪ It has many types, some are following.
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INPUT DEVICES – SCANNER (HANDHELD

SCANNER)
▪ It scans while being held in hand. It has two types.

▪ 1. Document Scanner: which are dragged across the surface

with a steady hand to scan images or text.

▪ 2. 3D Scanner: which are used to produce 3-dimensional models

of objects. Expensive, used in industrial design, digital manufacturing,
and medical applications.

1. Document Scanner 2. 3D Scanner

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INPUT DEVICES – SCANNER

(FLATBED SCANNER)
▪ It has a glass pane which is illuminated by bright light and a moving
optical array in charged couple display scanning.
▪ Images are placed on glass pane, the sensor array and light source scan
across the pane to read it.
▪ The images is visible due to the light it reflects.
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INPUT DEVICES – SCANNER

(OPTICAL SCANNER)
▪ It uses optical light to read text or illustration from paper and digitize it,
and divided it into a grid of boxes.
▪ The resulting matrix of bit is called bit map, which can be further
processed.
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INPUT DEVICES – MAGNETIC CARDS

DEVICES BASED SYSTEMS
▪ Used for convenience and security.
▪ In hotels for room access, in credit cards for handling purchases, in
educational sector for electronic payments and building access.
▪ Following are some of its types.
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INPUT DEVICES – MAGNETIC CARDS

MAGNETIC INK CHARACTERS RECOGNITION (MICR)

▪ It reads characters printed in a special magnetic ink into a computer.

▪ Mainly used in bank to read information from cheques for cashing.
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INPUT DEVICES – MAGNETIC CARDS

MAGNETIC STRIPE CARD

▪ Built into plastic cards like credit cards.

▪ Can contains up to 60 characters stored magnetically.
▪ Information are stored on the stripe when cards are made.
▪ A magnetic stripe reader can read magnetic pattern from stripe when
swiped.
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INPUT DEVICES – MAGNETIC CARDS

SMART CARD

▪ It contains a small RAM chip.

▪ Data can be read or written to chip via smart card reader.
▪ Stores more data than stipe card, more expensive, and secure.
▪ NADRA uses smart card as CNIC.
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OUTPUT DEVICES

▪ H/W which communicate the results of data processing carried out

by computer to users.
▪ Examples: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speakers
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OUTPUT DEVICES - MONITORS

▪ A visual display unit for displaying user activity or output.

▪ The copy of output on the monitors is called soft copy.

▪ Size: measures diagonally, Standard 15-19 inches.

▪ Color: Monochrome or color monitor.
▪ Resolution: Total number of row x column pixels (dots).
▪ Refresh Rate: the speed to redraw screen per unit time.
▪ Dot Pitch: the distance between the pixels. Lesser dot pitch means
sharp images.
▪ Following are some types of Monitors.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – MONITORS

CATHODE RAY TUBES (CRT)
▪ It is a vacuum tube containing an electronic which fires beams of
electrons which falls on a phosphorus coated screen to make it flow
for a fraction of a second.
▪ In color CRTs there are three
guns for red, green, and blue
colors, that combination of
those can make other colors.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – MONITORS

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
▪ It is a thin and light weight monitors that contains liquid crystal
between two sheets.
▪ The molecules of liquid lined up in a way to make images by
blocking or allowing lights.
▪ It produces sharp images with
less radiations, compact,
economic, portable, more
reliable, and easier on eyes.
▪ LED, OLED, etc., new screens
are now popular
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OUTPUT DEVICES - PRINTERS

▪ An output device that produces text and images on paper

▪ The printed hard copy is permanent and physical.
▪ The speed is expressed in pages per minute (PPM)
▪ The resolution is expressed in dots per inch (DPI)
▪ High PPM and DPI means high speed and quality.
▪ It has following types.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PRINTERS

IMPACT PRINTER
▪ It produce output by pressing an ink ribbon against the paper, using
pins or hammers to shape the image.
▪ It works like typewriter (using hammer to strike the ribbon)
▪ Each hammer is made in shape of a character which is transferred to a
paper through inked ribbon.
▪ Dot, Drum, and Chain are types of Impact printer.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PRINTERS

IMPACT PRINTER (DOT MATRIX)
▪ It produces text and graphics by striking pins against the ink ribbon to
print closely spaced dots in appropriate shape.
▪ The printing head prints dots on the paper.
▪ It has 9-24 pins which determines
quality and speed.
▪ Used for printing invoices,
purchase order, shipping forms
and labels.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PRINTERS

IMPACT PRINTER (DRUM PRINTER)
▪ A fixed font characters set is engraved onto a number of print wheels,
which are joined to form a large drum that spins at high speed.
▪ When the desired character passes
the print position, a hammer strike
the character against the paper
and ribbon to print it.
▪ Full set of hammers deliver 600
lines per minutes while half set of
hammers 300 LPM.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PRINTERS

IMPACT PRINTER (CHAIN PRINTER)
▪ It uses character typefaces linked together in a chain that spins
horizontally around a set of hammers aligned with each position.
▪ When the desired character passes the print position, a hammer strike
the paper into the ribbon against the character in the chain.
▪ It mainly used with mainframe for
large-scale high-speed printing.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PRINTERS

NON-IMPACT PRINTER
▪ It prints by using, laser, sprayed ink, heat or pressure without striking
the paper.
▪ These are faster, costly, less noisy, and high quality.
▪ Laserjet, Inkjet, and Laser based are main types.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PRINTERS

NON-IMPACT PRINTER (INKJET)
▪ Most popular printers that prints by spraying ink into paper.
▪ It uses magnetize plates that direct ink to specific pattern.
▪ Inkjet produce high quality prints.
▪ It has resolution of 300 to 600 DPI.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PRINTERS

NON-IMPACT PRINTER (LASERJET)
▪ It uses laser beam to print on a drum, which is then rolled through a
toner (contain dry ink), the electrically charged portions of drum pick
up the ink.
▪ Using heat and pressure the ink from the drum is printed on paper as
desired characters.
▪ Very fast and very high-quality
▪ Also called page printers with
resolution of 300 to 1200 DPI.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PLOTTERS

▪ Plotters are similar to printer but they print large sizes with high
precision.
▪ Mainly used by engineers, architects and professionals.
▪ More expensive and larger.
▪ Plotter have Drum and Flatbed plotters types.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PLOTTERS

DRUM PLOTTER
▪ It has a drum that can rotate in clock or anti-clockwise direction,
around which a paper is wrapped for printing pattern.
▪ The drawing pins are mounted
on the drum which moves left
and right during rotation to
draw pattern.
▪ The length of printing is
unlimited while the width
depends of the width of the
drum.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – PLOTTERS

FLATBED PLOTTER
▪ It plots a design on sheet which is spread and fixed on a flatbed table.
▪ It has a pen holding mechanism is designed to provide all type of
motions under computer control to draw.
▪ It has one or more pens of
different colors and width.
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OUTPUT DEVICES – SPEAKERS

▪ Speakers produce audio output i.e speech, music, or sound.

▪ It can be in the form of speakers, headset, ear buds etc.
▪ Sound card creates sound in signal form, that can be listened through
speakers.
▪ Very helpful for visually impaired people.
▪ Integrated to laptops and phones,
external ones can be connected
wirelessly (Bluetooth).
▪ 6-way surround system and HD
technologies has improved quality.
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SOFT VS HARD COPY

Soft Copy Hard Copy
❖ Stored in memory and displayed on ❖ Printed on paper, in physical
screen form
❖ Easy to modify and correct ❖ Hard to modify and correct.
❖ Need electronic medium (Screen) ❖ No Need of electronic medium
❖ Intangible (Screen)
❖ Electrical or Digital version of a ❖ Tangible
document ❖ Physical/Printed version of a
❖ Can be transmitted electrically to document
any place ❖ Can be transferred physically
from one place to other
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The End of Unit 1

©
Afghan