Battery Management System Using
Embedded Controllers
Title: Battery Management System Using Embedded Controllers
Subtitle: Monitoring, Protection, and Optimization of Batteries
Presented by: Your Name
College: Your College Name
Introduction
Batteries are the backbone of modern technology
Used in EVs, renewable energy, UPS, mobiles, and laptops
Unsafe battery operation can cause fire, explosion, and failure
Battery Management System (BMS) ensures safe and efficient operation
Importance of Batteries in Modern World
Growth of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Shift towards solar and wind energy storage
Demand for high energy density batteries
Need for intelligent control systems
Problems in Battery Systems
Over-charging damages battery cells
Over-discharging reduces battery life
Excess heat causes thermal runaway
Unequal cell voltage causes imbalance
Manual monitoring is not reliable
What is a Battery Management System (BMS)?
An electronic control system for rechargeable batteries
Monitors voltage, current, and temperature
Keeps battery within Safe Operating Area (SOA)
Protects, controls, and optimizes battery usage
Why Use Embedded Controllers in BMS?
Real-time monitoring capability
Low power consumption
Fast decision making
High reliability and accuracy
Compact and cost-effective solution
Embedded Controller Overview
Acts as the brain of the BMS
Executes control algorithms
Interfaces with sensors and actuators
Examples:
Arduino
STM32
PIC Microcontroller
ESP32
System Architecture (Block Diagram)
Flow of system:
Battery Pack
Voltage, Current & Temperature Sensors
Embedded Controller (MCU)
Protection Circuit
Load / Charger
Voltage Monitoring
Measures individual cell voltage
Prevents over-voltage and under-voltage
Uses voltage divider or battery monitoring ICs
Essential for battery protection and balancing
Current Monitoring
Measures charging and discharging current
Uses shunt resistor or Hall-effect sensor
Helps in:
Over-current protection
Power calculation
SOC estimation
Temperature Monitoring
Uses thermistors or temperature sensors
Prevents overheating
Protects against thermal runaway
Improves battery safety and reliability
Working Principle of BMS
Sensors collect battery parameters
Data sent to embedded controller
MCU compares values with safety limits
If fault detected → protection activated
Cell balancing performed if required
Cell Balancing
Ensures equal voltage across all battery cells
Prevents weak cells from over-stress
Improves overall battery capacity and lifespan
Types:
Passive balancing
Active balancing
Passive Cell Balancing
Excess energy dissipated as heat
Uses resistors
Simple and low cost
Less efficient compared to active balancing
Active Cell Balancing
Transfers energy from high-voltage cells to low-voltage cells
Uses capacitors or inductors
High efficiency
Used in EVs and high-end battery packs
Protection Features
Over-voltage protection
Under-voltage protection
Over-current protection
Short-circuit protection
Over-temperature protection
Communication Interfaces
Enables communication with external systems
Used for diagnostics and monitoring
Protocols:
CAN (Automotive standard)
UART
I2C
SPI
Applications of BMS
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Solar energy storage systems
UPS and inverters
Drones and robotics
Consumer electronics
Future Scope of BMS
Wireless BMS
AI-based SOC & SOH prediction
Smart battery packs
Solid-state battery integration
Conclusion