MOLE RATIO AND MASS RELATIONSHIP

Again, a mole is the amount of substance which contains and many elementary particles as there are carbon
atoms in 0.012kg of carbon-12.
The mole is the amount of substance which contains as many formula units as their atoms in 12gram of
carbon-12.
The numerical coefficients of a balanced equation represent the numbers of moles of reactants and products.
From coefficient, we get the mole ratio of the reactants and product in a reaction. For example
Equation 1

Number of moles 1 2 1
Mole ratio 1 2 1
Therefore, the mole ratio in which reactants combine and products are formed gives the stoichiometry of the
reaction
Equation 2.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(s) + H2(g)

Number of moles 1 2 1 1
Mole ratio 1 : 2 1 : 1
Molar mass 24g 36.5g 95g 2g
Reacting mass 24g (36.5 ×2) 95g 2g
From the equation 2, we see that
Amount × molar mass = reacting mass
reacting mass
Amount = molar mass

Molality- molality is defined as the amount of substance (in mole) of solute divided by the mass in kilogram
of the solvent
mole
Molality = mass in kg.

Molality should not be confused with molarity as they are both measures of concentration of solutions but
Molarity is the ratio of moles to the volume while molality is the ratio of the moles to the mass of the solution.
Molality is the number of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is important that the mass of solvent issued and
not the mass of the solutions.
WORKED EXAMPLE
1. A 4 g of sugar cube (sucrose) – C12H22O11 is dissolved in a 350mol teacup of 80OC water. What is the
molality of the sugar solution?
(Given- density of water at 800 =0.975gmol-1)
Solution
Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram per solvent.
Step 1: Determine the number of moles of sucrose in 4g
Molar mass = 12(12) + 1(22) + 16(11)
 = 144 + 22 + 176
= 342 gmol-1
Divide this amount into the size of the sample.
4g
342gmol−1
= 0.0117mol

Step 2 Determine mass of solvent in kg

mass
Density = volume ; mass = density × volume

Mass = 0.975gmol ×350mol

Mass = 341.25g
Change gramme to kilogramme = 0.341kg
Step 3: Determine the molarity of the sugar solution
mol of solute 0.0117mol
Molality =mol of solvent molarity= 0.341kg

Molality = 0.034molkg−1
CALCULATION INVOLVING MASS AND VOLUME
Example 1: mass- mass problem
1. What mass of copper is deposited when 6.5g of granulated zinc reacts with excess copper(II)
tetraoxosulphate(vi) solution according to the following equation
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4 + Cu(s)
Cu = 64, Zn =65
Given: molar mass of Zn =65gmol-, molar
Mass of Cu = 64gmol-1
Reacting mass of Zn=6.5g
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
From the above, 65g of Zn deposited 64g of Cu.
64
1g of Zn will deposit 65
gbof cu
64 ×65
65g of Zn will deposit 65 ×1
g of cu

= 6.4g
2. What volume of carbon(IV) oxide is produced at s.t.p. when 2.5g of calcium trioxocarbonate (iv) reacts
with excess acid according to the following equation
CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
[CaCO3 = 100, molar volume of gas at s.t.p= 22.4dm3]

Solution
CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
100g 22.4dm3
From the equation, 100g of CaCO3 produces 22.4 dm3 of CO2
 22.4 dm3
1g of CaCo3 will produce 100
of CO2

= 0.56dm3
MORE CALCULATIONS ON MASS- VOLUME
Phosphorous burns in the limited supply of air to form phosphorous(iii) oxide, P4O6 and in unlimited supply
of air to form phosphorous(v) oxide [Link] 3.3g of phosphorus(III) oxide is formed
(a) what mass oxygen from air is used?
(b) How many molecules of oxygen are contained in this mass?
(c) How many molecules of phosphorous are converted to the oxide?
(d) How many molecules of oxygen are needed to convert this oxide into phosphorous v oxide?
(e) What volume would the oxygen in (d) above occupy at s.t.p.?

Solution:
Molar mass of P4 = 31 × 4 = 124gmol-1
O2 =16 × 2 = 32 [Link]- 1
P4 O6 = 31 ×4 + (16 ×6 =220 gmol-
(a) 220g of P4 O6 used (32 ×3) 96g of oxygen
3.3 ×96
3.3 of P4O6 requires 220
g of oxygen

= 1.44g
1.44
(b) 1.44g of oxygen = 32 mole

1 mole contain 6.02 × 1023 molecules

1.44
Number of moles in 1.44g of oxygen = 32 ×6.02 ×1023
= 2.71 ×1023 molecules
(c) Mass of phosphorous in 3.3g of P4O6 = (3.3 – 1.44)g
= 1.86g
1.86
1.86 g of phosphorous is 124
mole

The number of molecules in (c) above i.e. 1.86g of phosphorus

1.86
= 124 ×6.02 × 1023 = 9.03 × 1021 molecules
(b) P4O6 +202 P4O10
220 of P4O6 require 2 moles of oxygen
3.3 ×2moles of oxygen
3.3g of P4O6 will require 220
Number of molecules of oxygen contained in this
3.3 ×2×6.02 ×1023
220
molecule

= 1.81 ×1022 molecules

(c) 6.02 ×1023 molecules occupy 22.4dm3 at s.t.p

 1.81 × 1022
1.81 ×1022 molecule occupy 6.02 × 1023 22.4dm3
= 0.067 dm3 or 6.73.49 cm3

COMMON ACID –BASE INDICATORS AND THEIR pH RANGE

Acid-base indicator is a weak organic acid or weak organic base (organic dyes) which shows colour change
depending on the pH of the solution or organic dye which show one colour in acidic medium and another
colour in basic medium. It can defined as an organic dye which as colour in ionized state and another colour
in unionized state. Examples of indicators are methyl orange, phenolphthalein, methyl red etc.
CHOICE OF INDICATOR FOR ACID-BASE TITRATION
The choice of an indicator for acid-base titration depends on the pH of the mixture at equivalent point and the
pK of the indicator. When a strong acid is titrated against a strong base, at the equivalent point, the salt
formed does not under hydrolysis and so any suitable indicator can be used. The salt formed when strong acid
is titrated against a weak base undergoes hydrolysis to produce excess hydrogen ions. This makes the solution
acidic and any indicator that shows colour change in acidic medium is used in the case. Methyl orange
changes colour within a pH of 2.9---4.6 and so suitable for this titration. The salt formed when weak acid is
titrated against strong base undergoes hydrolysis to produce excess hydroxide ions making the solution
alkaline. Phenolphthalein changes colour in basic medium and so suitable to the kind of titration.
Indicators are used in acid-base titration to show the end point when the acid would have materialised the
base. Colour changes of common indicator are shown below

Indication pH range Colour in acid Colour in the Neutral or Types of acid base
solution alkaline end point titration
solution
Litmus 5.0-8.0 Red Blue Purple Strong acid and strong
base
Methyl 2.9-4.6 Pink Yellow Orange S.A and S.B or Na2Co3 in
Orange H2O
Phenolphthalein 8.2 – 10 Colourless Pink Colourless S.A and W.A
Methyl red 4.4 – 6.3 Red Yellow Orange S.A and S.B
S.A = Strong acid, S.B = Strong base, W.A = weak base
This is volumetric analysis which aim at estimation of the qualities of certain substances in solution
PERIOD 2 AND 3: ACID- BASE TITRATION
This involves titrating a solution (usually the acid) from the burette into a fixed volume (20 or 25cm3) of base
until the two solutions have completely reacted. The concentration of one of the solution is normally known.
An indicator is used to determine the point of complete reaction.
For titration, more dilute solutions containing 0.1moldm-3 or 0.05mold-3 are used.
STANDARD SOLUTION
In any titration, standard solution must be used to react with a solution of unknown concentration.
A standard solution is a solution of known concentration.
PRIMARY STANDARD
A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable and has no water of hydrate. A primary solution
is used for the preparation of standard solution. The primary standard solution is a solution which is prepared
from a non-hygroscopic, non-deliquescent and pure substance. Examples are sodium trioxocarbonate(iv),
sodium oxalate and benzoic acid
Features of a primary standard
1. High purity
2. Stability
3. High solubility
4. High relative molecular mass
SECONDARY STANDARD
Secondary standard solution refers to a solution that has that has its concentration measured titration with a
primary standard solution.
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute in 1dm3 or 1000cm3 the solution. It can be expressed
as moldm-3 or gdm-3
Some materials used in acid- base titration are:
1. Weighing bottle
2. chemical balance
3. pipette
4. Burette
5. retort stand
6. filter paper
7. funnel
8. white tile
9. standard volumetric flask
10. conical flask
PRECAUTIONS IN USING THE PIPETTE, BURETTE AND CONICAL FLASK
(a)PIPETTE: (i) Rinse the pipette with the solution it should be used to measure i.e. base
(ii) Avoid air bubbles in the pipette
(iii) Make sure that the mark to be read is at level with your eye.
Do not blow the last drop on the pipette.
(b) BURETTE:
(i) Rinse the burette with acid or allow it to drain after rinsing with distil water
(ii) Make sure the burette jet is filled
(iii) Make sure that the burette is not leaking
(iv)Take your burette readings with your eyes at the same level as the measures to avoid error due to parallax
(v) Remove the funnel before taking your reading
(vi)Avoid incorrect reading.
CONICAL FLASK
1. Do not rinse it with any of the solutions used in the titration but with distilled water.
2. Wash down with distilled water any drop of the solution P
that stick by the sides of the conical flask during titration.
Example of titration problem solved.
A is a solution of hydrochloric acid containing 4.00g in 1dm3 of solution B is a solution containing
sodium hydroxide,
 (a) Put A into a burette and titrate with 25cm3 portion of B using methyl orange indicator. Tabulate your
burette reading. Determine the average volume of solution A used
(b) From your result and information provided
(i) Find concentration of A in moldm-3
(ii) Find concentration of B in moldm-3
(iii) Find the amount in mass of NaOH present in 1dm3 of solution B
Equation of reaction:

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

[H = 1, Cl= 35.5, K=39, Na= 23, O = 16]
STUDY ANSWER
Indicator used: methyl orange
Size of pipette: 25cm3

BURRETTE READING Rough Ist 2nd 3rd

Titration Titration Titration
Final volume of acid A used in (cm3) 25.80 25.50 25.40 25.50
Initial volume acid used in(cm3) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Volume of solution A used (cm3) 25.80 25.50 25.40 25.50

25.50+25.40+25.50
Average litre volume (cm3) = 3

76.40
== 3
= 25.45cm3

B (i) Concentration of HCl of A in moldm-3

Conc. in gdm-3 = 4 gdm-3
Molar mass of HCl= 1+35.5 =36.5
4
Con. In moldm-3 of HCl = 36.5= 0.110 moldm-3

b(ii) Va= 25.45 cm3

Ca= 0.110 moldm-3
Vb= 25cm3
Cb =? Of resultant concentration of effect of the two alkalis in solution B.
KOH+NaOH
2HCl + 1 mol
HCl + NaCl + 2H2O
Ca Va na
=
Cb Vb nb

Cb Vb: na = Ca Va: nb
Make Cb the subject formula.
Ca Va nb 0.110 ×25.45
Cb= Vb ×na
= 25×2

0.0559 moldm-3
b(v) Amount in mass of NaOH on 1dm3 of solution B
Molar mass of NaOH = 23 +1 + 16=40g/mol
Amount in mass of NaOH in 1dm3 of solution B=
40 × 0.0559 moldm-3
= 2.23gdm-3
HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION
When an aqueous solution of a acid is added to alkalis, there is an increase in temperature. This increase in
temperature is called heat of neutralization.
Heat of neutralization of strong acid and strong alkalis are of the same value. The value of weak acids by
strong base and strong acids by weak bases are different and varies due to the fact that energy for the
complete ionisation of such weak bases and weak acids before neutralization is drawn from the solution.

PROCEDURE
Measure the temperature of the acid solution and that of the alkali solution before mixing. Find the average
temperature of both acid and base.
Determine volumes of acid and alkali to mix in order to get a neutral, solution [by titration]. Mix these
volumes (say 50cm3 of acid + 50cm3 of alkali; find the temperature of mixture; note the increase in
temperature.
If t1 = temperature of acid, and t2= temperature of alkalis
t1+t2
Average of the two = 2
= t3

If t4 is the temperature of mixture, then the increase in temperature = t4 –t3 =t5

Assume that the solution, have the same density and specific heat as water.
Therefore, mass of mixture=100g
Specific heat of water = 4.2joulesg-k
Heat of neutralization= specific heat x mass x temperature rise=4.2 x 100 × t5 joules
Heat evolved when 1 mole of each reacts=100 x t5 x 4.2 x 10joulesmol-1