SCIENCE NOTES 8F:
8Fa - Dalton Atomic Model:
- Every object is made up of atoms
- Atoms is the smallest unit of measurement and the building blocks of everything
- Maharishi: and Indian philosopher realised the idea of a matter existing
- Differ in value of shape depending on the substance it consists
- Democritus thought that atoms are small particles from which all substances are made
- Atoms in each element are identical
- Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed
- In compound, each atom is joined to a sixes number of atoms of other element
- During chemical reactions, atoms rearrange to make new substances
IN 1805 JOHN DALTON PUBLISHED HIS ATOMIC THEORY WHICH SAID:
- all matter is and up of tiny particles called atoms
- the atoms in an element are all identical (but each element has its own type of atom)
- atoms are indestructible and cannot be created or destroyed
- in compounds, each atom of and element is always joined to a fixed number of atoms of other
elements
- during chemical reactions , atoms rearrange to make new substances
physical properties that describe a substance on its own:
- colour, melting point, boiling point, density, strength, flexibility, conduction heat and electricity
magnesium: silvery colour, shiny solid, melts at 650C, flexible
copper: browny colour, shiny solid, melts at 1083C, flexible
sulfur: yellow solid, melts at 113C, brittle
carbon: black solid, malts at 3500C, brittle
IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
8Fb - Chemical Properties:
- The pot has steam exiting which is a sign of boiling a liquid
- The coffee is being pared and coffee is not a liquid but when put in hot water the coffee grains
dissolve causing the water to change
H20
The letters present which atoms were used in the formula
The number represents how much of each atom there are
8Fc - Mendleeves Table:
- Johann realised it could be grouped in 3’s
- It depends on their properties e.g. flexible
- John Newlands found a pattern hat the properties reported every 8 in called law of octaves
- In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev did it in increasing atomic gases
- elements in the same group have the same properties
- The elements in the periodic table are arranged in families called groups and periods
- A period is a horizontal row and a group is a vertical row
Mendeleev's periodic table:
ALKALI METALS:
elements in this group are all very reactive metals
they are good conductors of heat and electricity
HALOGENS:
Elements in this group are all non metals so do not conduct heat/electricity
e.g, Ci, Br
NOBLE GASES:
elements in this group are gases and they are colourless gases and they are odourless and unreactive
e.g. He, Ne, Ar
8Fd - Physical Trends:
MELTING:
solid state -> liquid state
particles become free to slide over and around eachother
particles end up in a random arrangement
FREEZING:
liquid state -> solid state
particles become fixed into position
particles end up in a regular arrangement
metals: high melting point
strong
shiny (when polished)
good conductors of heat and electricity
non metals: low melting point
brittle
dull
poor conductors of heat and electricity
8Fe - Chemical Trends:
- all elements in a group have similar properties and reactions
- A trend means that the properties are similar but gradually change as you go down the group
INTERACTION OF ELEMENTS WITH WATER:
sodium + water -> sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
A universal indicator will show a blue to purple colour, confirming the presence of an alkali
The pop sound determines if there is hydrogen
- sodium burns with yellow flames to form sodium oxide
- Magnesium burns with a white flame to form magnesium oxide
- Aluminium burns with an orange flame to form aluminium oxide
Sodium, magnesium, aluminium on the left are metals
ALKALI METALS:
- physical properties like melting points decrease as we go down the group
- became the metallic bonds due to increasing atomic size
- reactivity increases as it’s easier to lose the outer electron
- as the atoms get larger and the difference between nuclei and the delocalised electrons
increases
HALOGENS:
- for a physical property change to happen the atom needs to gain and electron its outer shell
- boiling points increase because larger molecules have stronger intermolecular forces
- reactivity decreases because the atoms find it harder to attract additional electrons due to
increased atomic size
A neutral solution has a PH of 7
An alkali solution has a PH of higher than 7
An acidic solution has a PH of lower than 7
test for PH:
- add oxide in a test tube
- add few drops of universal indicator to the test tube
- use the colour chart to find the PH of the solution
- Record the colour of PH of the solution of the oxide