Unit-3: Python Interaction with SQLite

3.1 Importing sqlite3 Module

SQLite is a lightweight, serverless database that comes built-in with Python. The sqlite3
module allows Python programs to interact with SQLite databases.

Basic Import and Setup

import sqlite3​
​
# Connect to database (creates file if doesn't exist)​
conn = [Link]('[Link]')​
cursor = [Link]()

3.1.1 connect() and execute() Methods

connect() Method

●​ Creates a connection to SQLite database

●​ If database doesn't exist, it creates a new one
●​ Returns a Connection object

# Connect to database file​

conn = [Link]('[Link]')​
​
# Connect to in-memory database (temporary)​
conn = [Link](':memory:')​
​
# Get cursor object to execute SQL commands​
cursor = [Link]()

execute() Method

●​ Executes a single SQL statement

●​ Returns a cursor object
●​ Used for CREATE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT operations

# Create table​
[Link]('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students​
(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, ​
name TEXT NOT NULL, ​
age INTEGER, ​
grade TEXT)''')​
​
# Insert data​
[Link]("INSERT INTO students (name, age, grade) VALUES (?, ?, ?)", ​
("Alice", 20, "A"))

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 3.1.2 Single Row and Multi-row Fetch
fetchone()

●​ Retrieves only one row from the result set

●​ Returns a tuple or None if no data found

[Link]("SELECT * FROM students WHERE id = ?", (1,))​

row = [Link]()​
if row:​
print(f"ID: {row[0]}, Name: {row[1]}, Age: {row[2]}, Grade: {row[3]}")​
else:​
print("No student found")

fetchall()

●​ Retrieves all remaining rows from the result set

●​ Returns a list of tuples

[Link]("SELECT * FROM students")​

rows = [Link]()​
for row in rows:​
print(f"ID: {row[0]}, Name: {row[1]}, Age: {row[2]}, Grade: {row[3]}")

fetchmany(size)

●​ Retrieves specified number of rows

●​ Useful for large datasets

[Link]("SELECT * FROM students")​

rows = [Link](5) # Get first 5 rows​
for row in rows:​
print(row)

3.1.3 Select, Insert, Update, Delete using execute() Method

SELECT Operation
# Select all records​
[Link]("SELECT * FROM students")​
all_students = [Link]()​
​
# Select with condition​
[Link]("SELECT name, grade FROM students WHERE age > ?", (18,))​
adult_students = [Link]()​
​
# Select with ORDER BY​
[Link]("SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY name ASC")​
sorted_students = [Link]()

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 INSERT Operation
# Insert single record​
[Link]("INSERT INTO students (name, age, grade) VALUES (?, ?, ?)", ​
("Bob", 19, "B"))​
​
# Insert multiple records​
students_data = [​
("Charlie", 21, "A"),​
("David", 18, "C"),​
("Eve", 20, "B")​
]​
[Link]("INSERT INTO students (name, age, grade) VALUES (?, ?,
?)", students_data)

UPDATE Operation
# Update single record​
[Link]("UPDATE students SET grade = ? WHERE id = ?", ("A+", 1))​
​
# Update multiple records​
[Link]("UPDATE students SET age = age + 1 WHERE grade = ?", ("A",))

DELETE Operation
# Delete single record​
[Link]("DELETE FROM students WHERE id = ?", (1,))​
​
# Delete multiple records​
[Link]("DELETE FROM students WHERE age < ?", (18,))​
​
# Delete all records​
[Link]("DELETE FROM students")

3.1.4 commit() Method

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 The commit() method saves changes to the database permanently. Without commit, changes
are temporary.

import sqlite3​
​
conn = [Link]('[Link]')​
cursor = [Link]()​
​
try:​
# Create table​
[Link]('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students​
(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)''')​
​
# Insert data​
[Link]("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ​
("John", 22))​
​
# Commit changes - IMPORTANT!​
[Link]()​
print("Data inserted successfully")​
​
except [Link] as e:​
print(f"Error: {e}")​
[Link]() # Undo changes if error occurs​
​
finally:​
[Link]()

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 3.2 SQLite Dump
Database dumping creates backup copies of database structure and/or data in SQL format.

3.2.1 Dump Specific Table into File, Dump Only Table Structure
Dump Specific Table
import sqlite3​
​
def dump_table_to_file(db_name, table_name, output_file):​
conn = [Link](db_name)​
​
with open(output_file, 'w') as f:​
# Dump table structure and data​
for line in [Link]():​
if table_name in line:​
[Link](line + '\n')​
​
[Link]()​
​
# Usage​
dump_table_to_file('[Link]', 'students', 'students_dump.sql')

Dump Only Table Structure

def dump_table_structure(db_name, table_name, output_file):​
conn = [Link](db_name)​
cursor = [Link]()​
​
# Get CREATE TABLE statement​
[Link]("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND
name=?", ​
(table_name,))​
create_sql = [Link]()[0]​
​
with open(output_file, 'w') as f:​
[Link](create_sql + ';\n')​
​
[Link]()​
​
# Usage​
dump_table_structure('[Link]', 'students', 'students_structure.sql')

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 3.2.2 Dump Entire Database into File
def dump_entire_database(db_name, output_file):​
conn = [Link](db_name)​
​
with open(output_file, 'w') as f:​
for line in [Link]():​
[Link](line + '\n')​
​
[Link]()​
print(f"Database dumped to {output_file}")​
​
# Usage​
dump_entire_database('[Link]', 'full_backup.sql')

3.2.3 Dump Data of One or More Tables into a File

def dump_multiple_tables(db_name, table_names, output_file):​
conn = [Link](db_name)​
​
with open(output_file, 'w') as f:​
for line in [Link]():​
for table_name in table_names:​
if table_name in line:​
[Link](line + '\n')​
break​
​
[Link]()​
​
# Usage​
dump_multiple_tables('[Link]', ['students', 'teachers'],
'school_data.sql')

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 3.3 CSV Files Handling
3.3.1 Import a CSV file into a Table
import csv​
import sqlite3​
​
def import_csv_to_table(csv_file, db_name, table_name):​
conn = [Link](db_name)​
cursor = [Link]()​
​
with open(csv_file, 'r') as file:​
csv_reader = [Link](file)​
headers = next(csv_reader) # Read header row​
​
# Create table dynamically​
columns = ', '.join([f"{header} TEXT" for header in headers])​
[Link](f"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}
({columns})")​
​
# Insert data​
placeholders = ', '.join(['?' for _ in headers])​
for row in csv_reader:​
[Link](f"INSERT INTO {table_name} VALUES
({placeholders})", row)​
​
[Link]()​
[Link]()​
print(f"CSV data imported to {table_name}")​
​
# Usage​
import_csv_to_table('[Link]', '[Link]', 'students')

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 3.3.2 Export a CSV file from Table
def export_table_to_csv(db_name, table_name, csv_file):​
conn = [Link](db_name)​
cursor = [Link]()​
​
# Get column names​
[Link](f"PRAGMA table_info({table_name})")​
columns = [column[1] for column in [Link]()]​
​
# Get data​
[Link](f"SELECT * FROM {table_name}")​
data = [Link]()​
​
with open(csv_file, 'w', newline='') as file:​
csv_writer = [Link](file)​
csv_writer.writerow(columns) # Write headers​
csv_writer.writerows(data) # Write data​
​
[Link]()​
print(f"Table {table_name} exported to {csv_file}")​
​
# Usage​
export_table_to_csv('[Link]', 'students', 'exported_students.csv')

3.4 Developing Python GUI with Tkinter

3.4.1 Introduction to GUI Libraries of Python & Importing Tkinter Libraries
What is a GUI?
GUI (Graphical User Interface) is a way to interact with a program using visual components like:
Buttons, Text boxes, Labels, Windows,Sliders​

Instead of typing commands, users can click or drag, making the application user-friendly.

Python GUI Libraries

Python offers many libraries to create GUI applications. Some popular ones include:
Library Description

Tkinter Built-in with Python, simplest for beginners.

PyQt / PySide Feature-rich, professional apps, based on Qt framework.

Kivy For mobile & multitouch apps, modern UIs.

wxPython Native look across platforms, wrapper around C++ wxWidgets.

PyGTK Works with GNOME desktop apps.

Among these, Tkinter is the most widely used in education and simple desktop apps.

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 What is Tkinter?
Tkinter is Python’s standard GUI package. It is a wrapper around a toolkit called Tcl/Tk.
Since it’s built into Python, you don’t need to install it separately.​
It is lightweight and easy for building small applications like:
Form input apps, Calculator, Attendance GUI, File viewer, Mini games​

How to Import Tkinter?

Tkinter is available in two ways depending on Python version:

Python 3.x:
import tkinter as tk

Or you can import everything directly:

from tkinter import *

Python 2.x (not recommended anymore):

import Tkinter

Example:
import tkinter as tk​
from tkinter import ttk # Themed widgets​
from tkinter import messagebox​
from tkinter import filedialog​
​
# Create main window​
root = [Link]()​
[Link]("My GUI Application")​
[Link]("400x300")​
[Link]()

3.4.2 Geometry Management

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 Tkinter provides three geometry managers to control widget placement:

[Link] place(), grid(), pack()

place() Method

●​ Positions widgets using absolute or relative coordinates

●​ Most flexible but requires manual positioning

import tkinter as tk​

​
root = [Link]()​
[Link]("400x300")​
​
# Absolute positioning​
label1 = [Link](root, text="Absolute Position", bg="red")​
[Link](x=50, y=50)​
​
# Relative positioning​
label2 = [Link](root, text="Relative Position", bg="blue")​
[Link](relx=0.5, rely=0.5, anchor="center")​
​
[Link]()

grid() Method

●​ Organizes widgets in rows and columns

●​ Best for structured layouts

import tkinter as tk​

​
root = [Link]()​
[Link]("Grid Layout")​
​
# Create widgets in grid​
[Link](root, text="Name:").grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="e", padx=5,
pady=5)​
[Link](root).grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)​
​
[Link](root, text="Age:").grid(row=1, column=0, sticky="e", padx=5,
pady=5)​
[Link](root).grid(row=1, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)​
​
[Link](root, text="Submit").grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=10)​
​
[Link]()

pack() Method

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 ●​ Stacks widgets vertically or horizontally
●​ Simple but limited control

import tkinter as tk​

​
root = [Link]()​
[Link]("Pack Layout")​
​
# Pack widgets​
[Link](root, text="Header", bg="lightblue").pack(side="top", fill="x")​
[Link](root, text="Left Panel", bg="lightgreen").pack(side="left",
fill="y")​
[Link](root, text="Right Panel", bg="lightyellow").pack(side="right",
fill="y")​
[Link](root, text="Footer", bg="lightcoral").pack(side="bottom",
fill="x")​
​
[Link]()

[Link] Set the Dimensions of the Tkinter Window

import tkinter as tk​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
# Set window size​
[Link]("800x600") # width x height​
​
# Set window position​
[Link]("800x600+100+50") # width x height + x_offset + y_offset​
​
# Set minimum and maximum size​
[Link](400, 300)​
[Link](1200, 800)​
​
# Make window resizable or not​
[Link](True, True) # width, height​
​
[Link]()

[Link] Handling Resize

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 import tkinter as tk​
​
def on_resize(event):​
print(f"Window resized to: {[Link]}x{[Link]}")​
​
root = [Link]()​
[Link]("400x300")​
​
# Bind resize event​
[Link]('<Configure>', on_resize)​
​
# Create responsive layout​
frame = [Link](root, bg="lightblue")​
[Link](fill="both", expand=True)​
​
label = [Link](frame, text="Resizable Content", bg="white")​
[Link](expand=True)​
​
[Link]()

3.5 Tkinter Widgets

Common Tkinter Widgets
Label Widget
import tkinter as tk​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
# Basic label​
label1 = [Link](root, text="Hello, World!")​
[Link]()​
​
# Styled label​
label2 = [Link](root, text="Styled Label", ​
bg="blue", fg="white", ​
font=("Arial", 16, "bold"))​
[Link]()​
​
[Link]()

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 Button Widget
import tkinter as tk​
​
def button_click():​
print("Button clicked!")​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
# Basic button​
button1 = [Link](root, text="Click Me", command=button_click)​
[Link]()​
​
# Styled button​
button2 = [Link](root, text="Styled Button",
bg="green", fg="white",width=20, height=2)​
[Link]()​
[Link]()

Entry Widget
import tkinter as tk​
​
def get_text():​
text = [Link]()​
print(f"Entered text: {text}")​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
entry = [Link](root, width=30)​
[Link]()​
​
button = [Link](root, text="Get Text", command=get_text)​
[Link]()​
​
[Link]()

Text Widget
import tkinter as tk​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
# Multi-line text widget​
text_widget = [Link](root, width=40, height=10)​
text_widget.pack()​
​
# Insert text​
text_widget.insert("1.0", "This is a text widget\nYou can type here")​
​
[Link]()

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 Listbox Widget
import tkinter as tk​
​
def on_select(event):​
selection = [Link]()​
if selection:​
item = [Link](selection[0])​
print(f"Selected: {item}")​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
listbox = [Link](root)​
[Link]()​
​
# Add items​
items = ["Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Grape"]​
for item in items:​
[Link]([Link], item)​
​
# Bind selection event​
[Link]('<<ListboxSelect>>', on_select)​
​
[Link]()

Frame Widget
import tkinter as tk​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
# Create frames for organization​
top_frame = [Link](root, bg="lightblue", height=100)​
top_frame.pack(side="top", fill="x")​
​
bottom_frame = [Link](root, bg="lightgreen", height=100)​
bottom_frame.pack(side="bottom", fill="x")​
​
# Add widgets to frames​
[Link](top_frame, text="Top Frame", bg="lightblue").pack()​
[Link](bottom_frame, text="Bottom Frame", bg="lightgreen").pack()​
​
[Link]()

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 Tkinter Widgets Summary Table

Widget Purpose / Use Syntax Example

Label Display text or Label(parent, Label(root,

image text="...") text="Hello!")

Button Creates a Button(parent, Button(root,

clickable button text="...", text="Click",
command=...) command=action)

Entry Single-line text Entry(parent) Entry(root)

input

Text Multi-line text Text(parent) Text(root, height=5,

input width=30)

Checkbutton Create a Checkbutton(parent, Checkbutton(root,

checkbox text="...") text="I agree")

Radiobutton Create radio Radiobutton(parent, Radiobutton(root,

buttons (select text="...", value=..., text="Male", value=1,
one option) variable=...) variable=gender)

Listbox Display a list of Listbox(parent) Listbox(root, height=4)

options

Scale Slider for Scale(parent, from_=x, Scale(root, from_=0,

selecting to=y) to=100)
numerical values

Spinbox Numeric spinner Spinbox(parent, Spinbox(root, from_=1,

from_=x, to=y) to=10)

Frame Container to Frame(parent) Frame(root, bg="blue")

group widgets

Canvas Drawing shapes, Canvas(parent) Canvas(root, width=200,

images height=100)

Toplevel Create a new Toplevel(parent) Toplevel(root)

window

Message Display multiline Message(parent, Message(root,

text like Label text="...") text="Welcome!")

Menu Create menu bar Menu(parent) Menu(root)

or context menu

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 3.7 Widget Attributes
Common Widget Attributes
Appearance Attributes
import tkinter as tk​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
# Color attributes​
label = [Link](root, ​
text="Sample Text",​
bg="lightblue", # Background color​
fg="darkblue", # Foreground/text color​
activebackground="blue", # Color when active​
activeforeground="white") # Text color when active​
​
# Font attributes​
[Link](font=("Arial", 14, "bold")) # Font family, size, style​
​
# Size attributes​
[Link](width=20, height=3) # Width in characters, height in lines​
​
# Border attributes​
[Link](bd=2, relief="solid") # Border width and style​
​
[Link]()​
[Link]()

Positioning Attributes
import tkinter as tk​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
# Padding attributes​
label = [Link](root, text="Padded Label", bg="yellow")​
[Link](padx=20, pady=10) # External padding​
​
# Internal padding​
[Link](ipadx=10, ipady=5) # Internal padding​
​
# Alignment attributes​
[Link](anchor="w") # Align text to west (left)​
​
[Link]()

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 State Attributes
import tkinter as tk​
​
root = [Link]()​
​
# Button states​
button = [Link](root, text="Click Me")​
[Link]()​
​
# Disable button​
[Link](state="disabled")​
​
# Enable button​
# [Link](state="normal")​
​
[Link]()

Tkinter Widget Attributes: Summary Table

Attribute Purpose / Use Common Widgets Example

text Sets the label or button name Label, Button, text="Click Me"
Checkbutton

bg / Background color Most widgets bg="lightblue"

background

fg / Text color Most widgets fg="red"

foreground

font Font style/size Label, Button, font=("Arial", 14,

Entry "bold")

width Width of widget (chars or pixels) Entry, Button, width=20

Text

height Height (for some widgets like Text, Canvas height=5

Text, Canvas)

command Function to call on click Button, command=submit_data

Checkbutton,
Menu

state Normal or disabled Button, Entry, state="disabled"

Checkbutton

relief 3D look (flat, raised, sunken, Most widgets relief="groove"

etc.)

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 anchor Text alignment (n, ne, e, se, s, Label, Button anchor="w"
sw, w, nw, center)

justify Text alignment (left, center, right) Label, Message justify="center"

padx, pady Padding around widget All widgets padx=10, pady=5

bd Border width All widgets bd=2

variable Store value (used in Entry, Entry, variable=my_var

Radiobutton etc.) Checkbutton,
Radiobutton

show Mask text (for passwords) Entry show="*"

Example Code Using Common Widgets and Attributes

import tkinter as tk​
​
def show_name():​
label_result.config(text="Hello " + entry_name.get())​
​
root = [Link]()​
[Link]("Simple Form")​
[Link]("300x150")​
​
label_name = [Link](root, text="Enter Name:", font=("Arial", 12))​
label_name.pack(pady=5)​
​
entry_name = [Link](root, width=25, bg="lightyellow")​
entry_name.pack()​
​
btn_submit = [Link](root, text="Submit", command=show_name, bg="green",
fg="white")​
btn_submit.pack(pady=10)​
​
label_result = [Link](root, text="", font=("Arial", 12, "bold"))​
label_result.pack()​
​
[Link]()

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 Complete Example: Student Management System
import tkinter as tk​
from tkinter import ttk, messagebox​
import sqlite3​
​
class StudentManagementSystem:​
def __init__(self, root):​
[Link] = root​
[Link]("Student Management System")​
[Link]("600x400")​
​
# Initialize database​
self.init_database()​
​
# Create GUI​
self.create_widgets()​
​
def init_database(self):​
[Link] = [Link]('[Link]')​
[Link] = [Link]()​
[Link]('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students​
(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,​
name TEXT NOT NULL,​
age INTEGER,​
grade TEXT)''')​
[Link]()​
​
def create_widgets(self):​
# Input frame​
input_frame = [Link]([Link])​
input_frame.pack(pady=10)​
​
[Link](input_frame, text="Name:").grid(row=0, column=0,
sticky="e", padx=5)​
self.name_entry = [Link](input_frame)​
self.name_entry.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5)​
​
[Link](input_frame, text="Age:").grid(row=1, column=0,
sticky="e", padx=5)​
self.age_entry = [Link](input_frame)​
self.age_entry.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=5)​
​
[Link](input_frame, text="Grade:").grid(row=2, column=0,
sticky="e", padx=5)​
self.grade_entry = [Link](input_frame)​
self.grade_entry.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=5)​
​
# Button frame​
button_frame = [Link]([Link])​
button_frame.pack(pady=10)​

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 ​
[Link](button_frame, text="Add Student", ​
command=self.add_student).pack(side="left", padx=5)​
[Link](button_frame, text="Update Student", ​
command=self.update_student).pack(side="left", padx=5)​
[Link](button_frame, text="Delete Student", ​
command=self.delete_student).pack(side="left", padx=5)​
[Link](button_frame, text="Clear", ​
command=self.clear_entries).pack(side="left", padx=5)​
​
# Treeview for displaying students​
[Link] = [Link]([Link], columns=("ID", "Name", "Age",
"Grade"), show="headings")​
[Link]("ID", text="ID")​
[Link]("Name", text="Name")​
[Link]("Age", text="Age")​
[Link]("Grade", text="Grade")​
[Link](fill="both", expand=True, padx=10, pady=10)​
​
# Bind selection event​
[Link]('<<TreeviewSelect>>', self.on_select)​
​
# Load initial data​
self.load_data()​
​
def add_student(self):​
name = self.name_entry.get()​
age = self.age_entry.get()​
grade = self.grade_entry.get()​
​
if name and age and grade:​
try:​
[Link]("INSERT INTO students (name, age,
grade) VALUES (?, ?, ?)",​
(name, int(age), grade))​
[Link]()​
self.load_data()​
self.clear_entries()​
[Link]("Success", "Student added
successfully!")​
except ValueError:​
[Link]("Error", "Please enter a valid age!")​
else:​
[Link]("Error", "Please fill all fields!")​
​
def update_student(self):​
selected_item = [Link]()​
if selected_item:​
student_id = [Link](selected_item)['values'][0]​
name = self.name_entry.get()​
age = self.age_entry.get()​

Prepared By: Nisha D. Desai​ ​ UNIT : 3 PYTHON INTERACTION WITH SQLite​ ​ ​ 20

 grade = self.grade_entry.get()​
​
if name and age and grade:​
try:​
[Link]("UPDATE students SET name=?, age=?,
grade=? WHERE id=?",​
(name, int(age), grade, student_id))​
[Link]()​
self.load_data()​
self.clear_entries()​
[Link]("Success", "Student updated
successfully!")​
except ValueError:​
[Link]("Error", "Please enter a valid
age!")​
else:​
[Link]("Error", "Please fill all fields!")​
else:​
[Link]("Error", "Please select a student to
update!")​
​
def delete_student(self):​
selected_item = [Link]()​
if selected_item:​
student_id = [Link](selected_item)['values'][0]​
result = [Link]("Confirm", "Are you sure you want
to delete this student?")​
if result:​
[Link]("DELETE FROM students WHERE id=?",
(student_id,))​
[Link]()​
self.load_data()​
self.clear_entries()​
[Link]("Success", "Student deleted
successfully!")​
else:​
[Link]("Error", "Please select a student to
delete!")​
​
def clear_entries(self):​
self.name_entry.delete(0, [Link])​
self.age_entry.delete(0, [Link])​
self.grade_entry.delete(0, [Link])​
​
def on_select(self, event):​
selected_item = [Link]()​
if selected_item:​
values = [Link](selected_item)['values']​
self.name_entry.delete(0, [Link])​
self.name_entry.insert(0, values[1])​
self.age_entry.delete(0, [Link])​

Prepared By: Nisha D. Desai​ ​ UNIT : 3 PYTHON INTERACTION WITH SQLite​ ​ ​ 21

 self.age_entry.insert(0, values[2])​
self.grade_entry.delete(0, [Link])​
self.grade_entry.insert(0, values[3])​
​
def load_data(self):​
# Clear existing data​
for item in [Link].get_children():​
[Link](item)​
​
# Load data from database​
[Link]("SELECT * FROM students")​
rows = [Link]()​
for row in rows:​
[Link]("", "end", values=row)​
​
def __del__(self):​
if hasattr(self, 'conn'):​
[Link]()​
​
if __name__ == "__main__":​
root = [Link]()​
app = StudentManagementSystem(root)​
[Link]()

Prepared By: Nisha D. Desai​ ​ UNIT : 3 PYTHON INTERACTION WITH SQLite​ ​ ​ 22