SCIENCE
• Leeuwenhoek invents compound microscope
“Father of Biology”
• Schleiden discovered plant cells
• Schwann discovered animal cells
• Hooke coined the name "cell"
• Brown discovered nucleus
• Franklin true discoverer of DNA
• Watson and Crick structured the model of DNA
• Charles Darwin “Father of Evolution”
• Gregor Mendel “Father of Genetics”
• Carolus Linnaeus “Father of Taxonomy”
NUCLEIC ACID
Components:
✓ Phosphate same DNA/RNA
✓ Sugar DNA loss 1 oxygen
RNA complete oxygen
✓ Nitrogenous bases DNA thymine adenine
RNA uracil adenine
cytosine guanine
Sun ultimate source of energy
Chloroplast site of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll true responsible for photosynthesis
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Atom basic unit of matter, smallest non-living material
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell basic unit of life, smallest living material
• Tissue blood (liquid tissue)
• Organ
• System
• Organism
• Population
• Community combined living things
• Ecosystem combined living and non-living things
• Biome aquatic or terrestrial
• Biosphere
CELL
Parts of Cell
1. Nucleus - control center
• nucleolus - ribosomes
• nuclear pore - pathway
• nucleoplasm
2. Cytoplasm
• organelles - solid part
✓ mitochondria - power house of the cell, produces ATP
✓ plastid - container
➢ leucoplast - colorless, carries fats and oils
➢ chromoplast - all colors except green
➢ chloroplast - green
✓ endoplasmic reticulum
➢ smooth ER - lipids (without ribosome)
➢ rough ER - proteins (with ribosome)
• cytosol - jelly-like structure
3. Cell Membrane/Plasmalemma
• phospholipid bilayer
✓ hydrophilic - phosphate head (carbohydrates)
✓ hydrophobic - fatty acids (lipids)
REPRODUCTION
• Sexual Production fertilization, diversity
• Asexual Production genetically identical
✓ Budding outgrowth (yeast, hydra)
✓ Regeneration (starfish, lizards)
✓ Fragmentation (planaria)
✓ Vegetative plants (marcotting, grafting)
✓ Binary Fission (bacteria)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm, produces pyruvic acid (2 ATP)
• Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
occurs in matrix of mitochondria, produces CO2 (2 ATP)
• Electronic Transport Chain
chemiosmosis, produces 34 ATP
METABOLISM
• Catabolic
break down → energy released → loss of dry mass
Cellular Respiration
• Anabolic
build-up → energy stored → gain of dry mass
Photosynthesis
Producer autotroph
Consumer heterotroph
Decomposers chemical recyclers
ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
• Mutualism both organism benefit
• Commensalism one benefits | one no harm, benefit, or no effect
• Parasitism one benefits | one harm
• Competition both organisms are harmed
✓ Intraspecific (self) same species
✓ Interspecific (other) different species
• Predation one benefits | one harm (act of killing)
• Grazing one benefits | one harm (no killing)
Mosquitoes aedes egypti (dengue)
anopheles (malaria)
Mollusk mussels, scallops, oysters
Dinoflagellates red-orange protists, causes red tide
Greenhouse Gas natural thermal blanket
✓ Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N20)
SOLAR SYSTEM
• Heliocentric Model
✓ the sun is the center
✓ Nicolaus Copernicus
• Geocentric Model
✓ the earth is the center
✓ Ptolemy
Revolution around the sun, around the orbit
Mercury- fastest revolution
Rotation around itself, around the axis
Jupiter- fastest rotation
STORMS
• Cyclone Indian Sea
• Hurricane Atlantic Sea
• Typhoon Pacific Sea
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
• Troposphere weather
• Stratosphere ozone layer
• Mesosphere meteors
• Thermosphere lights and satellites
• Exosphere electrons were ionized
SOLAR SYSTEM
• Mercury smallest, most cratered, fastest revolution
• Venus hottest, Morning Star and Evening Star
• Earth oblate spheroid, surface of 71% water
• Mars tallest mountain "Olympus mons"
• Jupiter largest, The Great Red Spot, Gallilean moons
• Saturn complex system of icy rings
• Uranus first planet discovered by telescope, sideways rotation
• Neptune first planet located through mathematical calculations
HEAT TRANSFER
• Conduction direct contact (solid to solid)
• Convection liquid or gas through molecular motion
• Radiation rays or waves of electromagnetic particles