Chapter 1

Introduction & Concepts

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Outline

• Cloud Computing definition

• Characteristics of cloud computing
• Cloud deployment models
• Cloud service models
• Cloud Services
• Cloud Applications

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

History of Computing

PC Mobile devices
Workstation
Mainframe
 Definition of Cloud Computing

The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines

cloud computing as:
• Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• On-demand self service:

• Cloud computing resources can be provisioned on-demand by the users,
without requiring interactions with the cloud service provider. The process
of provisioning resources is automated.

• Broad network access:

• Cloud computing resources can be accessed over the network using standard access
mechanisms that provide platform-independent access through the use of
heterogeneous client platforms such as workstations, laptops, tablets and
smartphones.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Resource pooling:
• The computing and storage resources provided by cloud service providers are
pooled to serve multiple users using multi-tenancy. Multi-tenant aspects of
the cloud allow multiple users to be served by the same physical hardware.

• Rapid elasticity:
• Cloud computing resources can be provisioned rapidly and elastically. Cloud
resources can be rapidly scaled up or down based on demand.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

 Provisioning
(Under provision)
Loss Revenue

Resources
Capacity

Demand
1 2 3
Resources

Capacity

Loss Users
Demand
1 2 3

Resources
Time (days) Capacity

Demand
1 2 3

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Provisioning
(Low utilization)

Unused resources

Capacity
Resources

Demand
Time
Dynamic provisioning

Resources

Capacity

Resources
Capacity
Demand Demand

Time Time
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Measured service:
• Cloud computing resources are provided to users on a pay-per-use model.
The usage of the cloud resources is measured and the user is charged based
on some specific metric.

• Performance:
• Cloud computing provides improved performance for applications since the
resources available to the applications can be scaled up or down based on the
dynamic application workloads.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Reduced costs:
• Cloud computing provides cost benefits for applications as only as much
computing and storage resources as required can be provisioned dynamically,
and upfront investment in purchase of computing assets to cover worst case
requirements is avoid.

• Outsourced Management:
• Cloud computing allows the users (individuals, large organizations, small and
medium enterprises and governments) to outsource the IT infrastructure
requirements to external cloud providers.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Reliability:
• Applications deployed in cloud computing environments generally have a
higher reliability since the underlying IT infrastructure is professionally
managed by the cloud service.

• Multi-tenancy:
• The multi-tenanted approach of the cloud allows multiple users to make use of the
same shared resources.
• In virtual multi-tenancy, computing and storage resources are shared among
multiple users.
• In organic multi-tenancy every component in the system architecture is shared
among multiple tenants

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Multi-tenancy
Cloud Service Models

• Software as a Service (SaaS)

• Applications, management and user interfaces provided over a network

• Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Application development frameworks, operating systems and deployment
frameworks

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

• Virtual computing, storage and network resource that can be provisioned on
demand

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

• Software/Interface
• SaaS provides the users a complete software application or the user interface to the
application itself.
• Outsourced Management
• The cloud service provider manages the underlying cloud infrastructure including servers,
network, operating systems, storage and application software, and the user is unaware of
the underlying architecture of the cloud.
• Thin client interfaces
• Applications are provided to the user through a thin client interface (e.g., a browser). SaaS
applications are platform independent and can be accessed from various client devices such
as workstations, laptop, tablets and smartphones, running different operating systems.
• Ubiquitous Access
• Since the cloud service provider manages both the application and data, the users are able to
access the applications from anywhere.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

SaaS

Benefits Characteristics Examples

- Lower costs - Multi-tenancy - Google Apps
- No infrastructure required - On-demand software - [Link]
- Seamless upgrades - Open integration protocols - Facebook
- Guaranteed performance - Social network integration - Zoho
- Automated backups Adoption - Dropbox
- Easy data recovery - Individual users: High - Taleo
- Small & medium enterprises: High
- Secure - Large organizations: High - Microsoft Office 365
- High adoption - Government: Medium - Linkedin
- On-the move access - Slideshare
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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

• Development & Deployment:

• PaaS provides the users the capability to develop and deploy application in
the cloud using the development tools, application programming interfaces
(APIs), software libraries and services provided by the cloud service provider.
• Provider Manages Infrastructure:
• The cloud service provider manages the underlying cloud infrastructure
including servers, network, operating systems and storage.
• User Manages Application:
• The users, themselves, are responsible for developing, deploying, configuring
and managing applications on the cloud infrastructure.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

PaaS

Benefits Characteristics Examples

- Lower upfront & operations costs - Multi-tenancy - Google App Engine
- No IT infrastructure management - Open integration protocols - Windows Azure Platform
costs
- App development tools & SDKs - [Link]
- Improved scalability
- Analytics - RightScale
- Higher performance Adoption - Heroku
- Secured access - Individual users: Low - Github
- Quick & easy development - Small & medium enterprises:
Medium - Gigaspaces
- Seamless integration - Large organizations: High - AppScale
- Government: Medium - OpenStack
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Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

• Resource Provisioning
• Provides the users the capability to provision computing and storage resources.
• Virtual Machines
• These resources are provided to the users as virtual machine instances and virtual
storage. Users can start, stop, configure and manage the virtual machine instances
and virtual storage.
• Provider Managers Infrastructure:
• The cloud service provider manages the underlying infrastructure.
• Pay-per-use/Pay-as-you-go:
• Virtual resources provisioned by the users are billed based on a pay-per-use/pay-as-
you-go paradigm.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

IaaS

Benefits Characteristics Examples

- Shift focus from IT management to - Multi-tenancy - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
core activities
- Virtualized hardware - RackSpace
- No IT infrastructure management
- Management & monitoring tools - GoGrid
costs
- Disaster recovery - Eucalyptus
- Pay-per-use/pay-per-go pricing
Adoption - Joyent
- Guaranteed performance
- Individual users: Low - Terremark
- Dynamic scaling
- Small & medium enterprises: - OpSource
- Secure access Medium
- Large organizations: High - Savvis
- Enterprise grade infrastructure
- Green IT adoption - Government: High - Nimbula
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Cloud Service Examples

• IaaS:
• Amazon EC2
• Google Compute Engine
• Microsoft Azure VMs
• PaaS:
• Google App Engine
• Azure App Service
• SaaS:
• Salesforce

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Service Model
Cloud Deployment Models

• Public Cloud
• Available for public use or a large industry group
• Private Cloud
• Operated for exclusive use of a single organization
• Community Cloud
• Available for shared use of several organizations supporting a specific
community
• Hybrid Cloud
• Combines multiple clouds (public and private) that remain unique but bound
together to offer application and data portability

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Cloud Deployment Models

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Cloud Computing Applications

• Banking & Financial Apps

• E-Commerce Apps
• Social Networking
• Healthcare Systems
• Energy Systems
• Intelligent Transportation Systems
• E-Governance
• Education
• Mobile Communications

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

Further Reading

• Peter Mell, Timothy Grance, The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, NIST Special Publication 800-145, Sep 2011.
• VMware, Understanding Full Virtualization, Paravirtualization, and Hardware Assist, 2007.
• A. Bahga, V. Madisetti, Analyzing Massive Machine Maintenance Data in a Computing Cloud, IEEE Transactions on Parallel &
Distributed Systems, Vol. 23, Iss. 10, Oct 2012.
• A. Bahga, V. Madisetti, On a Cloud-Based Information Technology Framework for Data Driven Intelligent Transportation Systems,
Journal of Transportation Technologies, Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013.
• A. Bahga, V. Madisetti, A Cloud-Based Approach to Interoperable Electronic Health Records (EHRs), IEEE Journal of Biomedical and
Health Informatics, Vol. 17, Iss. 5, Sep 2013.
• Network Functions Virtualization, [Link] Retrieved 2013.
• Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, [Link] 2012.
• Google Compute Engine, [Link] Retrieved 2013.
• Windows Azure, [Link] Retrieved 2013.
• Google App Engine, [Link] 2012.
• Salesforce, [Link] 2012.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014