Chapter #1

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

Q1. Write the short answers of the following questions. What is sentence?

Ans. A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

Examples:

 Ali is a student.
 The sun rises in the east.
 Birds can fly.

Q2. What is assertie sentence?

Ans. A statement about something which may be positive or negative, is called assertive
sentence.

Examples:

 Mohsin writes a book.

 She does not like coffee.
 Pakistan is an Islamic country.

Q3. What is interrogative sentence?

Ans. A sentence that is used to ask a question, is called an interrogative sentence.

Examples:

 Where are you going?

 Did you finish your homework?
 What is your name?

Q4. What is imperative sentence?

Ans. A sentence which makes a command or requests someone to do something, is called

imperative sentence.

Examples:

 Please give me your pen.

 Close the door.
 Stand up straight.
Q5. What is exclamatory sentence?

Ans. A sentence which expresses strong feelings, is called exclamatory sentence.

Examples:

 What a pretty bird!

 How beautiful the sunset is!
 Hurrah! We won the match!

Q6. What is optative sentence

Ans. An optative sentence is that which expresses some wish or desire.

Examples:

 May you live long.

 May God bless you.
 May Allah grant you success.

Q7. Write the different classes of sentence according to its structure.

Ans. (i) Simple sentence (ii) Compound sentence (iii) Complex sentence

Examples:

 Simple: The cat sat on the mat.

 Compound: I went to the market and bought some fruits.
 Complex: I know that he is honest.

Q8. Define simple sentence.

Ans. A simple sentence is one which has only one clause with a subject and a predicate.

Examples:

 Birds fly in the sky.

 She loves reading books.
 The teacher teaches English.

Q9. Define compound sentence.

Ans. A compound sentence is one which has more than one clauses of equal ranks.

Examples:
  The moon was bright and we could see our way.
 He studied hard but he failed the exam.
 She sang a song and everyone clapped.

Q10. Define complex sentence.

Ans. A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

Examples:

 They rested when evening came.

 If it rains, we will stay at home.
 Although he was tired, he continued working.

Q11. What is synthesis of sentences?

Ans. Synthesis is the joining of two sentences into one.

Examples:

 He is honest. He is hardworking. → He is honest and hardworking.

 She finished her work. She went home. → After finishing her work, she went home.
 The boy is smart. He studies well. → The smart boy studies well.

Q12. What is a complement?

Ans. A word that completes a sentence, is called complement.

Examples:

 She is a teacher.
 He became a doctor.
 They are happy.

Q13. Define Clause.

Ans. A group of words which forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and a predicate, is
called a clause.

Examples:

 We cannot start to talk it is raining.

 When the sun sets, the sky looks beautiful.
 I know that he is coming.

Q14. Define Adjective clause.

Ans. An adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own,
and does the work of an adjective.

Examples:

 The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.

 The man who is standing there is my uncle.
 She wore a dress which was very expensive.

Q15. Define adverb clause.

Ans. An adverb clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own,
and does the work of an adverb.

Examples:

 He ran as fast as he could.

 She will come when she is free.
 They left because it was getting late.

Q16. How many parts are there of a sentence?

Ans. There are two parts of a sentence: (i) Subject (ii) Predicate

Examples:

 The cat sleeps on the mat. (The cat = Subject, sleeps on the mat = Predicate)
 Ahmad plays cricket. (Ahmad = Subject, plays cricket = Predicate)
 The children are laughing. (The children = Subject, are laughing = Predicate)

Q17. Define Subject

Ans. The doer of an action is called subject. (Some boys are throwing stones on buses) Here
'some boys' is subject.

Examples:

 The bird is flying.

 My brother reads books.
 The students are studying hard.

Q18. Define Predicate.

Ans. Predicate is that part of sentence, which tells something about the subject.

Examples:
  Salma sang a beautiful song.
 The dog barked loudly.
 Children play in the garden.

Q19. How many kinds are there of subject?

Ans. There are three kinds of subject: (i) Simple subject (ii) Complete subject (iii) Compound
subject

Examples:

 Simple subject: Books are useful.

 Complete subject: The old man with a stick walked slowly.
 Compound subject: Ali and Ahmed are friends.

Q20. Define Simple subject.

Ans. Simple subject is that which consists of one word.

Examples:

 Dogs bark.
 She sings well.
 Pakistan is a beautiful country.

Q21. Define Complete subject.

Ans. Complete subject is that which consists of more than one word.

Examples:

 The brave soldiers fought for their country.

 My younger sister is studying medicine.
 The tall building near the park was demolished.

Q22. Define Compound Subject.

Ans. When two words are joined by "Conjunction", it is called compound subject.

Examples:

 Ali and Hassan are playing cricket.

 Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast.
 The teacher and the students went on a trip.

Q23. How many kinds are there of predicate?

Ans. There are three kinds of predicate: (i) Simple Predicate (ii) Complete predicate (iii)
Compound predicate

Examples:

 Simple Predicate: The bird flies.

 Complete predicate: The children played happily in the garden.
 Compound predicate: He reads books and writes stories.

Q24. Define Simple Predicate.

Ans. Predicate which has only one word, is called simple predicate.

Examples:

 The baby cries.

 Birds sing.
 She dances beautifully.

Q25. Define Complete Predicate.

Ans. Complete predicate is that which has more than one word.

Examples:

 The teacher explained the lesson clearly.

 My father works in a government office.
 The students are preparing for their exams.

Q26. Define Compound Predicate.

Ans. When predicate are joined by conjunction.

Examples:

 She sings and dances on stage.

 He reads newspapers and watches news daily.
 They study hard and get good grades.

Q27. Define syntax.

Ans. Syntax is that part of the grammar that deals with the arrangement of words into phrases
and phrases into sentences.

e.g. Subject + Verb + Object / Complement + adverb Salma goes to college daily.
Examples:

 Ahmad writes letters regularly.

 The children play in the park happily.
 My sister cooks delicious food every day.

Chapter #2

PHRASE

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. Define phrase.

Ans. A phrase is a group of words, which has neither subject, nor predicate.

Examples:

 The sun in the east.

 A book on the table.
 Running very fast.

Q2. Define Adjective phrase.

Ans. An adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective.

Examples:

 A man in great difficulties came to me for help.

 The house with a red roof is mine.
 A girl of great beauty won the competition.

Q3. Define adverb phrase.

Ans. An adverb phrase is a group of words that does work of an adverb.

Examples:

 Ali ran with great speed.

 She spoke in a loud voice.
 They completed the work in a short time.

Q4. Define noun phrase.

Ans. A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of Noun.
Examples:

 We enjoy playing cricket.

 To tell the truth is a good habit.
 Swimming in the pool is fun.

Q5. What is meant by verbal phrase?

Ans. When the headword is verb, it is called verbal phrase.

Examples:

 has taken had eaten etc.

 has been working
 will have completed

Q6. What is participle phrase?

Ans. When the phrase begins with participle form (ing form)

Examples:

 Standing on a chair, sitting on the floor etc.

 Walking in the park, she felt relaxed.
 Having finished his work, he went home.

Q7. What do you understand by the infinitive phrase?

Ans. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and complement. It has a function as an adjective,
adverb or noun.

Examples:

 To speak the truth is difficult.

 He wants to buy a new car.
 She came here to meet her friend.

Q8. What is a Gerund phrase?

Ans. When a present participle functions as a noun, it is called gerund phrase.

Examples:

 Smoking is injurious to health.

 Telling a lie is not a good habit etc.
 Here smoking and telling are gerund phrase.
 Playing football is his favorite hobby.
 Reading books improves knowledge.
Chapter #3

CLAUSES

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. Define Clause

Ans. The part of sentence, that has at least one subject and one predicate.

Examples:

 We cannot start while it is raining.

 When the bell rings, students go home.
 I know that he is honest.

Q2. Define Adjective clause.

Ans. An adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own, and
does the work of an adjective.

Examples:

 The book that I read yesterday was interesting.

 The man who is standing there is my teacher.
 She bought a dress which was very expensive.

Q3. Define Adverb clause

Ans. An adverb clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own, and does
the work of an adverb.

Examples:

 He works hard so that he may succeed.

 When the sun sets, it becomes dark.
 She came late because she missed the bus.

Q4. Wow many kinds, the clause has?

Ans. There are two kinds of clause: (i) Independent clause (ii) Dependent clause

Examples:

 Independent clause: The girls sing a song in the party.

 Dependent clause: When he goes to Karachi.
 Independent clause: I will help you.

Q5. What do you understand by independent clause?

Ans. An independent clause consists of a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. It can
stand alone.

Examples:

 The girls Sing a song in the party. Subject Predicate

 He plays cricket.
 She reads books daily.

Q6. What is meant by dependent clause?

Ans. A dependent clause cannot express a complete thought and does not stand alone.

Examples:

 (i) Who was the Professor of F.C. College.

 (ii) When he goes to Karachi. etc.
 If it rains tomorrow.
 Although he was tired.

Q7. How many kind a are there of dependent clause?

Ans. There are three more kinds of dependent clause. (i) Noun clause (ii) Adjective clause (iii) Adverb
clause

Examples:

 Noun clause: That he is honest is known to all.

 Adjective clause: The boy who won the prize is my friend.
 Adverb clause: He ran as fast as he could.

Q8. What is noun clause?

Ans. A noun clause functions as a noun and begins with, what, that, whether, if etc.

Examples:

 That he is my neighbour.
 What you say is correct.
 I don't know whether he will come.

Q9. What is an adjective clause?

Ans. The clause which performs the function of an adjective, is called an adjective clause.

Examples:

 Which is an excellent place?

 Who is the best debater?
  The house that stands on the hill is mine.
 The girl who is wearing a blue dress is my sister.

Q10. What do you understand by adverb clause

Ans. The clause, performing the function of and adverb is called adverb clause.

Examples:

 Although Masooma worked hard yet, she failed.

 When the teacher entered, the students stood up.
 He speaks as if he knows everything.

Chapter #4

NOUN

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. Define Noun

Ans. Noun is the name of person, thing, place, quality or state. There are five kinds of noun.

Examples:

 Ahmad, London, Sana, England, Honey etc.

 Pakistan, Lahore, teacher.
 Ali, book, Karachi.

Q2. Define proper noun.

Ans. Proper noun is the name of a particular person, thing or place.

Examples:

 Salman, Lahore, Salma, France.

 Ahmad, Islamabad, Quaid-e-Azam.
 Fatima, China, Mount Everest.

Q3. Define common noun.

Ans. Common noun is the name given in common to everything, place or person.

Examples:

 Boy, City, Girl, Country.

 man, river, mountain.
  student, hospital, market.

Q4. Define abstract noun.

Ans. It is the name of quality, state or action.

Examples:

 Love, Honesty, Wisdom, Beauty, Truth.

 happiness, kindness, courage.
 anger, peace, freedom.

Q5. Define collective noun.

Ans. A noun which is used for the name of a group or collection of similar persons or things, is called
collective noun.

Examples:

 army, crowd, family.

 team, flock, committee.
 bunch, fleet, herd.

Q6. Define material noun.

Ans. The name given to materials is called material noun.

Examples:

 Class, Team, Club, Flock, Heard etc.

 gold, silver, iron.
 water, milk, wood.

Q7. Define countable non.

Ans. Nouns which are used for persons, things or places which are countable are called countable nouns.

Examples:

 book, chair, student.

 pen, apple, car.
 house, tree, dog.

Q8. Define uncountable noun.

Ans. Nouns which are used for things which can not be counted are called uncountable nouns.

Examples:
  Gold, flour, honesty, advice, work, etc.
 water, sugar, rice.
 air, information, furniture.

Q9. Define Gender

Ans. That describes whether a noun is male or female.

Examples:

 boy (male), girl (female).

 king (male), queen (female).
 brother (male), sister (female).

Q10. Define Masculine.

Ans. Noun that denotes male.

Examples:

 Boy, Man, Lion etc.

 father, uncle, king.
 hero, actor, waiter.

Q11. Define Feminine.

Ans. Noun that denotes female.

Examples:

 Girl, Woman, Lioness etc.

 mother, aunt, queen.
 heroine, actress, waitress.

Q12. Define Common Gender

Ans. Noun that denotes either male or female.

Examples:

 teacher, student, doctor.

 friend, cousin, child.
 baby, parent, singer.

Q13. What is meant by neuter noun?

Ans. Noun that denotes a thing neither male nor female.

Examples:
  Pen, Pencil etc.
 book, table, chair.
 stone, water, tree.

Q14. What is meant by noun the number?

Ans. A noun that denotes whether a noun is singular or plural.

Examples:

 Boy, boys, cow, cows, doll, dolls, etc.

 book, books, child, children.
 man, men, tooth, teeth.

Q15. What is meant by plurl noun?

Ans. Noun, that denotes more than one person, thing or place.

Examples:

 Boys, Countries, Cities etc.

 books, girls, houses.
 dogs, cars, trees.

Q16. What is meant by noun the case?

Ans. That describes the function of noun whether it is: (i) Subject (ii) Object (iii) Genitive (iv)
Apposition.

Examples:

 Subject: Ahmad writes a letter.

 Object: Ali writes a letter.
 Genitive: This is Ahmad's book.

Q17. What is nominative case of noun?

Ans. When a noun is used as a subject.

Examples:

 Bishra works hard.

 The teacher teaches well.
 The sun rises in the east.

Q18. What is Accusative case of noun?

Ans. When a noun is used as an object.

Examples:

 Ali writes a letter.

 She reads a book.
 He plays cricket.

Q19. What is Genitive case of noun?

Ans. When a noun shows possession.

Examples:

 This is Ali's pen.

 Pakistan's flag is green.
 My father's car is new.

Q20. What is noun in apposition?

Ans. When one noun follows to another, to describe it, the noun follows is said to be in apposition case.

Examples:

 "London, the capital of England" here the capital of England is in apposition to London.
 Quaid-e-Azam, the founder of Pakistan, was a great leader.
 My friend Ahmad, a doctor, lives in Lahore.

Q21. How many genders are there in England

Ans. There are four genders in English.

Masculine, Feminine, Common gender, Neuter gender (boy, ox) (girl, lioness) (friend, teacher) (pen,
pencil chair)

Examples:

 Masculine: man, king, actor.

 Feminine: woman, queen, actress.
 Common gender: student, friend, parent.

Chapter #5

PRONOUN

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. Define pronoun.

Ans. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

Examples:

 (He, she, it I, we, you, they)

 They are playing cricket.
 She is reading a book.

Q2. Define personal pronoun.

Ans. Personal pronoun is a word used in place of name of a person.

Examples:

 (I, we, you, he ,s he, it, they)

 He is a student.
 We are going to school.

Q3. Define demonstrative pronouns.

Ans. These pronouns are used to point out things and persons already mentioned in the sentence.

Examples:

 This, that, these etc.

 This is my book.
 Those are beautiful flowers.

Q4. Define indefinite pronouns.

Ans. Indefinite pronouns refer to unspecified persons or things.

Examples:

 Some, somebody, something etc.

 Someone is knocking at the door.
 Anything can happen.

Q5. Define an Antecedent.

Ans. A pronoun usually refers to a noun which is called its antecedent.

Examples:

 Ali writes a letter. He is competent student.

 (Ali is an antecedent of He)
 Ahmed is my friend. He is very honest.
 The teacher came late. She was not well.
Q6. Define relative pronoun.

Ans. This pronoun refers to a noun or pronoun and joins two sentences.

Examples:

 Who, who, but etc.

 The boy who came here is my brother.
 This is the book which I bought yesterday.

Q7. Define emphatic pronoun.

Ans. Emphatic pronouns are those which end in self or selves when they are used after nouns or pronouns
for the sake of emphasis.

Examples:

 I myself will do it.

 She herself completed the work.
 They themselves solved the problem.

Q8. Define reflexive pronoun.

Ans. The pronoun which represents the action done by the subject is reflected back, is called reflexive
pronoun.

Examples:

 I hurt myself.
 He blamed himself for the mistake.
 She looked at herself in the mirror.

Q9. Define reciprocal pronouns.

Ans. Compound pronouns like "each other" and "one another", are called reciprocal pronouns.

Examples:

 They help each other.

 The students respect one another.
 We should love each other.
Chapter #6

VERB

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. Define verb?

Ans. A word that shows the activity of subject is called verb.

Examples:

 He runs fast.
 She writes a letter.
 They play cricket.

Q2. Define an object.

Ans. The object is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.

Examples:

 Ali reads a book.

 She writes a letter.
 He plays football.

Q3. Define direct object.

Ans. A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.

Examples:

 I bought a pen.
 She sang a song.
 He kicked the ball.

Q4. Define indirect object.

Ans. Indirect object answers the question to or for whom?

Examples:

 He gave me a book.
 She told him a story.
 I bought her a gift.

Q5. Define transitive verb?

Ans. The verb that needs object to complete the sentence is called transitive verb.
Examples:

 He writes a letter.
 She reads a book.
 They play cricket.

Q6. Define intransitive verb?

Ans. The verb that does not need object to complete the sentence is called intransitive verb.

Examples:

 The baby cries.

 Birds fly.
 He sleeps.

Q7. Define auxiliary or helping verbs.

Ans. Sometimes the principal verb loses the help of another verb to make its meaning clear, such verbs
are called auxiliary or helping verbs.

Examples:

 He is reading.
 She has finished her work.
 They will come tomorrow.

Q8. Define regular verb.

Ans. The verb whose 2nd and 3rd form can be formed by adding "ed" in the end.

Examples:

 play - played - played

 work - worked - worked
 walk - walked - walked

Q9. Define irregular verb.

Ans. The verb, whose 2nd and 3rd form cannot be formed by adding "ed".

Examples:

 go - went - gone
 eat - ate - eaten
 write - wrote - written

Q10. Define finite forms of verbs.

Ans. Finite forms of verbs are those forms of the verbs which can be used alone as main verbs of a
sentence.

Examples:

 He writes poetry.
 She sings beautifully.
 They work hard.

Q11. Define non finite forms of verbs.

Ans. Non finite forms of verbs are those forms of the verbs which can only be used as a main verb with
the help of any helping verb or modal verb.

Examples:

 He is writing a letter.
 She has completed her work.
 They will play tomorrow.

Q12. Define verbals or participles?

Ans. Verbals are forms of the verbs that are used as nouns, adjectives or adverbs in the sentence.

Examples:

 Reading books is useful. (noun)

 The running water is cold. (adjective)
 To learn English is important. (noun)

Q13. How many kinds are there of verbal or participle?

Ans. There are three kinds of verbal: (i) Gerunds (ii) Infinitives (iii) Participles

Examples:

 Gerund: Swimming is good exercise.

 Infinitive: I want to study.
 Participle: The broken chair was repaired.

Q14. Define Gerund.

Ans. Gerund is the "ing" form of a verb, used as a noun.

Examples:

 Reading improves knowledge.

 Swimming is healthy.
 Writing requires practice.
Q15. Define infinitive.

Ans. An infinitive is a non-finite verb form consisting of to + first form of the verb.

Examples:

 I want to go home.
 She loves to dance.
 He decided to study medicine.

Q16. Define Participle.

Ans. A form of verb that can be used both as a verb and adjective.

Examples:

 The singing bird is beautiful. (adjective)

 The broken glass was dangerous. (adjective)
 A barking dog seldom bites. (adjective)

Chapter #7

ADVERB

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. Define adverb.

Ans. An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of verb, an adjective or another adverb
as:

Examples:

 He runs quickly.
 She sings beautifully.
 They work hard.

Q2. What is an adverb of time (when)?

Ans. An adverb of time shows the time of an action.

Examples:

 He came yesterday.
 She will arrive tomorrow.
  They study daily.

Q3. What is an adverb of place (Where)?

Ans. An adverb of place shows the place of an action.

Examples:

 He went there.
 She lives here.
 They play outside.

Q4. What is an adverb of manner (How)?

Ans. An adverb of manner shows the manner of an action.

Examples:

 He speaks politely.
 She dances gracefully.
 They work carefully.

Q5. What is an adverb of affirmation or negation?

Ans. Adverbs of affirmation and negation affirm and negate the action.

Examples:

 He is certainly right. (affirmation)

 She is not coming. (negation)
 They will definitely win. (affirmation)

Q6. What is adverb of reason?

Ans. An adverb of reason is that which shows the reason of an action.

Examples:

 He failed because he didn't study.

 She succeeded therefore she worked hard.
 They won hence they celebrated.

Q7. What is interrogative adverb?

Ans. An interrogative adverb is used,1 ask a question.

Examples:

 When will you come?

  Where do you live?
 How did you do it?

Q8. What are the adverbs of number of frequency?

Ans. Adverbs of frequency show how often and action occurs.

Examples:

 He always comes on time.

 She often reads books.
 They sometimes play cricket.

Chapter #8

ADJECTIVE

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. Define Adjective.

Ans. An adjective is a word, which qualifies a noun or pronoun.

Examples:

 A beautiful flower.
 A tall man.
 An honest boy.

Q2. Define proper adjective.

Ans. Adjectives formed form proper noun are sometimes called proper adjectives.

Examples:

 Pakistani flag.
 American culture.
 Islamic history.

Q3. Define an adjective of quality or descriptive adjective.

Ans. An adjective which describes the quality of a noun, is called an adjective of quality.

Examples:

 A brave soldier.
 A kind teacher.
  A beautiful garden.

Q4. What is numeral adjective?

Ans. An adjective which tells number of noun or pronoun.

Examples:

 Five students.
 Ten books.
 Three chairs.

Q5. What is definite adjective of number?

Ans. An adjective which tells the definite number of noun or pronoun, is called definite adjective of
number.

Examples:

 Two boys.
 Seven days.
 Twenty rupees.

Q6. What is indefinite adjective of number?

Ans. An adjective which does not tell exact number of noun or pronoun, is called indefinite adjective of
number.

Examples:

 Some people.
 Many students.
 Few books.

Q7. What is Demonstrative Adjective?

Ans. Demonstrative adjective is that which points out which person or thing is meant.

Examples:

 This book is mine.

 That boy is my brother.
 These flowers are beautiful.

Q8. Define Comparative Adjective.

Ans. That shows comparison between two.

Examples:
  He is taller than his brother.
 This book is better than that one.
 She is more intelligent than him.

Chapter #9

PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. What is Preposition?

Ans. A word that shows relation between two parts of speech, is called preposition.

Examples:

 The book is on the table.

 He goes to school.
 She lives in Lahore.

Q2. How would you differentiate and adverb from a preposition?

Ans. Some words may be used as either are prepositions of adverbs.

Examples:

 He came in. (adverb)

 He came in the room. (preposition)
 She looked up. (adverb)
 She looked up the mountain. (preposition)

Q3. What is Conjunction?

Ans. A word that joins more than two clauses, words and sentences into one is called conjunction.

Examples:

 Ali and Ahmad are friends.

 She is intelligent but lazy.
 He will come if you call him.

Q4. Define Interjection.

Ans. An interjection is a word that shows sudden feelings or emotions.

Examples:

 Alas! He is dead.
 Hurrah! We won the match.
 Oh! What a beautiful scene.

Chapter #10

ARTICLES

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. What do you understand by Articles?

Ans. Articles are the words, which modify a noun or an adjective.

Examples:

 A book.
 An apple.
 The sun.

Q2. What are indefinite articles?

Ans. Indefinite articles are those which generalize the noun.

Examples:

 A boy.
 An orange.
 A teacher.

Q3. What are indefinite articles?

Ans. Indefinite articles are those which generalize the noun.

Examples:

 A student.
 An honest man.
 A beautiful flower.

Q4. Where "a" is used?

Ans. "a" is used with every singular, common noun.

Examples:

 A car.
 A pen.
 A house.

Q5. What is the use of "an"?

Ans. An is used with every singular common noun, having "Vowel sound".

Examples:

 An apple.
 An honest man.
 An umbrella.

Q6. Which kind of noun is not generally preceded by articles?

Ans. Proper noun, Abstract noun and Material noun are not generally preceded by article.

Examples:

 Ahmad is my friend. (Proper noun)

 Honesty is the best policy. (Abstract noun)
 Gold is a precious metal. (Material noun)

Q7. Can we use articles with uncountable things?

Ans. No, articles cannot be used with uncountable noun, like flour, gold, sugar etc.

Examples:

 Water is essential for life.

 Milk is white.
 Sugar is sweet.
Chapter #11

MOODS

Write the short answers of the following questions.

Q1. What is meant by Mood?

Ans. Mood is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is represented.

Examples:

 He writes a letter. (Indicative)

 Write a letter. (Imperative)
 If I were rich, I would help the poor. (Subjective)

Q2. How many moods are there in English?

Ans. There are three moods in English. (i) Indicative Mood (ii) Imperative Mood (iii) Subjective Mood

Examples:

 Indicative: She reads books.

 Imperative: Read this book.
 Subjective: If he were here, he would help.

Q3. What is the indicative Mood?

Ans. Indicative mood is used to state facts or ask questions.

Examples:

 He goes to school.
 She is a teacher.
 They play cricket