Grammar Reference Be + Adjective + Noun

Singular
UNIT 1 Subject 8. be
Are / Is they from Australia?
Article Adjective Noun
It is an easy job.
B
Lesson A Fill in the blanks with a pronoun and the correct form
She ’s an interesting person.
of the verb be.
Affirmative Statements with Be I ’m not a rich person.
Subject Pronoun + Be Be Contractions*
I am I’m
You are You’re
We are We’re
They are Thai. They’re Thai.
He is He’s
She is She’s
It is It’s
*We use contractions for everyday speaking and writing.

Negative Statements with Be

Subject Pronoun + be + not be + not Contractions
I am Mexican. I’m not
You are You aren’t
We are teachers. We aren’t
They are not They aren’t Mexican.
He is He isn’t
She is a teacher. She isn’t
It is It isn’t

Yes / No Questions with Be

Be Pronoun Short Answers*
Yes, I am.
Are you / we / they
No, I’m not.
Chinese? Yes, they are.
Is he / she / it
No, he isn’t.
*Say: Yes, I am; Yes, he is. (don’t say Yes, I’m; Yes, he’s.)

A Underline the correct form of be.

1. I am / is a doctor.
2. She ’s / ’re a photographer.
3. Julia and Luis am / are from Brazil.
4. We isn’t / aren’t from Canada. We’re from the US.
5. He am not / is not a travel agent.
6. Are you Japanese? Yes, I am / are.
7. Is she a dancer? No, she aren’t / isn’t.

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd 1
3. A: a teacher? B: No, she isn’t. How old are your friends?
4. A: Where from? B:
They’re from China. C Write the correct question word and form of be.
1. A: What’s your name? B: My name’s Piotr.
5. an engineer. He’s a doctor.
6. A: Where from? B: 2. A: he from? B: Indonesia.
She’s from France. 3. A: your friend? B: She’s 17.
7. A: Is Lima a city in Chile? No, . 4. A: she? B: She’s my sister.
B: It’s in Peru. 5. A: your job like?
8. A: students? B: Yes, they are. B: It’s interesting.
6. A: Gabriela’s nationality?
Lesson B B: She’s Costa Rican.
7. A: your names?
Wh- Questions with Be
B: I’m Diego and this is Rita.
What is / (’s) your name?
Where your school?
Lesson C
Who your teacher?

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd 2
Be + Adjective
Subject be Adjective
My job is easy.
She ’s interesting.
I ’m not rich.
They are happy.
1. I’m not from Japan. I’m from Thailand.
2. A: from Indonesia? B: Yes, I am.
T-170 Grammar Reference

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd 3
 Plural Yes / No Questions Short Answers
Subject be Adjective Noun Do you live in this city? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
They are easy jobs. Does Alison catch the bus Yes, she does. / No, she
We aren’t rich people. at 5:30? doesn’t.
Do we / they go to the Yes, they do. / No, they
movies on weekends? don’t.
D Underline the correct words to complete
the sentence. Wh- Questions
1. My job is boring / a boring. Where do you live? In Bogotá.
When do you catch the bus? At 8:00.
2. English is difficult / a difficult language. What time does he finish At 5:00.
3. This photograph is beautiful / a beautiful. work?
4. Ricardo is happy / a happy!
Spelling rules with he / she / it + -s:
5. Teaching isn’t easy / an easy job.
 Most verbs: live  lives, start  starts, work  works
6. My friend isn’t rich / a rich.  Verbs ending with -s, -sh, -ch, -o: finish  finishes,
7. I’m a police officer. Sometimes, it’s dangerous / watch  watches, go  goes
a dangerous job.  Verbs ending with consonant + y: study  studies,
8. It’s a job with good / a good salary. fly  flies
 Irregular verbs: be  is, have  has
E Complete the second sentence so it has the
A Underline the correct form of the verb.
same meaning as the first.
1. He live / lives in Brasilia.
1. Javier is unhappy.
2. She work / works at a college.
Javier is an unhappy man.
3. I get up / gets up at seven o’clock.
2. Peru is beautiful.
4. Rafael and Magaly go / goes to the movies every
Peru country.
Thursday night.
3. I’m a doctor. It’s interesting.
5. We catch / catches the bus to school.
I’m a doctor. It job.
6. The store open / opens at nine o’clock.
4. This house is big.
7. I don’t drink / doesn’t drink tea or coffee.
This house.
8. Chen don’t play / doesn’t play the piano.
5. The film is boring.
It film. B Match the questions to the answers.
6. Frida and Bill are unhappy. 1. What do you do? c
Frida and Bill people. 2. Do you live in Tokyo?
3. Where do you study English?
UNIT 2 4. Does Eric work here?
5. What time does Helen catch the bus?
Lesson A
6. Do they watch TV?
a. Yes, he does. d. At a language school.
Simple Present
b. No, they don’t. e. No, I don’t. I live in Kyoto.
We use the simple present to talk about:
 habits and routines: I start work at nine o’clock. c. I work in a bank. f. At twelve o’clock.
 things that are always true: He lives in Singapore.
Statements Negative C Write the he / she / it form of these verbs.
1. watch watches I / You live in Beijing. I / You don’t eat breakfast. 2. do 3. drive
Alison catches the bus at Alison doesn’t catch the
4. take 5. teach 6. play
five thirty. bus at six thirty.
We / They go to the movies We / They don’t go to the 7. marry 8. make 9. go
every Saturday. movies every Friday. 10. dance

Grammar Reference T-171

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd 4
 Lesson C E Check (✓) the sentences with the correct word
Adverb of Frequency + Verb order. Rewrite the other sentences.
We use adverbs of frequency to say how often we do 1. We always celebrate Thanksgiving in November. ✓
something: 2. I go never to the park. ✗ I never go to the park.
100% 3. They don’t start often work at nine.
I always get up at seven o’clock. 4. He sometimes finishes early.
5. Kim and Mai often speak English together.
He usually takes the bus to work. 6. I watch TV always in the evening.
7. Sue doesn’t often catch the bus to work.
You often go to the movies on weekends. 8. My brother remembers never my birthday.

She sometimes eats out in the evening.

UNIT 3
We don’t often / don’t usually have
parties. Lesson A

Possession
They never finish work at five.
’s Adjective* Pronoun belong to
0%
my mine me.
Word Order your yours you.
Subject Adverb of Verb It’s Tim’s his his him.
Frequency passport.
We always give presents at It’s my her hers her.
It belongs to
Christmas. sister’s
They belong to
We never dance in the streets at bag.
Christmas. our ours us.
Subject Be Adverb of It’s my their theirs them.
Frequency parents’
Christmas is always in December. bag.
*A possessive adjective has one form for singular and
Carnival is usually in March.
plural: his ticket, his tickets
Most adverbs of frequency come before the verb,
unless the verb is be.
A Underline the correct word.
D Look at the table and write sentences with the
1. It’s my / mine / me passport.
adverbs of frequency.
2. These keys are you / your / yours.
Movies Park 3. This car belongs to my / me / mine.
Sam sometimes never
4. Is this he / his / him ticket?
Jane always often
5. These bags are their / theirs / them.
Carlo and Donna not often sometimes
6. Does this camera belong to she / her / hers?
1. Sam / movies Sam sometimes goes to the movies. 7. These books are our / ours / us.
2. Carlo and Donna / the park 8. This watch belongs to me / my / mine.
9. They belong to us / our / ours.
3. Jane / movies 10. Is this you / your / yours luggage?
4. Carlo and Donna / movies
B Write the missing words in these conversations.
5. Jane / park 1. A: Whose passport is this?
6. Sam / park , but look at the photo.
B: I think it’s Joe
A: No, it isn’t because it’s a woman’s face.

T-172 Grammar Reference

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 2. A: I like your bag.
E Match the questions to the answers.
B: It’s my sister bag. A:
Does the camera belong to B: 1. Should I go to the gym?
, too?
2. Should we go now?
No, it belongs to me. It’s . 3. I’m sick. What should I do?
3. A: Excuse me, I think you’re in seat. a. No, the movie starts later.
B: Are you sure? I think it’s . b. You should see a doctor.
A: I’m in seat 30 C. c. Yes, you should. Exercise is good for you.
B: This is seat 29 C. is behind me.
UNIT 4
Lesson C
Lesson A
Should for Advice
Count and Non-Count Nouns
You should buy this coat.
shouldn’t There are two types of nouns:
Use should for strong advice.  Count nouns (you can count them): 1 apple,
Should is a modal verb: 2 apples, 3 apples …
Do not use third person -s: You should buy it. / You  Non-count nouns (you cannot count them): bread,
shoulds buy it. juice, cheese …
Do not use do in negatives: You shouldn’t buy it. / You
don’t should buy it. Singular Plural
Count nouns This is a These are
Yes / No Questions and Short Answers banana. bananas.
Should I take a taxi? Yes, you should. Non-count nouns This is These are
No, you shouldn’t. water. waters.
For regular count nouns, add -s or -es to form the plural.
Wh- Questions Non-count nouns do not have a plural form.
What should I do? a / an, some, and any
Count nouns Non-count
C Write should or shouldn’t.
Singular Plural nouns
1. You take sunblock to the beach.
Statement It’s a There are some There is
2. You eat healthy food. lemon. eggs in the some cheese
3. You smoke cigarettes. fridge. in the fridge.
4. A: I’m tired. Negative I don’t have There aren’t any I don’t have
an egg. eggs in the fridge. any milk.
B: You get more sleep.
Question Do you Are there any Do you have
5. A: Should I take a taxi?
have an apples? any orange
B: No, you . It’s expensive. orange? juice?

D Give advice. Use should / shouldn’t buy and it or a / an

them. Use a / an with singular count nouns: a lemon, an egg.
1. This coat is beautiful. You should buy it. Use a before a noun with a consonant sound: a potato,
a banana.
2. This camera is very expensive. Use an before a noun with a vowel sound: an orange,
3. These shoes are nice. an apple.
4. These shirts are ugly! some
5. This phone is fantastic! Use some in affirmative statements with plural count nouns
6. This laptop is slow. and non-count nouns:
I have some eggs. / You have some cheese.
You can also use some for questions with could: Could I
have some milk?

Grammar Reference T-173

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 any
Non- How much We have We have We don’t
Use any with count nouns and non-count nouns in:
count bread do lots of / a little have
 Negative statements: There aren’t any bananas. / Nouns we have? a lot of bread. much
I don’t have any butter. bread. bread.
 Questions: Are there any bananas? Do you have With count nouns, ask about quantities with How many...
any ? With non-count nouns, ask about quantities with How
butter? much... ?
Use a lot of / lots of to talk about large quantities with
A Cross out one incorrect word in each group of count and non-count nouns. A lot of is slightly more
count nouns or non-count nouns. common in American English. Lots of is more common
in British English.
1. apple / orange / banana / milk
Use a few and not many to talk about small quantities
2. juice / bread / eggs / water with count nouns.
3. tea / tomato / lemon / sausage Use a little and not much to talk about small quantities
with non-count nouns.
4. banana / butter / onion / hamburger
5. salad / orange / water / coffee For short answers, say: a few, a little, not many, not
much. How many do you need? A few.
B Match the two halves of the sentences. How much do we have? A little.
1. I have an
With short answers, you can also say A lot (not Lots of)
2. There’s a with count or non-count noun questions:
3. There aren’t any How many do you need? A lot.
4. We don’t have How much do we have? A lot.
5. Do you have
D Complete the sentences using a little or a few.
6. Are there any
a. any rice? d. apple in my bag. 1. There is only tuna salad in the
b. potatoes at the store. e. any olive oil. fridge.
c. eggs in the fridge? f. steak in the fridge. 2. We only need apples.
3. Please bring bananas.
C Complete the sentences with a / an, some, or T-174 Grammar Reference
any.
1. Do we have tomatoes?
2. Pass me apples, please.
3. We need onion.
4. I think there is cheese on the table.
5. There aren’t eggs.
6. Could I have water, please?
7. There isn’t juice in the bottle.
8. Do you have banana?
9. Would you like salt?

Lesson C

How much and How many with Quantifiers

Information Questions Quantifiers
++++ + –
Count How many I need I need I don’t
Nouns oranges do lots of / a few need
you need? a lot of oranges. many
oranges. oranges.

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
4. I only take sugar in my coffee.
5. There are just sausages left.
6. A: How many onions
do you have?
7. B:______________
__
8. A: How much soup is there?
.

Write the opposite sentence using E

the word in parentheses.
1. There are a lot of potatoes on the table. (many)
There aren’t many potatoes on the table.
2. There are a lot of potatoes on the table. (few)

3. I have a little water in my bottle.(lots)

4. There’s a lot of cheese in this package. (little)

5. We need a lot of broccoli for dinner.(much)

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 Write in the missing words.
F Spelling rules:
1. A: How do you want?
Add -ing to most verbs: play  playing, do  doing
B: Just a little.
With verbs ending with a consonant + e, drop the e before
2. A: How many lemons do we need?
adding -ing: have  having, come  coming
B: It’s a big party, so we need of
them. Double the final consonant for verbs that end in
consonant-vowel-consonant (not including verbs ending in
3. A: How cookies are there? -w, -x, or -y): sit  sitting
B: Not many. Just a at the bottom
of the box. A Write complete sentences using the present
4. A: How much juice do I need to buy? continuous.
B: Only a . 1. They / play / baseball / now. They’re playing baseball now.
2. I / not / study / today.
3. It / rain / outside.
UNIT 5
4. We / not / do / any exercise.
Lesson A
5. Sarah / climb / and / hike / in the mountains.
Present Continuous

Form the present continuous with to be + verb + -ing. We 6. My family / go / on vacation / this morning.
use the present continuous to talk about things that are
happening now (or around the time of speaking). 7. Barcelona / play / against Real Madrid today.

Affirmative and Negative Statements

8. I / do / yoga.
I am (’m)
am not (’m not) B Match the questions to the answers.
He / She / It is (’s)
playing soccer (now). 1. Are you working today?
is not (isn’t)
2. Is he driving to your house?
You / We / are (’re)
They are not (aren’t) 3. What are Peter and Sue doing?
4. Where are you walking?
Yes / No Questions
5. Are we meeting in this room?
Am I
6. What are you watching?
Are you / we / they playing soccer?
a. No, he isn’t. He’s taking the bus.
Is he / she / it
b. In Yosemite park. It’s beautiful!
Short Answers c. I think they’re studying today.
Affirmative d. Yes, we are. Let’s go in.
I am. e. Basketball.
Yes, he / she / it is. f. No, I’m not. I have a day off.
you / we / they are.
Simple Present and Present Continuous
Negative
Use the simple present to talk about:
I ’m not.
No, he / she / it isn’t.  Habits and routines: I play soccer once a week.
 Things that are true all the time: In soccer, each team
you / we / they aren’t.
has 11 players.
Wh- Questions Use the present continuous to talk about:
What am I doing?  Things that are happening now or at the moment of
Where is he / she / it going? speaking: I’m studying English (at the moment).
How long are you / we / they staying?
 Things that are happening around the time of
speaking or temporary situations: I’m working for a
company in London.

Grammar Reference T-175

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 Write the verbs in parentheses in the simple
C present or the present continuous. UNIT 6
Helen: Hi, Chen. It’s Helen. I (1) Lesson A
(call) from the gym.
Chen: What sports (2) (you / do) Simple Past
there? I / You / He / She / It / We / worked in Singapore in
Helen: I (3) (not / do) anything at They lived 2018.
the moment. I (4) (eat) Use the simple past to talk about finished actions and
lunch in the cafe! Meet me here! events.
Add -ed to regular verbs to form the simple past.
Chen: Sorry, but Jill and I (5) (play)
Regular verbs include:
tennis. We’re at the park now.
arrive – arrived pack – packed
Helen: But you usually (6) (play)
tennis on Tuesdays. ask – asked play – played

Chen: I know, but Jill (7) (have) a change – changed relax – relaxed
new job and she (8) (work) help – helped return – returned
on Tuesdays. learn – learned stay – stayed

Lesson C like – liked love – travel – traveled

loved visit – visited
Stative Verbs need – needed want – wanted
like Why do you like know You know I can’t
outdoor sports? swim. Spelling rules:

hate I hate indoor want I don’t want to go Add -ed to most verbs. There are some exceptions:
sports. bungee jumping.
 Two syllable verbs ending with -y: study – studied
think I think indoor need You need a lot of (not studyed)
sports are boring. equipment.  Verbs ending with -e: like – liked, live – lived
prefer Do you prefer cost The equipment  Double the last consonant with verbs ending in a
outdoor sports? costs a lot of money. vowel + a consonant: stop – stopped
Stative verbs refer to states, thoughts, and feelings. We Some verbs are irregular (such as go and fly). Do not
don’t often use them with the present continuous: add -ed.
I love tennis. I’m loving tennis.
I / You / He / She / It / went
to Singapore in 2018.
I don’t understand the answer to this question. We / They flew
I’m not understanding the answer to this question.
Other irregular verbs include:
I hate outdoor sports. I am hating outdoor sports. buy – bought pay – paid
drink – drank say – said
D Underline the correct verb in these sentences.
eat – ate see – saw
1. Skiing costs / is costing a lot of money.
2. The children need / are needing new soccer shirts. find – found spend – spent

3. Roger and Christine play / are playing in the yard have – had take – took
right now. know – knew tell – told
4. I don’t like team games. I prefer / am preferring leave – left think – thought
individual sports.
5. Ashira doesn’t like / is not liking to go swimming. T-176 Grammar Reference
6. We go / are going hiking. Can I call you back?
7. I like rock climbing, but my friend hates / is hating
it.
8. Frederick can’t come. He does / is doing his
homework.

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
Negative
live in Singapore.
I didn’t
go to Hanoi.

Yes / No Questions Answers

I / you / he / she / live there? Yes, we did.
Did
it / we / they go No, we didn’t.

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
Information Questions Yes Short Answers
Where To Cancun. / No Questions
on vacation Was tired
I / he / she / it Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
How long did you go For 2 weeks.
last year? last Yes, we were. / No, they
When In the summer. Were you / we / they night? weren’t.

A Complete the travel diary. Write the simple past of Information Questions Answers
the words in parentheses. How was your weekend? It was great!
Why were you late? I was busy at work.
Day 1 Arrived (arrive) in Dar es Salaam.
(check) into hotel.
(unpack) suitcases. Went swimming. C Underline was or were to complete the sentences.

Day 2 (take) boat to the island 1. We didn’t enjoy the vacation. The weather
of Zanzibar. was / were very bad.
Days 3–5 (sunbathe) on the beach. 2. How was / were the food?
(go) diving. 3. Was / Were you tired when you got home?
Day 6 (fly) to Arusha. Saw 4. We was / were really interested in the ruins. They
Kilimanjaro. It’s BIG! was / were amazing.
Days 7–10 (take) a safari tour. 5. Was / Were the hotels clean?
(see) hundreds of wild 6. Why was / were your flight late?
animals. Took lots of photos.
Day 11 _____ (return) to Arusha. _______ (buy) D Write the correct form of be.
souvenirs. Took plane to Dar es Salaam A: How (1) your vacation?
and then flew home. Great trip! B: It (2) OK, but we had some
problems.
B 29 Complete the questions for these answers.
Then listen and check your answers. A: Why? What happened?
1. A: When did you go to Beijing? B: We went with a tour, but our tour guide
B: We went to Beijing in 2015. (3) very good. He didn’t know
anything about history. Also, the seats on the bus
2. A: How long at the hotel? (4) very comfortable. Next time I
B: I stayed at the hotel for 2 weeks. want to go by
train!
3 A: your friends? A: What (5) your favorite city?
B: No, I didn’t visit my friends. I visited my family. B: Venice (6) beautiful, but there
4. A: to? (7) thousands of other tourists.
B: We flew to Hanoi. A: (8) the hotels comfortable?
5. A: good time? B: Yes, they (9) . I liked all the hotels!
B: Yes, I did. I had a really good time.

Lesson C UNIT 7

Simple Past of to be Lesson A

Affirmative
Verbs with Direct and Indirect Objects
I / He / She / It was
tired last night. Indirect
You / We / They were Subject Verb Object Direct Object
Use was / were to talk about the past: Rose sent Jim an email.
I am / He is  / was / He was
They are  They were They bought me a smartphone.
I am writing Helen a text message.
Negative Find me his number, please.
My boss didn’t email her the report.
I / He / She / It wasn’t Give me a call.
tired last night.
You / We / They weren’t

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 Grammar Reference T-177

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 Write the missing words in this conversation. 4. Those look , but some are darker
A
didn’t sendemailmemoneysentyou than others.
5. They look .
Ken: Hey, Chris. I (1) you an 6. That smells . I don’t like it.
(2) yesterday and you
7. Pretzels taste .
didn’t answer.
8. After all the rain today, I feel !
Chris: Email? What email? You didn’t send
(3) an email. 1 2
Ken: Well, I also sent (4) a text
message.
Chris: Text message? What text message? You
(5) me a text message,
either. Really!
Ken: I’m sure I did! Anyway, where’s the
(6) you owe me?
3 4
Chris: Money? What money?

B Match the two halves of the sentences.

1. I emailed a. text me the plans.
2. They didn’t b. me your phone number.
3. Please send
c. the address.
4. I’m sending her 5 6
d. you my number.
e. her a present.
5. Her friend didn’t buy

Lesson C
Sensory Verbs
Subject Verb 7 Adjective 8
The food smells delicious.
It feels soft.
You look cold.
It tastes salty.
He sounds tired.

Sensory verbs are stative verbs (see page 176).

They are not usually used in the present continuous: D Complete the sentences with sensory verbs.
The food smells delicious. The food is smelling delicious. 1. I don’t well today. I need a
They are usually followed by an adjective: doctor.
The food smells delicious. / It feels soft. 2. How does that singer so young?
He’s 75 years old!
C Complete the sentences about the photos with 3. Add some chili, so it hotter.
the words in the box. 4. Your new aftershave wonderful.
awful dirty green loud salty soft sweetwet 5. Thanks for the massage. My back
great now.
1. Those taste sweet . Try one! 6. A: Does it OK?
2. That sounds too . Turn it down! B: Delicious, thanks. Did you cook it?
3. This feels .

T-178 Grammar Reference

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 UNIT 8 B
Complete the conversation with be going to and the
Lesson A verbs in parentheses.
A: Hey! I just won $100!
Future: be going to B: Wow! What (1)
Statements (you / do) with it?
am A: Well, first, I (2)
I
’m (buy) my mother some flowers.
He B: Great. She (3)
is buy a new car.
She
’s going to get a job. (love) those.
It
clean the house. A: And then, I (4)
You
are (give) my sister $10.
We
’re
They B: And the rest?
Use be going to to talk about plans for the future. A: I (5) (put) it in
the bank.
Negatives
B: (6) (you / buy)
am not anything for yourself?
I
’m not
A: Maybe. But not now.
He
is not get married.
She
isn’t going to do the laundry. Lesson C
It
take a vacation.
You Will
are not
We
aren’t Statements and Negatives
They
I / You / He / She / will (’ll) an astronaut
be
It / We / They will not (won’t) some day.
Yes / No Questions Short Answers
Use will + verb to make predictions about the future.
Yes, I am. /
Are
you No, I’m not. Yes / No Questions Short Answers
going to take a vacation?
he Yes, he is. /
Is I / you / he / she / Yes, I will. / No,
No, he isn’t. Will be famous?
it / we / they I won’t.
Wh- Questions Answers
When are you going to do the laundry? Tomorrow. C Complete the sentences with will or won’t and a
Where are you going to get a job? At this store. verb from the box.
We often use be going to with these time expressions:
tomorrow, next Sunday / week / year. be become drive get have

Match the questions and the

answers. 1. They work hard, so I think they ’ll be
A
1. Where are you going to rich one day.
have lunch today? a. Yes, I am. He loves 2. Everyone electric cars
2. Are you going to invite dancing. by 2050.
Ajay to the party? b. Maybe. You should 3. Humans any oil in the future.
3. What are you going take an umbrella.
4. I a prize if I
to do on Saturday? c. At Luigi’s win the game?
4. When is Nicola going d. We’re going to go 5. You a scientist, but I think you’ll
to arrive? ice skating. be a science teacher.
5. Is it going to rain e. Her plane arrives at
tonight? five o’clock. Will and be going to

We can use will and be going to to talk about future

predictions. While going to was traditionally used to talk
about plans and will was traditionally used to talk about
predictions, there is little or no difference in meaning.

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 Grammar Reference T-179

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 Rewrite the questions using be going to or will.
D UNIT 9
be going to will
Lesson A
1. Is it going to rain Comparatives
tomorrow?
2. Will it be sunny this Change an adjective into the comparative form to compare
afternoon? two things:
3. Are we going to have a Your car is faster than mine.
hot summer this year?
These socks are smaller than those ones.
4. What will the weather be
like this weekend? This book is more interesting than my last one.
5. Is it going to be cloudy My phone is better than yours.
tomorrow?
The comparative form is often followed by than. You can
6. Will we finish the book
also add much to make the comparison stronger:
before the end of
the year? These socks are much smaller than those ones.
7. Are temperatures My phone is much better than yours.
going to rise in the next
100 years? Regular Adjectives
8. Will you get good Adjective Comparative
grades? cheap cheaper
fast faster
Will + Adverb of Certainty beautiful more beautiful
fashionable more fashionable
We often use the adverbs certainly, definitely, probably,
and possibly with will for predictions. These adverbs say if Spelling rules:
the speaker is more or less certain of something.
• Add -er to short adjectives to form the comparative:
100% young
I’ll definitely / certainly be happy. I’ll probably live to be–100.
younger
I’ll possibly be famous. • When the adjective ends in -e, add -r: large – larger
50% I probably won’t go out tomorrow night. I definitely won’t speak perfect English.
• Change adjectives ending in -y (after a consonant)
to -i: happy – happier
0%
• Double the final consonant on some adjectives ending
with a vowel and a consonant: hot – hotter,
big – bigger
Note the word order: • Add more or less before adjectives with two or more
(1) will + adverb syllables: interesting – more / less interesting
Robots will definitely / certainly do housework in the Irregular Adjectives
future. Cars will probably fly in the future. Adjective Comparative
(2) adverb + won’t good better
bad worse
Humans probably won’t watch TV in 2050.
I definitely won’t travel into space. A Complete the conversation with the comparative
form of the adjectives in parentheses.
E Putcether adverb
t a i nin ly
the correct position.
1. We w il l tr a v el to Mars by 2030. (certainly) A: I like your new car. Was it expensive?
B: No, it was (1) (cheap) than my
2. d^efinite nd
century. old car. But it’s much (2) (fast)!
ly
Humans won’t drive cars in the 22
^
(definitel possibly A: Can I sit in it?
y)
3. My brother will become a famous singer. (possibly) B: Sure!
probably ^
4. I won’t pass the test. (probably)
^

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 T-180 Grammar Reference

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 A: Oh, it’s (3) (comfortable)
than your other car, too. It also C Complete the sentences with the superlative form
of the adjectives in parentheses.
feels (4) (big) inside. 1. Mount Everest is the highest (high)
B: Yes, I think it is. The design is much mountain in the world.
(5) (good).
2. Mexican food is hotter than Chinese food, but
B Make comparative sentences. Indian food is . (hot)
1. This motorcycle / fast / than / your car. 3. Which one is (cheap)?
This motorcycle is faster than your car. 4. I like a lot of European cities, but Paris is
(beautiful).
2. My brother / tall / you.
5. Elephants are heavy, but blue whales
3. The Amazon River / long / the Ganges River. are (heavy) animals in the world.
6. I think I’m (bad) math student
4. Your apartment / much / big / mine.
in my class.
7. Cotton is cheaper than silk, but polyester is
(cheap) material.
Lesson C 8. I like those two sweaters, but this one is
Superlatives (warm).
Change an adjective into the superlative form to compare
D
three or more things. Use the before the superlative form: Add the missing adjectives, comparatives, or superlatives to the
Your car is the fastest. table.
These socks are the smallest. Adjective Comparative Superlative
This book is the most interesting. slow slower slowest
My phone is the best. short 1. shortest
2. bigger 3.
4. 5. heaviest
dangerous 6. 7.
8. better 9.
bad 10. 11.

Write the missing letters to complete the words.

Some are comparatives and some are superlatives.
Spelling rules:
1. My sister is old than me.
• Add -est to short adjectives to form the comparative:
young – youngest 2. I’m the old student in my class.
• When the adjective ends in -e, add -st: large – largest 3. New York is big than San Francisco.
• Change adjectives ending in -y (after a consonant) 4. I think my grandfather is the happ
to -i: happy – happiest person in the world!
• Double the final consonant on adjectives ending with a 5. This movie is funn than the other one.
vowel and a consonant: hot – hottest, 6. That cafe serves the wors food in the
big – biggest world! It’s horrible.
• Add most or least before adjectives with two or more
syllables: beautiful – the most / least beautiful
UNIT 10
Irregular Adjectives
Adjective Superlative Lesson A
good best Modals (could, should, must); have to
bad worst
You can use the modal verbs could, should, must, and the
verb have to to give advice.

Grammar Reference T-181

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 • Make suggestions and give gentle advice with could:
5. I don’t eat any fruit or vegetables.
You could turn the TV off and go outside.
You
•
Give strong advice with should or shouldn’t: You should . (strong advice)
run a marathon. / You shouldn’t drive so fast. 6. I want a better car.
•
Sometimes we also use ought to for giving strong You
advice: You ought to run a marathon. / You ought not . (very strong advice)
to run a marathon. The negative is ought not to. It is
very uncommon in American English. Lesson C
•
Express obligation and give very strong advice with Questions with How
must or have to: You must drink more water! You
have to drink more water! You can ask questions with How for different reasons.
Could, should, ought to, and must are modal verbs. With
How much / How many
modal verbs:
•
Don’t use a third person -s: You should go. You • Use how much to ask about the quantity of non-
shoulds go. count nouns: How much water is there? How
• much do you weigh?
Don’t use the auxiliary do: I couldn’t go. I don’t could
go. • Use how many to ask about the quantity of count
• nouns: How many people live in this house?
Don’t use to before the next verb (except with ought to):
How many apples do you want?
You should get exercise. You should to get exercise.
Have to is not a modal verb, but it has a similar meaning to How + Adjective
must when we give advice:
• Use how old to ask about age: How old are you?
You have to stop smoking. = You must stop smoking. How old is this car?
• Use how long to ask about length or a period of
A Check (✓) the correct sentences. Rewrite the
time: How long is the movie? How long are you
incorrect sentences (✗).
staying at the hotel?
1. You should go on a diet. ✓
• Use how tall to ask about human height or how
2. She musts go to bed early. ✗ She must go to bed
high for the height of objects: How tall are you?
early.
How high is Mount Everest?
3. You don’t should take the day off.
• Use how big to ask about size: How big is your
4. Bill should go by bus. house?
5. You could to get a new job. • Use how far to ask about distance: How far is it
6. Sally must stop sunbathing. from Shanghai to Bangkok?
7. My father should to stop eating junk food.
How often
8. Alicia has to work harder.
Use how often to ask about frequency: How often do you
B Read each comment and complete the advice go to the movies? How often is there a train to Kyoto?
with a verb and your own words.
1. I work very long hours. How

You could say “no” to your boss more often. (gentle Ask about the way you do something with How:
advice) A: How do you get downtown?
2. I always go to bed late. B: Go straight down this street.
You A: How does this photocopier work?
. (strong advice)
B: Press the green button.
3. I never get 100% on tests at school.
Ask everyday questions with How:
You
. (very strong advice) A: How are you?
B: Fine thanks.
4. I want to have fun this weekend.
A: How about a coffee?
You
. (gentle B: No, thanks. I already had one.
advice)

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 T-182 Grammar Reference E

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 A: How was your weekend?
Form the present perfect with has / have + past participle. We can use th
B: Great, thanks.

C Write the missing word to complete the questions.

1. A: How is that building? Past Participles
B: It’s about one hundred years old. Regular verbs end in -ed:
walk – walked, clean – cleaned, pass – passed, graduate – graduated, vi
2. A: How do you play tennis?
B: About twice a week. Irregular verbs have irregular past participles: cut – cut, buy – bought, hav
3. A: How sugar do you want?
B: A pound, please.
4. A: How are you?
B: About six feet tall. A Write the irregular past participles from the box
5. A: How is it from Hanoi to Ho Chi next to the correct verb.
Minh City?
readspokendrunkboughtswepttold wonsaidmadeeatenmetdone
B: About 1,100 miles.
6. A: How students are in your class?
B: Twenty. 1. buy 7. read
D Reorder the words and add How to make 2. do 8. say
questions. 3. drink 9. speak
How was your vacation? 4. eat 10. sweep
1. was vacation your?
5. make 11. tell
2. go often they do cycling? 6. meet 12. win
3. your is big office?

4. is in the fridge much milk? B Complete the conversation with the present
5. this turn on does? perfect.
6. the city center is far? 1. A: What (1) (you, do) today?
7. oranges do want many you? B: Nothing very exciting. I (2) _ (clean) the
8. you travel do to London? house, and I (3)
(cook) dinner. (4) (you, have)
an interesting day?
UNIT 11 A: No, not really. (5) (I, be) sick.
Lesson A I (6) (not do) anything.
2. A: Today, I (1) (pay the bills)
Present Perfect and I (2) (buy the groceries).
(3) (you, have) an interesting
I have finished my homework. /
Statement
He has finished his homework.
day?
I haven’t finished. / B: Well, I (4) (visit) a friend. And
Negative I (5) (buy) some clothes for
She hasn’t finished.
Have you finished your my new job.
homework? / Has he finished?
Yes / No Questions Lesson C
Have you left work? / Has she left
work? Present Perfect vs Simple Past
Yes, I have. / Yes, he has.
Short Answers Use the present perfect to talk about an action in the past
No, I haven’t. / No, she hasn’t.
when you don’t know (or say) when the action happened:
What have you done today? Claudio has been to many countries.
Wh- Questions Where has she been?
How long have they known? Use the simple past to talk about an action in the past
when you know (and say) when the action happened:
Claudio went to Thailand yesterday.

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 Grammar Reference T-183

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
 Past Simple past Now Future We use the zero conditional to:

➔
• talk about facts: If you throw a ball up, it comes
down.
• talk about things that are usually true: If there are
Present perfect clouds, it often rains.
• give instructions: If you press this button, your
laptop starts.
Present Perfect Have you ever Questions • give advice: If you don’t understand a word, ask
your teacher.
We often ask Have you ever questions to ask about life With the zero conditional, you can start with the if clause
experiences: or the main clause.
Have you ever been to Thailand? If you have a loan, you pay interest. = You pay interest if
you have a loan.
For negative answers, use never:
No, I’ve never been to Thailand. Punctuation
With the simple past, we often use these time If you start with the if clause, put a comma after it: If you
expressions: need help, ask your teacher.
yesterday, last week / month / year, in 2010: If you start with the main clause, don’t use a comma:
They went to Thailand last year. Ask your teacher if you need help.
Did he go to Thailand last year?
A Complete the rules with the words in the box.
C Complete the sentences with the correct form of
ask a friend finish it on time if you have a question if you work with a partner l
the verb in parentheses. leave the classroom listen!
1. Last summer, we (go) to the
Maldives.
2. I (live) in the same house all
my life. 1. If your teacher speaks,
3. John (never travel) abroad. 2. If you have homework,
4. Spain (win) the World Cup 3. If you don’t know the answer to a question,
in 2010.
4. Try to use English
5. Brazil (win) the World Cup
5. If you make a mistake,
five times.
6. Raise your hand
D Complete the conversations with the correct form 7. If the bell rings,
of the verbs in parentheses.
1. A: (you / pass) your driving
test? B Write sentences with the zero conditional.
B: Yes. I (take) it in January, 1. traffic light / red / not drive
and I (pass) the first time. If the traffic light is red, do not drive.
2. A: (you / be) to Europe? 2. you heat ice / melts
B: Yes, I have. I (go) to
Germany last year.
3. you press this switch / light turns on

UNIT 12 4. you add five and five / get ten

Lesson A 5. you feel sick / take some medicine

Real Conditionals: The Zero Conditional

Main Clause (Simple
If Clause (Simple Present)
Present or Imperative)
If you have a loan, you pay interest.
If you borrow money, remember to pay it back.

T-184 Grammar Reference

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd
Lesson C 5. If it (stop) raining, we’ll go for a
walk.
Real Conditionals: The First Conditional 6. The police will stop her if she
If Clause (Simple Present) Main Clause (Will for Future) (drive) faster than the speed limit.
If you leave a message, I will call you. 7. If you (not give) me any chocolate,
If you don’t study, you won’t pass the test.
I’ll tell Mom and Dad!
We use the first conditional to talk about a possible 8. If I’m tired tonight, I (not go) out
future action. Use the simple present in the if clause and with my friends.
will / won’t to talk about the future action or result in the
main clause. D Read the sentences with the zero conditional and
With the first conditional, you can start with the if clause the first conditional. Underline the correct verb
or the main clause. If you start with the if clause, use a form.
comma between the clauses:
If you go now, you’ll catch your train. = You’ll catch your 1. If you need some money, go / will go to the ATM.
train if you go now. 2. Put on your coat if it rains / will rain.
3. If our friends come tonight, we have / ’ll have a party.
C Complete the first conditional sentences with the
correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 4. If you don’t pay me, I didn’t do / won’t do the work.
1. If you meet the bank manager, she ’ll ask 5. If you press / will press this button, the washing
machine turns off.
(ask) you some questions. 6. We meet / ’ll meet you at the airport if we
have time tomorrow.
2. If he (be) late for work again, he’ll
lose his job. 7. If you take a vacation next summer, where do / will
you go?
3. You (catch) the bus if you run.
8. I ask / ’ll ask my parents for the money if the
4. I’ll send you the document if you
bank doesn’t give me a loan.
(give) me your email address.

Common Irregular Verbs

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
begin began begun make made made
break broke broken meet met met
bring brought brought pay paid paid
buy bought bought put put put
come came come read read read
do did done ride rode ridden
drink drank drunk run ran run
drive drove driven say said said
eat ate eaten see saw seen
feel felt felt send sent sent
get got gotten sit sat sat
give gave given sleep slept slept
go went gone speak spoke spoken
have had had swim swam swum
hear heard heard take took taken
hurt hurt hurt tell told told
know knew known think thought thought
leave left left throw threw thrown
let let let understand understood understood
lose lost lost write wrote written

Grammar Reference T-185

12/11/19 7:37 PM
T170-T185_TB1_Grammar_Reference_EM.indd