Class 10 Science Notes 1.
Chemical Reactions and Equations Chemical reaction: Process in which
new substances are formed. Types: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double
Displacement, Redox. Balancing chemical equations follows the law of conservation of mass. 2. Acids,
Bases and Salts Acids: Produce H■ ions in solution. Sour taste. Bases: Produce OH■ ions. Bitter and
soapy. Indicators: Litmus, Phenolphthalein, Methyl orange. Salts are formed by neutralization of acids
and bases. 3. Metals and Non-metals Metals: Malleable, ductile, conductors. Non-metals: Brittle (if
solid), poor conductors. Reactivity Series: Determines displacement reactions. 4. Carbon and its
Compounds Carbon forms covalent bonds. Homologous series: Same functional group, similar
properties. Important compounds: Alcohols, Carboxylic acids, Ketones. 5. Life Processes Nutrition,
Respiration, Transportation, Excretion. Respiration: Aerobic & Anaerobic. Plants use xylem and phloem
for transport. 6. Control and Coordination Nervous system uses neurons. Hormones regulate plant and
animal growth. 7. How do Organisms Reproduce? Modes: Asexual & Sexual. Sexual reproduction
involves gamete formation and fertilization. 8. Heredity and Evolution Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Traits are controlled by genes. 9. Light - Reflection and Refraction Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
Refraction: Bending of light at boundaries. 10. The Human Eye and the Colourful World Eye defects:
Myopia, Hypermetropia, Presbyopia. Dispersion of light forms spectrum. 11. Electricity Ohm’s Law: V =
IR Series & Parallel circuits. 12. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Electromagnet, Electric motor,
Generator. 13. Sources of Energy Renewable & Non-renewable sources. 14. Our Environment Food
chains, food webs, pollution. 15. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Conservation of
forests, water, wildlife.