SHORT REVISION
NOTES
CH : REAL NUMBERS:
1. HCF: Product of the smallest power of each
common prime factor in the numbers.
2. LCM: Product of the highest power of each prime
factor present in the numbers.
3. Relationship : HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b
1. MCQ : If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x3y2 and
b = xy3; x, y are prime numbers, then LCM (a, b) and HCF(a,b) is
(a) xy (b) xy2 (c) x3y3 (d) x2y2
3 MARKS:
1. Prove that 3 + 2 √𝟓 is irrational.
Ans : : Let us assume, that √𝟓 is rational number.
𝑝
i.e. √𝟓 = (where, p and q are co-primes and q ≠ 0)
𝑞
q√𝟓 = p
Squaring both the sides, we get,
(q√𝟓 )2 = p2
⇒5q2 = p2……………………………….. (1)
Thus, p2 is divisible by 5, so p is also divisible by 5.
Let us say, p = 5k, for some value of k and substituting the value of p in
equation (1), we get,
5q2 = (5k)2
⇒q2 = 5k2
q2 is divisible by 5 it means q is divisible by 5.
Clearly, p and q are not co-primes. Thus, our assumption about √𝟓 is
rational is incorrect.
Hence, √𝟓 is an irrational number.
We know that product of rational and irrational is irrational.
So 2 √𝟓 is irrational.
And also we know that addition of rational and irrational is irrational.
So, 3 + 2 √𝟓 is irrational number.
2. Prove that 3 + 2 √𝟓 is irrational. Given that √𝟓 is irrational.
Solutions: Let us assume 3 + 2√𝟓 is rational.
𝑝
i.e. 3 + 2 √𝟓 = (where, p and q are co-primes and q ≠ 0)
𝑞
Rearranging, we get,
𝑝
2 √𝟓 = −3
𝑞
1 𝑝
√𝟓 = 2 ( 𝑞 − 3)
Since, p and q are integers, thus,
1 𝑝
( − 3) is a rational number.
2 𝑞
Therefore, √𝟓 is also a rational number. But this contradicts the fact
that √𝟓 is irrational.
So, we conclude that 3 + 2√𝟓 is irrational.
CH : POLYNOMIALS
1. Standard form of quadratic polynomial is P(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
2. Quadratic polynomial in the form of zeroes is
P(x) = k [ x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽 ) x + 𝛼𝛽] where 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are zeroes of the polynomial.
−𝑏
3. Sum of the zeroes = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = .
𝑎
𝑐
4. Product of the zeroes = 𝛼𝛽 = .
𝑎
PROBLEMS:
1. Write the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are -3 and 4
respectively.
SOL: since P(x) = k [ x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽 ) x + 𝛼𝛽]
P(x) = k [ x2 – ( -3 + 4 ) x + 3(4) ] = k [ x2 – 1. x + 12 ]
= x2 – x + 12.
1. Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of its zeroes
are -5 and 6 respectively.
Ans : since P(x) = k [ x2 – (−5 + 6 ) x + 5(6)]
P(x) = k [ x2 – 1.x + 30] = x2 – x + 30.
1. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
(a) 4s2−4s + 1
Ans : let P(x) = 4s2 – 4s + 1
= 4s2 – 2s -2s + 1
= 2s(2s – 1 ) – 1 ( 2s – 1 ) = (2s -1) (2s -1)
𝟏 𝟏
So, zeroes are and .
𝟐 𝟐
2
Verification : 4s – 4s + 1
Here, a = 4 , b = -4 and c = 1
−𝒃
Since, sum of the zeroes ( 𝜶 + 𝜷) =
𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 −(−𝟒)
+ =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
1=1
𝒄
Product of the zeroes = 𝜶𝜷 =
𝒂
CH : COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Distance between any two points (x1 , y1)
and (x2 , y2) is given by d =
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
2. If the point P(x, y) divides the line segment joining
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) internally in the ratio m : n,
then, the coordinates of P are given by the section
formula as:
3. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (-
1, 7) and (4, – 3) in the ratio 2 : 3 .
Solution:
Let P (x, y) be the point which divides the line segment
joining the points A( -1, 7) and B(4, -3) in the ratio 2 : 3.
By section formula,
mx2 +nx1 my2 +ny1
P(x , y ) = (
m+n
, m+n
)
2(4)+3(−1) 2(−3)+3(7)
P(x, y ) = ( , )
2+3 2+3
Therefore, the point is (1, 3).
4. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the
points (-3, 10) and (6, – 8) is divided by (-1, 6).
Solution:
Let K : 1 be the ratio in which the line segment joining the
points (-3, 10) and (6, -8) is divided by (-1, 6)
𝑘(6)+1(−3) 𝑘(−8)+1(10)
Therefore, (-1, 6) = ( , )
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
𝑘(6)+1(−3)
-1 = 𝑘+1
-1(k+1) = k(6) + 1(-3)
-k -1 = 6k – 3
-k -6k = -3 + 1
-7k = -2
2
K=7
Therefore, the required ratio is 2: 7.
CH : STATISTICS
MEAN:
MODE:
MEDIAN:
CH : INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
CH : TRIANGLES
BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM:
CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM:
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the
same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
GIVEN : =
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
TO PROVE: DE ∥ BC
CH : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC FORMULA: NARURE OF ROOTS:
CH : ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
2. The nth term of an A.P is given by an= a + (n−1)d,
where a is the first term, d is a common difference
and n is the number of terms.
3. The sum to n terms of an A.P is given by:
𝑛
Sn= [2a + (n−1) d]
2
4. The sum of n terms of an A.P is also given by
𝑛
Sn= 2 [a+l] , where a = first term , l = last
term
CH : PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO
VARIABLES
CH : AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
1. Area of minor sector of a circle with radius(r) at
𝜽
centre of an angle 𝜽 is given by = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 .
2. Area of major sector of a circle with radius(r) at
𝟑𝟔𝟎− 𝜽
centre of an angle 𝜽 is given by = × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 .
𝟑𝟔𝟎
3. Area of minor segment of a circle = area of
minor sector – area of a triangle
𝜽 𝟏
= × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 - 𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟐
4. Area of major segment = Area of a circle – Area
of a minor segment
𝜽 𝟏
= 𝝅𝒓𝟐 - [ 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽]
𝟐
𝜽
5. Length of the minor arc = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝟐 𝝅𝒓
CH : CIRCLES
1. RADIUS IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE TANGENT
2. LENGTH OF THE TANGENTS FROM AN EXTERNAL
POINT ARE EQUAL
HERE, PA = PB
3.
HERE, a) since OT = OS
OP is common
∠𝑷𝑻𝑶 = ∠𝑷𝑺𝑶 = 𝟗𝟎°
∴ ∆ 𝑷𝑻𝑶 ≅ ∆ 𝑷𝑺𝑶 by RHS
SO, ∠𝑻𝑷𝑶 = ∠𝑺𝑷𝑶 , ∠𝑻𝑶𝑷 = ∠𝑺𝑶𝑷
and PT = PS by CPCT
b) ∠𝑻𝑷𝑺 + ∠𝑻𝑶𝑺 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
C) TPSO is cyclic quadrilateral
5.
Here, TPSO Is a cyclic quadrilateral
TPSO is a kite also
So, TS ⊥ OP and OQ bisects TS
2. In ∆ TQO ~ PQT ,
OTS = ∠TPO and ∠𝑷𝑻𝑶 = ∠𝑷QT = 𝟗𝟎°
∆ TQO ~ PQT by AA
CH : APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLE OF ELEVATION: ANGLE OF DEPRESSION:
CH : SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
CH : PROBABILITY
1. Sample space of toss a coin = { H, T }
2. Sample space of throwing a die = { 1,2,3,4,5,6}
3. Sample space of tossing a coin 2 times = sample
space of tossing 2 coins simultaneously = {HH,
TT, HT, TH}
4. Sample space of tossing a coin 3 times =
sample space of tossing 3 coins simultaneously
= {HHH, TTT, HTT, THT, TTH, THH, HTH, HHT}
5. Sample space of throwing a die 2 times =
sample space of throwing 2 dices
simultaneously =
Total outcomes = 36
6.