Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of Project:

To design Printed Circuit Board (PCB) by using designing Software like Proteus, EasyEDA,
Kicad, Eagle etc. The electronic components are mechanically supported and electrically
connected by PCBs, which are made of non-conductive substrate and conductive rails, pads,
and other features etched from copper sheets. PCBs can have a single copper layer, a double
copper layer, or several copper layers. Vias are plated-through holes that connect conductors
on various levels. Capacitors, resistors, or active electronics may be integrated in the
substrate of advanced PCBs.

In some designs, Power control requires a number of layers. The size of the board, the
thickness of the copper material, the type of insulating material, the trace tolerances, the
addition of additional layers, and the creation of additional vias are some other factors that
will affect the board's overall cost.

The rapid advancement of electronic devices and technologies has driven the need for
efficient and reliable PCB designs. PCBs serve as the foundation for connecting electronic
components, providing electrical connectivity, mechanical support, and signal integrity. A
well-designed PCB plays a vital role in ensuring the optimal performance and functionality of
electronic systems.

The objective of this project is to design a PCB for a specific electronic device, focusing on
key considerations such as signal integrity, power distribution, thermal management, and
manufacturability. The device under consideration is a high-performance data acquisition
system that requires precise analog-to-digital conversion, low noise levels, and robust signal
routing.

The design process will involve a comprehensive exploration of industry-standard design

tools, Proteus software, and best practices to create an optimized PCB layout. Careful
attention will be given to component placement, signal trace routing, ground design, and the
selection of suitable materials and fabrication techniques.

A crucial component of PCB design is signal integrity, particularly in high-speed digital and
1
mixed-signal systems. The project will address signal integrity challenges by employing
techniques such as controlled impedance matching, differential routing, and the placement of
decoupling capacitors for noise suppression. Advanced simulation tools will be utilized to
analyze and optimize signal integrity parameters, including signal delay, crosstalk, and
electromagnetic interference.

Efficient power distribution is another important consideration in PCB design. The project
will focus on designing an effective power delivery network, including the proper placement
of power and ground planes, decoupling capacitors, and power distribution routing to
minimize voltage drops and ensure stable operation of the electronic components.

Thermal management is a critical factor in the reliability and performance of electronic

systems. The project will address thermal concerns by considering heat dissipation
techniques, such as thermal vias, copper pours, and proper component placement to facilitate
efficient heat transfer and maintain acceptable operating temperatures.

Furthermore, manufacturability and cost-effectiveness will be key factors throughout the

design process. Design rules, industry standards, and design for manufacturing (DFM)
guidelines will be followed to ensure the PCB can be manufactured efficiently and without
costly modifications.

Overall, this PCB design project aims to create a robust and optimized PCB layout for the
data acquisition system, considering factors such as signal integrity, power distribution,
thermal management, and manufacturability. By implementing best practices and utilizing
advanced design tools, the project aims to deliver a reliable and high-performance PCB
design that meets the stringent requirements of the target electronic device.

1.2 Problem Statement:

Design of PCB for Flashing LED.
The purpose of this project is to design a PCB for a flashing LED which are used in Vehicle
indicators and Fire alarm operation. The Flashing LED in the market often suffer from
limitations such as only one LED used, PCB Size were much bigger, lack of precision, and
inefficient power consumption. Therefore, the primary objective of this project is to develop
a PCB design that overcomes these shortcomings and provides an advanced and efficient
flashing LED system solution.

2
1.3 Objectives:
 To understand how to create a PCB schematic.
 How to create a Proteus PCB layout for a circuit.
 Develop a PCB design that provides a wide and continuous blinking LED range, allowing
users to adjust the LED blinking time precisely according to their preferences.
 The PCB design process, including schematic diagrams, PCB layout, component
selection, and design considerations, to facilitate future iterations, modifications, and
replication of the design.
1.4 Methodology
Methodology of PCB Design for Flashing LED:
The methodology for PCB design for a Flashing LED involves a systematic approach that
encompasses various stages and considerations to ensure a successful design. The following
steps outline a typical methodology for PCB design:
 Requirements Gathering: Begin by clearly defining the requirements of the flashing
LED system, including desired LED flashing range, power supply specifications,
safety features, and any specific constraints or standards to be met.
 Schematic Design: Create a detailed schematic diagram that represents the electrical
connections and control circuitry of the flashing LED system. Identify the required
components, including microcontrollers, voltage regulators, signal conditioning
circuits, and protection features, and incorporate them into the schematic.
 Component Selection: Select suitable components based on the requirements and
specifications defined in the earlier stages. Consider factors such as performance,
compatibility, availability, and cost. Ensure that the selected components meet the
necessary electrical and mechanical requirements.
 PCB Layout Design: Translate the schematic into a physical PCB layout. Place the
components on the PCB, considering factors such as component spacing, thermal
management, and signal integrity. Route the traces to establish the necessary electrical
connections, paying attention to signal routing, power planes, and ground planes.

Throughout the PCB design process, it is essential to follow industry standards, design
guidelines, and best practices to ensure a reliable, efficient, and manufacturable design for the
flashing LED system. Collaboration with mechanical designers and stakeholders is also
important to ensure seamless integration into the overall flashing LED system.
1.5 Proposed Work:
3
The design and analysis of PCB will help to build own PCB for Flashing LED. The design
and analysis process are demonstrated with steps as shown in Fig. 1.1
PCB Design Procedure:
1. Open Proteus 8 Professional.
2. Open New Project.
3. Open Schematic Captures on Workspace.
4. From the left Toolbar, choose Component Mode.
5. Select P to choose from library.
6. Consist of all necessary elements.
7. Arrange the parts on the work space.
8. Set the circuit up.
9. To begin the simulation, click the Play button on the bottom left.

Open Proteus 8 Professional

4
 Open New Project

Open Schematic Captures on

Workspace

From left Tool bar Select the

Component Mode

Select on P (Pick from

Libraries)

Consist required components

Arrange the parts on the

workspace

Set the Circuit Up

To begin simulation, Click

on play button

Fig 1.1 Flowchart of Steps

5
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

1. Printed circuit boards A review on the perspective of sustainability (André Canal

Marques, José-María Cabrera, Celia de Fraga Malfatti): In this report provides a
historical assessment of a number of articles that address the environmental issue
caused by the production of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The essay aims to be a first
attempt at the topic and a launch pad for early research on the sustainability study of
printed circuit boards, with an emphasis on the kind of fixing the union type of
electronic components. By concentrating on the PCB itself, the attached components,
and the technique used to connect them, it achieves this.
2. Alternative methods to attach components in printed circuit boards (André
Canal-Marques, Maria Rita Ortega-Vega, José-María Cabrera &Celia de Fraga-
Malfatti): In this paper the growth of the electronics industry has led to an increased
interest in the study of new methods for recycling printed circuit boards, which pose
an environmental hazard when discarded and are the topic of this paper's latest
research. Further research must be done on the implications of regulations and laws in
other nations because European laws and regulations have tightened up on
requirements for electronic components.

2.2 Closure

A thorough overview of the body of literature on the subject has been provided by the Printed
Circuit Board Design literature review. These sources have provided insightful information
about the importance, advantages, and uses of such testing kits in the field of electrical
engineering.

In order to assure the best performance and dependability PCB of the literature research has
brought attention to the necessity of testing and evaluation. The importance of PCB design in
enabling precise measurements of voltage, current, and size different software has been
highlighted, enabling technicians to evaluate the functional traits of PCB in an efficient
manner.

6
 Chapter 3
BASIC OF PCB

3.1 Introduction of PCB:

According to Fig. 3.1, a printed circuit board (PCB) is a copper-laminated, non-conductive

board on which all electrical and electronic components are linked. The base of the board
serves as a physical support for each component. We cannot build a really big circuit like a
motherboard using this method because without a PCB, all of the components are connected
by wire, which adds complexity and lowers circuit stability. The complexity of the overall
circuit design will be reduced because all components on a PCB are internally connected and
connected without the use of wires. Electricity and connectivity between the components are
provided by PCB, allowing it to operate as intended. PCBs can be tailored to fit any
requirements or standards. It can be found in a variety of electronics, including TVs,
smartphones, digital cameras, and computer components like graphics cards and
motherboards. It is also utilized in a wide range of industries, including lighting, industrial
machinery, automotive industries, and medical devices.

Fig 3.1 PCB

7
3.2 Types of PCB:

A variety of PCB types are available for the circuit. We must select the best type of PCB
based on our application from among these PCB types.

1. Single-layer PCB

2. Double-layer PCB

3. Multi-layer PCB

4. Flexible PCB

5. Aluminium backed PCB

6. Flex-rigid PCB

1) Single Layer PCB:

A single sided PCB is another name for a single layer PCB. Due to their simplicity and
ease of fabrication, this form of PCB is the most popular. On one side of this PCB, a layer
of any conducting material is covered. Since copper has excellent conducting
characteristics, as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.1, it is typically employed as a conducting
material for PCBs. Following the usage of a silk screen to identify each component on the
PCB, a layer of solder mask is applied to the PCB to prevent oxidation. In this kind of
PCB, various electrical or electronic components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
are connected to the PCB on just one side. These parts are soldered together. These PCBs
are utilised in low-cost, mass-produced products including solid-state drives, radios, and
calculators.

Fig 3.2.1 Single layer PCB

8
2) Double Layer PCB:

Another name for double layer PCB is double sided PCB. This type of PCB, as the name
suggests, has a thin coating of a conducting substance, like copper, applied to the top and
bottom surfaces of the board. In a PCB, a via is a hole that has two pads in a matching
position on different layers of the board. A hole through the board, which is depicted in Fig.
3.2.2, serves as the electrical connection between these. The most significant benefit of this
form of PCB board is its smaller size, which makes the circuit compact. It is also more
versatile and substantially less expensive. This type of PCB is primarily used in systems for
industrial controllers, converters, UPS, HVAC, phones, amplifiers, and power monitoring.

Fig 3.2.2 Double Layer PCB

3) Multi-Layer PCB:

As seen in Fig. 3.2.3, a multilayer PCB has more than two layers. It indicates that this
particular type of PCB includes at least three copper conducting layers. A layer of insulation
and board adhesive are used to secure the board, ensuring that no circuit component will be
harmed by excessive heat. This kind of PCB designing is quite challenging and is utilised in
really challenging and significant electrical tasks in very small spaces and compact circuits.
Large applications including GPS technology, satellite systems, medical equipment, file
servers, and data storage employ this sort of PCB.

9
 Fig 3.2.3 Multilayer PCB

4) Flexible PCB:

Flex circuit is another name for flexible PCB. As depicted in Fig. 3.2.4. This type of PCB
uses PEEK (Polyether ether ketone), polyamide, and transparent conductive polyester film as
flexible plastic components. The circuit board is typically twisted or folded into position. The
layers of this type of PCB, which comprises single-sided, double-sided, and multi-sided flex
circuits, are highly complex. Flex circuit is utilised in the production of organic light-emitting
diodes, LCDs, flex solar cells, the automotive industry, mobile phones, cameras, and
sophisticated electronics like computers.

Fig 3.2.4 Flexible PCB

5) Rigid PCB:

10
Solid materials are used to create rigid PCBs, which prevent twisting. Similar to flex PCB,
rigid PCB can be made with a variety of layer configurations, including single, double, and
multiple layers. This PCB's shape won't alter after installation. This PCB is known as a
RIGID PCB because it cannot be bent to fit the base's shape. This sort of PCB has a very long
lifespan, which makes it a popular choice for CPU, GPU, and RAM in computer components.
Single-sided rigid PCBs are easy to develop, widely utilised, and produced. By having 9–10
layers, multi-layer rigid PCBs can be more tightly packed.

6) Flex-rigid PCB:

The most crucial board combines hard circuits with flexible circuits. As seen in Fig. 3.2.5
flex-rigid boards are made up of various layers of flexible PCB that are attached to numerous
stiff PCB layers. The illustration depicts a flexible rigid board. Cell phones, digital cameras,
cars, and other devices all use it.

3.2.5 Flexible Rigid PCB

Types of PCBs According to Mounting System

1. Through-hole PCB

2. Surface mounted PCB

11
1) Through-hole PCB:

The through-hole PCB is depicted in Fig. 3.2.6. We must use a drill to create a hole on the
PCB for this kind of PCB. Component leads are installed in these holes and soldered to pads
that are located on the other side of the PCB. Although drilling in the PCB increases the cost,
this method is very useful since it provides greater mechanical support for electrical
components and is very dependable for attaching components. This mounting technique is
simple to use on single-layer PCBs, but creating holes on double- and triple-layer PCBs is
more challenging.

3.2.6 Through Hole PCB

2) Surface mounted PCB:

In Fig. 3.2.7, surface mounting PCBs are displayed. Components in this sort of PCB are
modest in size since they don't need any leads to mount to the board or have very short leads.
SMD components are directly installed on the board surface using this technology,
eliminating the need to drill holes in the board.

12
 Fig 3.2.7 Surface Mounting PCB

3.3 Introduction about Flashing LED PCB:

A PCB for a flashing LED is a specific type of printed circuit board designed to control the
Blinking and Operation LED light. Here is some information about the PCB for a flashing
LED.
 Purpose:

The PCB for a Flashing LED used for indicators Vehicles and Fire alarm system. It provides
the necessary circuitry to Blinks the LED’s.

 Components:

The PCB for a flashing LED typically consists of various electronic components, including
resistors, capacitors, diodes, and integrated circuits (ICs).
These components are selected and arranged to create the necessary circuits for regulating the
LED Blinking.

 Control Circuit:

The heart of the PCB for a flashing LED is the control circuit, which governs the blinking
mechanism.

13
 Power Supply:

The PCB for a flashing LED requires a power supply circuit to provide the necessary voltage
or current to operate the bulbs.
This circuit typically includes a power input connector, voltage regulators, and appropriate
filtering and decoupling components to ensure stable and clean power delivery.

 PCB Layout:

The PCB layout for a flashing LED considers factors such as component placement, signal
routing, and thermal management.
Efficient routing techniques are employed to ensure proper signal integrity and minimize
interference.

3.4 Closure

In conclusion, printed circuit boards (PCBs) are essential components in electronic devices
that provide a platform for interconnecting various electronic components and ensuring
reliable and efficient electrical signal transfer. They play a critical role in the design,
functionality, and performance of electronic systems.
The PCB specifically designed for a flashing LED serve as the control center for managing
the Blinking operation of a LED.
The development of a flashing LED PCB involves several stages, including schematic design,
component selection, PCB layout, and manufacturing. Design considerations such as signal
integrity, power distribution, thermal management, and protection mechanisms are taken into
account to ensure optimal performance and reliability.
Different types of PCBs, including single-layer, double-layer, multilayer, rigid, flexible, and
rigid-flex PCBs, are available to suit specific application requirements. Each type has its
advantages and limitations, catering to different needs such as circuit complexity, space
constraints, and flexibility.
In summary, PCBs and flashing LED PCBs are crucial components in electronic systems and
provide a foundation for efficient and reliable operation.
Overall, Proteus offers a powerful, user-friendly, and integrated solution for PCB design,
simulation, and layout. Its extensive features, simulation capabilities, component libraries,
and intuitive interface make it a preferred choice for both educational and professional PCB

14
design projects.

15
 Chapter 4

Starting of Development of PCB

Software called Proteus is largely used for automating circuit design. The Software is
primarily used by technicians and electronic design engineers to develop schematics and
electronic prints for printed circuit board production. The schematic capture module
automatically transfers connectivity data in the form of a netlist to the PCB Layout module.
This knowledge is put to use, together with user-specified design guidelines and several
design automation tools, to help in error-free board design. The size of the design is
constrained by the product configuration, and PCBs with up to 16 copper layers can be
created. Using this software, we can design different circuit. Proteus has a rich library of
component which includes microcontroller, Different types of voltage source etc. By using
this software, we can make stimulated circuit to check before start it in lab.

4.1 Procedure of PCB Design in Proteus:

Here is a step-by-step flow chart description and flow chart shows in Fig 4.1:
1. Start the Proteus software and open the ISIS schematic capture program.
2. Design the circuit schematic for the flashing LED, including the necessary components
such as resistor, battery and other supporting components.
3. Verify and simulate the circuit using the simulator in Proteus to ensure proper
functionality.
4. Once the circuit design and simulation are complete, save the schematic.
5. Open the PCB layout program in Proteus.
6. Create a new PCB layout project and import the saved schematic into the layout editor.
7. Arrange the components on the PCB layout, considering factors such as component
placement, signal routing, and thermal management.
8. Route the traces to connect the components and ensure proper signal integrity. Utilize
auto routing or interactive routing tools available in Proteus to simplify the routing
process.
9. Perform design rule checks (DRC) to identify and fix any design errors or violations.
10. Once the PCB layout is finalized, generate the necessary manufacturing files such as

16
Gerber files, NC drill files, and Bill of Materials (BOM).
11. Verify the design in the integrated 3D viewer to visualize the PCB layout in a three-
dimensional representation.
12. Save the PCB layout project and export the manufacturing files for further production.

Start Proteus
Software and Join all components
Select components & Draw Circuit
go to schematic as per requirements
capture Design

Go to PCB Layout Circuit design and

Proteus to
import the saved simulation are
simplify the
schematic into the complete, save the
routing process
layout editor schematic

Design rule
checks (DRC) to PCB layout is 3D viewer to visualize
identify and fix finalized & generate the PCB layout
any design errors

Save the PCB layout

project and export the
manufacturing files

Fig. 4.1 Flowchart of PCB design process

17
4.2 Component List

Table No. 4.1 Component List

Components Rating
Battery 9V
Resistor R1 1K
Resistor R2 10K
Resistor R3 470R
Capacitor C1 1uf
Capacitor C2 10n
LED Green (2) 2.2V

 C1, C2, C3 (Capacitors): Generic Electrolytes Capacitors

On printed circuit boards, or PCBs, capacitors frequently have two main functions. They have
the capacity to store electric charge and let the passage of alternating current while blocking
the passage of direct current. Additionally, in the presence of an electric field, electricity is
both charged onto and released from PCB capacitors. On the two metal plates, the charge is
building. On the other hand, because the positive and negative charged electrons will try to
join forces, they are kept apart from one another by a dielectric material that acts as an
insulator.

 R1, R2 (Resistors): 1k, 10k, 470R With Maplin Stock Codes

A PCB resistor is a passive electrical device with resistance ranging from 50 ohms to 1 ohm.
The resistance value is displayed using resistors or etching. A PCB resistor lowers the voltage
drop across a circuit board by restricting current flow. Making an electronic filter is also
useful for removing undesirable signals from a signal source. Carbon film, metal film, wire
wound, ceramic, and surface mount resistors are the most popular types of resistors.

 U1 (IC): IC 555

In many applications, time differences are created using 555 timer ICs. A 555 timer operating
in astable mode produces a square wave at pin 3 as a continuous output for the blinking LED
circuit. LEDs will be turned ON and OFF by this waveform. The square wave's time cycle

18
determines how long the ON/OFF period lasts. By adjusting the capacitance value, we may
alter the blinking rate.

In many applications, time differences are created using 555 timer ICs. A 555 timer operating
in astable mode produces a square wave at pin 3 as a continuous output for the blinking LED
circuit. LEDs will be turned ON and OFF by this waveform. The square wave's time cycle
determines how long the ON/OFF period lasts. By adjusting the capacitance value, we may
alter the blinking rate.

 D1, D2 (LED’s): Green LED’s

LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are mostly used to illuminate items and even spaces. Due to its
small size, low energy consumption, long lifespan, and versatility in terms of use in many
applications, it is applied everywhere. LEDs are employed as TV backlighting. It serves as
the backlighting for smartphones. LED applications in displays. Electrical equipment
frequently uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a conventional source of illumination.

4.3 PCB Layout Design with Proteus:

Proteus software is a powerful tool widely used for PCB design. With its integrated design
suite, it provides a comprehensive environment for schematic capture, circuit simulation, and
PCB layout. Its user-friendly interface and extensive component libraries make it suitable for
both beginners and experienced designers. The simulation capabilities in Proteus allow users
to verify circuit functionality before manufacturing. Overall, Proteus is a popular choice for
PCB design, offering efficient workflows and robust features.

4.3.1 Creating File

After logging in, you can create a new project: Open the Proteus software and launch the ISIS
schematic capture program. Begin by creating a new project and drawing the circuit
schematic for the flashing LED shows in Fig 4.3.1
File > New > Create a new project/Schematic. Etc.

19
 Fig 4.3.1 Screenshot of Creating file Structure

The Project concept is important in Proteus because it is the foundation of organizing

our designs.

 Owner: You have the option of changing the project's owner as well as the team you have
joined.
 Title: Give it a title so that it will appear in the project tree in the left-hand panel.
 Path: Proteus lets you define the project's path; this feature is helpful for sharing with friends.
Once it has been created, it cannot be changed.
 Explanation: Including a brief explanation can help you and anyone else with whom you share
your project understand its purpose.

4.3.2 Schematic Capture

Then, as seen in Fig 4.3.2 below, a workspace with interface buttons for constructing circuits
will appear. Make sure the entire circuit is designed inside the blue rectangular space that can
be seen in the workspace. You can build your own symbols by copying existing symbols into
your own library, modifying them, and then saving them, or by drawing them from scratch
because Proteus has some basic but effective drawing features.

20
 Fig 4.3.2 Screenshot of schematic capture
Next step is selecting the components to our required circuit shown in Fig 4.3.3. the select
components in library click on P (Pick from library). Then select components what we want
and then gives rating for this according to PCB. The circuit diagram is shown in below image
in Fig 4.3.4.

4.3.3 Selection of components

For flashing LED PCB design, we required resistor, lamp, capacitor, Battery, etc. as per
rating shows in Fig 4.3.3 selection components of Flashing LED PCB. the select components
in library click on P (Pick from library). Then select components what we want and then
gives rating for this according to PCB. Then join this circuit and create circuit design of
Flashing LED PCB.

21
 Fig 4.3.3 Selection Components of Flashing LED PCB

Connect the components using appropriate wiring and ensure proper signal flow. Utilize the
extensive component library in Proteus to choose the specific components for your design.
Choose every component from the library so that it is added to the list of devices. Use the
rotate buttons to click on the device and adjust its angle. The chosen component is then added
to the work area after you click there. Place all the devices on the work surface and then use
the pen symbol to draw connections by positioning the cursor at the component pin end.

4.3.4 Circuit Design of Flashing LED PCB

Draw circuit design of flashing LED PCB according to components and give their specific
rating and export in pdf. The circuit design shows below in Fig 4.3.4. Connect the
components by drawing wires or using appropriate symbols for the connections. Ensure that
all necessary connections are made, including power supply connections, control signals,
input/output connections, and any feedback or sensing connections required for the flashing
LED circuit.
Connect all the components according to circuit then that designed circuit is show in below
image. If any modifications want to do to the component place the mouse point and click on
22
right button then option window will open. After completion of designing save with some
name and debug it. This is virtual simulation means without making circuit we can see the
result in virtually through this software and we can design the PCB layout to our required
circuit with this software.

Fig 4.3.4 Circuit Design of Flashing LED PCB

4.3.5 PCB Layout
Presently we are aiming to plan a PCB format for the over circuit. The tools show in Fig
4.3.5(1). Proteus has the integrated ARES PCB planning suit. By utilizing this we will
effectively create the PCB format. After recreation spare the circuit planning and click on
instruments at that point select netlist to ARES. At that point a window will open with list of
component bundles. That's appeared in underneath picture.

23
 Fig 4.3.5 (1) Screenshot of tools menu
At that point another press on work space at that point a green line will show up. With that
draw a box and press once more once. At that point the box is settled and turn into yellow
color format. This box is same like in over ISIS proficient blue line. The circuit bought to be
interior of the yellow box.
On the off chance that the circuit is more complex and enormous in measure, the there's a
chance to grow the box by clicking on the select mode. At that point another press on the
component title and alter the point of the component by utilizing revolution bolt choices in
the event that required.
Put the component on the work surface at that moment. After adding every component to the
workspace, arrange the components in the workspace so that they are all in the right places.
To transfer a component, move it from one place to another while tapping on the decision-
making mode. When the component changes colour to white, you can hold onto it and move
it to the necessary location inside the yellow box. The next step comes once all the
components have been placed in their proper positions. The link between the components and
the copper layer is
implied by the following.

Fig 4.3.5 (2) Board Edge

The red circle in the picture in Fig shows 4.3.5(2). is the error that occurred during tracking.
Change the route to avoid mistakes. There's nothing wrong with setting all pins this way. If
you plan to use a two-layer PCB, there is a shortcut to switch layers from one layer to another
by double-clicking the left mouse button to switch to another layer. There is an pink circle in
the picture above. It means "via", which means to establish a connection between one layer
and another. This is an automatic router. This is a special tool that prepares the tracks

24
correctly and without errors. However, this device produces twice the PCB.
When we select this tool, an auto-router-like window will open. This window has options for
execution mode, design rules, and grid width changes. By changing all options according to
our requirement and click the button begin routing automatically routing will start shows Fig
4.3.5(3).

Fig 4.3.5 (3) Auto-routed PCB design

25
 Chapter 5
Results and Discussion

5.1 Output of Auto routed PCB design

The output of auto routed PCB desifn of flashing LED is successfully completed shows in
Fig 5.1. Bottom tracks are shown by blue tracks. This is designing for a twin layer PCB. We
can place tracks on a single layer PCB on our own if we so like. The single layer PCB design
of the circuit we need is shown in the image that is provided below. Save the project in the
same location where the aforementioned Proteus project was stored after tracking is finished.
We also have a tool in Proteus that shows how the circuit will appear once it is finished.

Fig 5.1 Output of Auto routed PCB design

5.2 3-D View of PCB in Proteus:

26
Click on output in the menu bar, then choose the 3D visualization shown in Fig. 5.2(1) to see
the final circuit. Then a new window will open with the circuit visualization. It has features
like component-less board view, back layer view, and visualization from all angles.

Fig 5.2(1). 3-D view of flashing LED PCB on proteus

Layout printing comes next and is the last stage of designing PCB layers. The last step is to
take board layer prints. Therefore, click on output in the menu bar and then click on print to
print the circuit layout. The configuration window for print layout will then appear.

27
 Fig. 5.2 (2): Screenshot of Print Layout Window on Proteus
The image preview and all accessible layer selection options, modes, paths, rotation options,
scale, and reflection are shown in Fig. 5.2(2). When it comes to modes, it has four: drill plot,
solder resist, artwork, and solder resist. In artwork mode, all of our work refers to the tracks
and components view, which can be printed in the photographs above in the yellow color.
One crucial element is present while printing the bottom copper layer, and that is reflection
selection. That ought to be chosen in mirror mode. The window is depicted in the figure
below. The circuit configuration needs to be printed out numerous times.

5.3 PCB Layout Printing

1. Printout of the top copper layer. Since this PCB is a single layer, there is no need to do
this. It only applies to two-layer PCBs.

2. Printout of the bottom copper layer. as seen in Fig. 5.3 All boxes in the layers/artwork
part will be deselected while printing this layer, with the exception of the bottom
copper and board edge. Next, choose 100% for the scale, X for the horizontal rotation,
and the most crucial choice for reflection is mirror. Because this layer is placed on the
copper board in the opposite orientation from how it was printed on paper, the printed
side should face the copper layer. For this reason, we have chosen reflection as the
mirror.

Fig 5.3 PCB print Layout

The PCB itching process follows the printing of all layers. That entails designing copper

28
tracks with layer printed paper.

Chapter 7

Conclusion
In conclusion, the project of designing a Flashing LED PCB on Proteus software has been a
comprehensive and fruitful endeavor. By leveraging the capabilities of Proteus software, we
have successfully developed a functional and efficient Flashing LED circuit. The project
began with meticulous planning, where the requirements and specifications for the LED were
carefully analyzed. With a clear understanding of the objectives, the design process
commenced.

The design of a flashing LED PCB involves creating a circuit board layout that incorporates
one or more LEDs and additional components to control the flashing pattern. The conclusion
of the design process depends on the specific goals and requirements of the project. The
flashing LED PCB design should meet the intended functionality, which is to produce a
visually appealing flashing pattern using LEDs. The circuit should be able to control the
timing and intensity of the LED flashes as desired.

It is important to consider power efficiency in the design to optimize battery life or power
consumption. This can be achieved by selecting efficient components, minimizing power
losses, and implementing power-saving techniques such as duty cycling or sleep modes when
the LED is not in use. The choice of LEDs, resistors, capacitors, and other components is
crucial in achieving the desired flashing effect. The selected components should be of high
quality, capable of withstanding the electrical and thermal stresses involved, and compatible
with the design requirements. The layout of the PCB plays a significant role in ensuring
proper functionality and performance. Attention should be given to trace routing, component
placement, and grounding techniques to minimize noise, interference, and signal degradation.
Adequate spacing and clear labeling should be provided for ease of assembly and

29
maintenance.

When concluding the design, it is essential to consider the manufacturing process and any
design constraints that may impact the feasibility of production. This includes factors such as
the availability of components, cost considerations, manufacturing tolerances, and assembly
techniques. Once the design is complete and the PCB is manufactured, thorough testing
should be conducted to validate the functionality and performance of the flashing LED
circuit.

REFERENCE

1. [Link]

2. [Link] Flashing LED using IC 555

3. [Link] Getting Package of PCB
components

30