Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Technology / Benghazi
ET - 609
Transmission Lines
Suleiman Hewadi
Department of Electrical Engineering
:
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2. Transmission line Equation:
Derive the transmission line equation.
Determine the complete general solution of the transmission line equation.
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Introduction
In this second lecture your knowledge of circuit theory is connected into the study
transmission lines having voltage and current along the line in terms of 1D traveling
waves. The transmission line is a two-port circuit used to connect a generator or
transmitter signal to a receiving load over a distance. In simple terms power transfer
takes place.
Figure 2.1: Two-port model of a transmission line.
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Introduction (con’t)
In the beginning the transmission line is developed as a lumped
element circuit, but then a limit is taken to convert the circuit model into
a distributed element circuit
Distributed element means that element values such as R, L, and C
become R, L, and C per unit length of the line, e.g, •/m, H/m, and F/m
respectively
In the lumped element model we have a pair of differential equations to
describe the voltage and current along the line
Under the limiting argument which converts the circuit to distributed
element form, we now have a pair of partial differential equations,
which when solved yield a solution that is a 1D traveling wave
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Introduction (con’t)
Key concepts developed include: wave propagation, standing
waves, and power transfer
Returning to Figure 2.1, we note that sinusoidal steady-state is
implied as the source voltage is the phasor Vg, the source
impedance Zg is a Thévenin equivalent and ZL is the load
impedance
The source may be an RF transmitter connecting to an antenna
The source/load may be a pair at each end of the line when
connecting to an Ethernet hub in wired a computer network
The source may be power collected by an antenna and via cable
to the receiver electronics, e.g., satellite TV (Dish Network)
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Power Loss and Dispersion
Transmission lines may also be dispersive, which means the
propagation velocity on the line is not constant with frequency
For example the frequency components of square wave (recall
odd harmonics only) each propagate at a different velocity,
meaning the waveform becomes smeared
Dispersion is very important to high speed digital transmission
(fiber optic and wired networks alike)
The longer the line, the greater the impact
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Power Loss and Dispersion
Figure 2.2: The impact of transmission line dispersion.
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The Transmission Line Equations
• The moment you have been waiting for: solving the tline
equations starting from a differential length of line (classical!)
Figure 2.3: A differential section of TEM transmission line, •Dz ready for Kirchoff’s laws.
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The above blue-boxed equations are the telegrapher’s
equations in the time domain
A full time-domain solution is available, but will be deferred
to later in the chapter (I like personally like starting here)
A sinusoidal steady-state solution (frequency domain) is
possible to if you let
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Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
The phasor telegrapher equations are coupled, that is one equation
can be inserted into the other to eliminate either or
and in return have a second-order differential equation in z
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Getting to the 1D Wave Equation
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Getting to the 1D Wave Equation
wave attenuation constant in Np/m
phase constant
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Solving theWave Equation (Phasor Form)
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Solving theWave Equation (Phasor Form)
Example 2.1: Verify the General Solution Satisfies Wave Equation
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Solving theWave Equation (Phasor Form)
Figure 2.4: Incident and reflected traveling waves on a tline.
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Solving theWave Equation (Phasor Form)
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Solving theWave Equation (Phasor Form)
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Solving theWave Equation (Phasor Form)
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Solving theWave Equation (Phasor Form)
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Returning to the Time Domain
For the sinusoidal steady-state solution, a return to the time domain is possible by writing
then plug into the cosine form:
• When you consider LTspice simulations using .tran a little bit later, this is what
you will be observing
• Also, the first term travels in the + z direction while the second term travels in
the - z direction
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Returning to the Time Domain
The velocity of propagation for both waves is of course
Example 2.3: No Specific Geometry Air Line
• In this example we assume that the two conductors of a transmission line are
in air
• Furthermore, the air assumption is taken to mean
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Returning to the Time Domain
The conductors are perfect, that is
The requirements are to find and giving that
and the operating frequency is
The first set of assumptions tell us that
The expressions for and
in terms of the tline distributed element parameters, simplify greatly
under the lossless conditions
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Returning to the Time Domain
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