ACTIVITY-01

1).Study multipurpose cables used with different models of

computers and their applications.

Types of Computer Cables

1. HDMI cable
HDMI (High definition Media Interface) is a type of computer cable used to
transmit high definition video and audio signals. Using the HDMI cables, the
audio and video signal can be easily transmitted without compromising the
quality of images and can send crystal clear images using this cable. The HDMI
cables are used to connect cable boxes, TVs, DVD players, media streamers and
other electronic devices. All types of Av devices can be connected to one
standard cable, which is an HDMI cable. Also, one HDMI cable is capable of
transmitting both audio and video signals at the same time.

2. VGA cable

VGA (Video Graphics Ray) cable is another type of computer cable which is used
for sending video signals and is used to link the monitor and the CPU of a
computer. The VGA cable can also be used in HD televisions. All the information
displayed on the monitor is coming from the VGA cable. There is a total of 15
pins in the plugin the cable, which have three rows containing 5 pins each. And
the cable is easily fitted in the monitor and the other end is fixed in the CPU of a
computer system.

3. DVI cable

DVI cables are used to connect the LCD monitor and the video card. Using this
cable, the user can see high image quality without having any disturbance. The
DVI cable is mostly used in CRT monitors, which have a VGA connection. This
cable transmits the digital and analog signals to the computer system. The DVI
cable is capable enough of digital connections and analog connections. The DVI
cable can be easily distinguished, whether it is analog or digital, by looking if
there is any flat pin present on the cable. If the flat pin has four pins around,
then it is a DVI analog, and there is only a flat pin, then it is DVI digital.

4. Ethernet Cable

The Ethernet cable is a type of computer network cable which is used for a wired
network. The Ethernet cable is used to connect the switches, monitors, PCs to
the LAN (Local Area Network). The length and durability of the Ethernet cable
describe the quality of the connection. If the cable is too long and is not durable,
it will contain a poor quality of the signal. And due to this factor, there are
different types of Ethernet cables present in the market. The Ethernet cables are
plugged into the Ethernet port present on the motherboard. The Ethernet cable
looks like a phone cable but contains more wires than phone cables. There are
eight wires in the Ethernet cable, and they can be available in different colors in
the market.

5. PS/2 Cable

The PS/2 cable is a standard cable to connect the mouse and keyboard to the
computer system. The length of the PS/2 cable is long enough so that the user
can easily connect the mouse and keyboard to the system and use the system.
There are a total of 6 pins in PS/2 cables and have a round connector. There are
majorly two sizes of PS/2 cable. The smaller size is the most common cable, but
some adaptors can be used to convert it into a larger size. This cable is now
replaced with USB cables as they are universal cables and can be easily plugged
into any system.

6. 5mm Audio Cable

The 3.5mm audio cables are a type of computer cables that are used in
computer audio applications. This cable can be used for connecting a mini-
stereo audio device, PC sound card or any portable CD player to any multimedia
speaker. This cable can also be used to connect earphones and headphones to
the system.

The green port is for headphones and computer speakers. Blue port is for DVD
player, MP3 player and pink port Is used for connecting microphones.
7. USB cables

The USB (Universal Serial Bus) cable is a standard cable used to connect
universal devices or personal computers. It is mainly used for short-distance
digital communication. The digital data can be transferred using a USB cable.
Nowadays, the USB cable is used to charge devices like smartphones, Bluetooth
speakers, trimmers and many more. The USB cables can be used to connect two
devices directly. The USB cable is connected to the USB port present in the
computer system. The mouse and keyboard are also connected to a USB port as
they have USB cables. As the device is connected through the USB cable, the
unplugging of the USB cable when a device is running can cause damage to a
device, so whenever there is a need of removing the USB cable, first it should be
eject safely and then it should be removed from the system.

Advantages of Computer Cables

Below are some advantages explained below.

The computer cables can be used to connect various devices to the system and
perform several operations. The computer cables can easily transmit the digital
and analog signal through it. Some of the computer cables are capable enough
to transmit electric power through it like a USB cable. Using a computer cable,
one can see movies, play games, listen to music, and do many more things.
Ethernet cables can be used to connect the computer system to the internet
world.

2). Identify the cables and list the devices that can be
connected to computer using these cables.

Computer Cable types and descriptions

With so many types of cables, it’s hard to find a singular source of information
that highlights the important differences between them all. Here’s an overview
of the most common computer cable types you’ll encounter when dealing
with computers.
1. VGA Cable
Also known as D-sub cable, analog video cable

Connect one end to: computer monitor, television (PC input port)

Connect other end to: VGA port on computer (see image below)

2. DVI Cable

Connect one end to: computer monitor

Connect other end to: DVI port on computer (see image below)

However there are 2 types of DVI, DVI-I and DVI-D.

DVI-D does not have the extra pins around the long pin, this is also a pure digital signal
over DVI-I.

3. HDMI Cable

Connect one end to: computer monitor, television

Connect other end to: HDMI port on computer (see image below)

Note: If you're hooking up a television to your computer, then we

would recommend that you use a HDMI cable as your PC cable connection since it is
able to transmit both display and sound - So you can not only use your TV screen as a
monitor, but also make use of your TV speakers to play PC audio.
4. PS/2 Cable

Connect one end to: PS/2 keyboard, PS/2 mouse

Connect other end to: PS/2 ports on computer (see image below)

• Purple PS/2 port: keyboard

• Green PS/2 port: mouse

5. Ethernet Cable
Also known as RJ-45 cable

Connect one end to: router, network switch

Connect other end to: Ethernet port on computer (see image below)

6. 3.5mm Audio Cable

Also known as phone connector (since 3.5mm jacks are often found
on mobile phones too)

Connect one end to: computer speakers, 3.5mm headphones, 3.5mm

microphone

Connect other end to: audio ports on computer (see image below use Green socket)

• Green audio port: computer speakers or headphones

• Pink audio port: microphone
• Blue audio port: MP3 player, CD player, DVD player, turntable, electric guitar etc (line-in
port to play and record sounds from the above devices)

7. USB Cable
For USB computer cable connections, there are two popular formats: USB 2.0 and the
newer USB 3.0

How to tell USB 2.0 and 3.0 cables apart: USB 3.0 cables have a blue tip, and sometimes
you can find a SS "Super Speed" label on it.

Since USB was intended to be the one computer cable connection to replace them all,
it's no surprise that the possible uses for a USB port are quite mind-blowing. For this
computer cable guide, we have listed its more common uses below:

Connect one end to: USB device

• Storage devices: USB flash drive, external hard drive, external optical drive
 • Input devices: USB keyboard (wired and wireless), USB mouse (wired and wireless),
webcam, scanner, gamepad
• Output devices: printer, all-in-one office machine, USB speaker
• Wireless adapters: network (Wi-Fi) adapter, bluetooth adapter, 3G adapter
• Data (and charging) cable for mobile devices such as mobile phone, tablet, MP3 player

Connect other end to: USB ports on computer (see image below)

How to tell USB 2.0 and 3.0 ports apart: USB 2.0 ports have black tips while USB 3.0
ports come with blue tips. See image below:

USB 3.0 is backwards-compatible... meaning that you can connect a USB 2.0 device to a
USB 3.0 port and vice versa (but the USB 3.0 devices hooked up to a USB 2.0 port will
perform at lowered rates)

There are also USB cables which connect new external backup drives (see below), these
are described as USB-A to Micro-B

8. Computer Power Cord (Kettle Plug)

Connect one end to: AC power socket

Connect other end to: power supply unit (see image below), computer monitor
Note: Always turn off your power supply unit (with the 1-0 switch at the back) before
connecting a power cord to it.

9. ThunderBolt/USB-C

Mostly seen on laptops and Apple Macs these cables are high speed and are capable of
carrying Data, video and other information.

There are 2 current types of Thunderbolt, the older version Thunderbolt 2 is seen below
but this can also be confused with Mini Display ports as they look identical and only
visual difference is the picture beside the port. Thunderbolt 2 (left) has a lightning
symbol and carries Data and video.

The Mini Display Port (right) will only carry Video.

And Thunderbolt 3 also known as USB-C on Apple Macs.

10. Display Port

Display Port is the best to use if you require a fast, high-resolution

image.
The cable has better quality over HDMI and is the best option if you have this interface.

3). Identify commercially available brands of keyboard,

mouse and monitor and their distinguishable features.

1. Multimedia Keyboard
The keyboard that has all multimedia buttons is called multimedia keyboard. The
buttons include play, pause, previous, next, volume up, volume down, mute and
special button to launch media. Also, a button to launch a browser, my computer,
calculator is available.

2. Mechanical Keyboard
The primitive keyboard which uses physical buttons for each key is called a
mechanical keyboard. It makes noise when each key is pressed. A button is pushed
down and an electrical signal is sent to the computer device which then shows the
characters.

3. Wireless Keyboard
Bluetooth, IR technology or Radio Frequency is used to connect the keyboard with the
computer device. We can port the keyboard and the parent system is not needed
near the keyboard. These keyboards are lightweight and smaller in size. These
keyboards should have a transmitter and trans-receiver. Transmitter sends the
strokes from the keyboard as radio waves which are received by trans-receiver kept
near parent device.

4. Virtual Keyboard
The keyboard used in smartphones is called a virtual keyboard. This keyboard
appears when needed and disappears when typing is completed. This can be
automatically set as per need. Also in the windows system, we can use a virtual
keyboard that appears on the screen. There is no physical object to carry for a virtual
keyboard.

5. USB Keyboard
Universal Serial Bus Keyboard has a USB stick with a wire which has to be inserted
into the USB port of the system. And then the keyboard works well. While rebooting
the system, the keyboard is not supported and hence the users may face an issue.
Installation of suitable drivers helps to resolve this issue.

6. Ergonomic Keyboard
This keyboard is mainly designed for users who use both hands for typing. The
advantage of this keyboard is less muscle strain and carpal tunnel syndrome for
users. The keyboard is built with the view of ergonomics. This keyboard is expensive
and not affordable for common people.

7. QWERTY Keyboard
The earlier typewriters had keys in the range QWERTY due to the arrangement of
strings. Early computer keyboards were also built in the same manner for the ease of
use for typewriter users. This keyboard is the most common one used by all of us and
hence needs no introduction.

8. Gaming Keyboard
The keyboard that has very few keys specific for gamers is called gaming keyboard.
Graphics are also included in the keyboard. W, S, D, A and arrow keys are the only
keys you could find in this keyboard. The design is so good that anyone could fall in
love with the keyboard.
9. Chiclet Keyboard
The keys are square-shaped with rounded edges in this keyboard. The technology
varies for devices which makes this special. Buttons are attached with membranes of
the switches in the keyboard and this is used in almost all the devices now.

10. Membrane Keyboard

These keyboards use pressure pads and have characters printed on a flexible surface
called membrane. The cost is very less for these keyboards. But the inaccuracy in
typing and gaming made them lose the importance.

11. Thumb Keyboard

The smaller keyboard with fewer keys or only numeric characters is called a thumb
keyboard. These are mostly used for arithmetic operations and also for gaming. The
size of this keyboard is just thumb-size.

12. Flexible Keyboard

The keyboards made of silicone which has most of the keys and flexible in appearance
is called a flexible keyboard. The distance between the keys are less. The keyboards
are meant for rolling and are not foldable.

13. Laptop Sized Keyboard

The keys are reduced and the space between keys are less in this type of keyboard.
These are specially designed for laptops. Most keyboards do not have numeric
keypads and some functions are incorporated with other keys on the keyboard.

14. Backlit Keyboard

The keys have lights which help the users to type even in the dark. These keyboards
are available in gaming and traditional keyboards.

15. Magic Keyboards

These keyboards are manufactured by Mac and are supported by the battery. The
design is good and makes everyone have the feel of the keyboard.
16. Bluetooth Keyboard
The keyboard is connected with the system using Bluetooth and hence the USB port
can be used for other purposes. This keyboard provides flexibility to the wired
keyboard.

17. Chorded Keyboard

A limited number of keys help the user to port the keyboard anywhere. A combination
of some keys helps to produce the desired characteristics. The keyboard is small in
size and is not commercially successful as other keyboards.

Uses of Keyboard
Here we have pointed out the uses of the keyboard.

• Users can type the letters and numbers using the keyboard. Also, some special
commands can be done using the keyboard. Only with the keyboard, we can
input data.
• Most of the functions can be performed by a keyboard without the help of the
mouse. Function keys and control keys are used for special functions done by
mouse.
• Shortcut keys are used to access any files from the system so that mouse use
can be avoided.
• Control key and escape key can be used in most of the functions for various
purposes.

Touch screen keyboards are mostly in use nowadays and in the future, these may be
replaced by Augmented Reality keyboards. New keyboards are flexible and more
customized than traditional ones. Maybe in the future, the data can be inputted by
other means than the keyboard. The mindset to welcome all changes is needed for
the generation.
 ACTIVITY-02
1). Identify preventive measures that help to eliminate or
reduce electrostatic discharge.

To prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) from damaging the system, be

aware of the precautions to consider when setting up the system or
handling parts.

A discharge of static electricity from a finger or other conductor may

damage system boards or other static-sensitive devices. This type of
damage may reduce the life expectancy of the device.

CAUTION:
Parts can be damaged by electrostatic discharge. Follow these
precautions:

• Avoid hand contact by transporting and storing products in static-

safe containers.
• Keep electrostatic-sensitive parts in their containers until they
arrive at static-protected workstations.
• Place parts in a static-protected area before removing them from
their containers.
• Avoid touching pins, leads, or circuitry.
• Always be properly grounded when touching a static-sensitive
component or assembly.
• Remove clutter (plastic, vinyl, foam) from the static-protected
workstation.

2). Describe effective ways to reduce the risk of injury or

damage while working with respect to powersupply in
computer systems.
PCs, servers, switches, routers, broadband modems, KVM
switches, and other computer equipment are all subject to electrical damage.
From improper site wiring to lightning strikes, a wide variety of electrical
issues threaten systems and peripherals constantly. Review
these 10 items to ensure that you’ve taken necessary precautions to help
protect against data loss and equipment damage.
1: Verify electricity levels

2: Confirm that supply circuits are grounded properly

3: Don’t overload circuits

4: Use a UPS/surge protector

5: Properly calculate UPS/surge protector capacity

6: Replace damaged or faulty UPS/surge protectors

7: Protect telecommunications links

8: Test power supplies

9: Maintain proper operating temperatures

10: Maintain proper insurance

3). Make your observations on why a technician may

choose to use a UPS instead of a surge suppress or
to protect a computer.
The Difference Between a Surge Protector and a UPS

External power accessories can improve your experience when using

a computer or other electrical devices. Surge protectors and uninterruptible
power sources offer peace of mind that you will be able to complete your work
and keep your devices safe, especially in poor weather conditions. When
purchasing either of these devices, there are a few details you need to consider:

Surge Protector vs Power Strip

Not all power strips are surge protectors. A power strip may or may not have
surge protection. A surge protector, however, functions like a power strip with
multiple outlets while also protecting your electronics from sudden power loss
due to voltage spikes. This is particularly helpful with lightning strikes or surges
from a power company issue. When it comes to using a surge protector vs power
strip for your PC and devices, you shouldn’t have to choose. To safeguard your
equipment, you should make sure any power strip you buy is also a surge
protector.

Installation Options

Instead of plugging a surge protector directly into a wall socket, you can also
mount your surge protection device to your circuit breaker panel. Or, choose a
single-outlet surge protector for one device or appliance. You may also find
surge protectors designed specifically for telephone lines, cable and more.

Surge Protector vs UPS

While a surge protector functions like a power strip, uninterruptible power

sources (UPS) work like temporary back up power. UPS devices work
independently, providing power when the main power supply fails. A UPS
protects users as well as devices during disrupted power. UPS devices deliver
power almost instantly when the main power ceases, allowing for very little if
any interruption in power at all. The power supplied tends to come from
batteries, supercapacitors or flywheels.

The solution is not always long-term, but it does allow you some time to find an
alternate power source without losing your work or risking damage to your
machine. Most UPS devices allow just three to five minutes of battery backup
power while others may keep your devices running for a bit longer. Give some
thought to your needs prior to choosing which UPS is right for your system.

When to Use a Surge Protector Power Strip

It's typically a good idea to use a surge protector most if not all the time, as you
likely will not be able to anticipate when a power surge will occur. Use surge
protectors to safeguard expensive and valuable electronics like your laptop,
entertainment center devices, iPads and tablets, Kindle, and any chargers for
these and other expensive electronics. The microprocessors present in computers
and other electronics are very sensitive and become damaged if not protected
from power surges. For best results, ensure that the surge protector you choose
features an indicator light to show that the protection is truly in effect.
When to Use a UPS

Uninterruptible power sources give peace of mind that your work and your
devices are protected in the event of a brownout or total loss of power. Many
UPS devices allow multiple outlets for connecting your entire system or a
number of important appliances or accessories. Consider using a UPS all the
time for your desktop computer to ensure you never suffer data loss.
Understanding that a UPS will not provide a long-term power supply to finish
working is important to your satisfaction level as an end user. In the event of
power loss, use the UPS to give yourself enough time to save your work and find
an alternate power source.

When to Use Both a UPS and Surge Protector

If you are trying to decide between a UPS vs surge protector, remember that you
may not need both at the same time. That said, you can certainly use these
devices independently to prepare your equipment for possible voltage spikes,
brownouts and power outages. Plug your valuable or complex electronics into
the power strip and use the UPS for your computer and other devices where you
may lose work if the power goes out. Plug printers and other accessories into
power strips with surge protection. Divide and conquer to ensure all your
devices are safely protected from excess voltage during unexpected power
surges.
Tips for Using UPS and Surge Protectors

When using UPS and surge protectors for PCs and devices, especially when using
them both at the same time, there are some important safety tips to keep in
mind:

• Don’t plug a surge protector into a UPS outlet. Always use a wall socket
instead to avoid drawing too much power from your UPS, resulting in an
inefficient user experience and possibly triggering an overload.
• Don’t plug a UPS into a surge protector. Likewise, it is not generally
advisable to plug your uninterrupted power source into a surge protector
either. Plugging the UPS directly into the wall helps to ensure the most
consistent power goes directly to the UPS and limits the times it will go to
battery when it should remain online. This helps the UPS to remain
charged for immediate response and built-in surge protection adds that
layer of defense that also comes standard with a surge protector.
• Get the right number of outlets. When purchasing either a UPS, surge
protector, or power strip, one important consideration is the number of
outlets. Of course, you want to buy a device with enough outlets to support
the number of devices that you want to plug in. It can be a good idea to
purchase a device with more outlets than you need now so you’ll have
some extra room to plug in any new devices you add to your setup.
• For surge protectors, check absorption ratings and clamping voltage.
When purchasing a surge protector, two important specs are the
absorption rating and clamping voltage. The absorption rating is how
much power the surge protector can withstand in a surge. Look for surge
protectors with an absorption rating of at least 600 joules. The clamping
voltage is the voltage at which the surge protector will be activated to
protect your equipment. Look for devices with a clamping voltage of 400V
or lower.

Protect Your Devices Today

UPS battery backup products safeguard your work and typically protect your
electronic devices against damage from power surges as well. Surge protectors
protect your sensitive electronics from power surges. Power strips (which may
or may not offer surge protection) provide a convenient way to plug in all of
your devices in one location.
 4). Identify the components that are powered by the PSU.

Transformer

The transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from the
primary winding to the secondary winding without affecting the frequency. It is
used to step-up or step-down the AC voltage level and isolates the remainder of
the electronic system from the AC power.

Rectifier

The rectifier is a device used to change the AC power into pulsating DC. The basic rectifier is
the diode. This diode is a unidirectional device that operates as rectifier in the forward
direction. The three basic rectifier circuits using diodes are the half-wave, full-wave center-
tapped and full-wave bridge type.

Filter

The filter of the power supply is used to keep the ripple component from appearing in the
output. It is designed to convert pulsating DC from rectifier circuits into a suitably smooth DC
level. The two basic types of power supply filters are the capacitance filter (.

Ripple and Ripple factor

Ripple is the unwanted AC component of the signal after rectification. It is unwanted because
it can destroy or damage the load. This is the main reason why filters are installed in power
supply - to prevent high ripples. The job of the filter is to smoothen the signal and suppress the
AC component or variations. Ripple factor is the ratio of the root mean square of the ripple
voltage to the value of DC component at the output voltage. It is sometimes expressed in
percentage or in peak-to-peak value. The ripple factor determines the effectivity of a filter
being used in the circuit.

Voltage Regulators

A voltage regulator is designed to provide a very steady or well regulated DC output. It is

always ideal to have a steady output voltage so that the load will operate properly. The
output level is maintained regardless of the variation of the input voltage. The commonly used
transistor voltage regulators are the series voltage regulator and the shunt voltage regulator.

Series voltage regulator

The series element controls the amount of the unregulated input voltage that goes to the
output as a regulated output. The regulated output voltage is sampled by a circuit that
provides a feedback to the comparator circuit and is compared to a reference voltage.

Shunt voltage regulator

The shunt voltage regulator provides regulation by shunting current away from the load to
regulate the output voltage.

IC Voltage Regulators

A regulator Integrated Circuit (IC) unit contains the circuitry - the reference source,
comparator, amplifier, control device, and the overload protector - inside a single IC. There
are also adjustable voltage regulators which allow the user to set the desired output level.
Other IC regulators have fixed output values. It is said that IC regulators are superior
compared to transistor voltage regulators when it comes to linearity of the output voltage.
 ACTIVITY-03

1). Calculate the value of resistors onboard using the color code.

Resistor Color Code Chart

The chart below shows how to determine the resistance and tolerance for
resistors. The table can also be used to specify the color of the bands when
the values are known. An automatic resistor calculator can be used to
quickly find the resistor values.
 2). Identify the terminals of a BJT and MOSFET.

Terminals of Bipolar Junction Transistors(BJT)

There are three terminals in bipolar junction transistors are explained
below.
• Emitter − It supplies charge carriers. It is highly doped so that it can
inject a large number of charge carriers into the base. Emitter is
always greater than base.
• Base − Base is middle layer in BJT which is thin compared to emitter
and collector. Base is very lighted doped.
• Collector − It collects charge carriers. Its doped between emitter and
base means moderately doped, but it is always greater than emitter
and base in size.

(MOSFET)
• MOSFET is Metal Oxide Semi conductor Field Effect Transistor, a very
efficient type of switching transistor used in power devices like
Inverters, UPS, Power amplifier etc. Its high current capability and
fast switching makes it as an ideal choice for these applications.
MOSFET is a four terminal device. The terminals are Drain, Source,
Gate and the Substrate or Body terminal. The Drain and Source
terminals are connected to the heavily doped regions. The Gate
terminal is connected top on the oxide layer while the Substrate
terminal is connected to the intrinsic semi conductor.

• There are two types of MOSFETs. In N-Channel MOSFET, the current is

due to the flow of electrons in the inversion layer while in P-Chanel
MOSFET, it is due to the flow of Holes.
 ACTIVITY-04

1). Study the CPU benchmarks of the trending processors

What Are CPU Benchmarks?

Benchmarks allow for easy comparison between multiple CPUs by scoring their
performance on a standardized series of tests, and they are useful in many
instances:

• When buying or building a new PC. Use benchmark scores to gauge a system’s
ability to run games and applications before making a purchase. Lists of
scores can be found on review sites like Tom’s Hardware.
• Before upgrading the CPU. Compare benchmarks for various CPUs on a
review site — or better yet, on a benchmarking software company’s website
— whenever you’re planning a CPU upgrade.
• After upgrading the CPU. Run your own benchmarks to get a preview of the
user experience after a major component upgrade.
• Overclocking the CPU. Benchmark your CPU using a program to evaluate
performance gains after an overclock.

CPU Benchmarking Tests & Tools

CPU reviewers rely on a range of different CPU benchmark tests to evaluate
CPUs. These fall into two categories: synthetic and real-world.
Synthetic benchmarks
Use synthetic benchmarks when looking for a quick, general comparison
between CPUs.
Synthetic tests simulate many different tasks: 3D rendering, file compression,
web browsing, floating-point calculations, and so on. After measuring CPU
performance levels at each task, the numbers are weighted and combined into a
single score.
The scores are “synthetic” because the tests used to calculate them are
simulations. Rather than testing the processor’s performance in a specific
application (say, a 3D creativity suite or game), they simulate the workload an
application may place on a CPU under different circumstances.
In other words, synthetic benchmarks are not an exact predictor of performance.
Instead they are widely used to compare the relative performance of CPUs. For
example:

• PassMark runs heavy mathematical calculations that stress the CPU’s

performance at compression, encryption, and physics-related tasks.
• 3DMark measures a system’s ability to handle 3D graphics for gaming.
• PCMark 10 scores the system on how well it can deal with business workflows
and day-to-day product in stress tests CPUs in addition to overclocking them
and monitoring their function.

Each of these applications feature a database of scores ranking many CPUs,

making it easy to compare the relative power of processors at a glance.
Real-world benchmarks
Use real-world benchmarks when you have specific plans in mind for your PC
and need an accurate indication of performance for particular applications.
These tests are performed by giving real programs heavy workloads and then
measuring the time it takes to complete. As a result, they provide a reliable
preview of system performance when using the same settings.
Some commonly used applications for real-world benchmarking include:

• 7-Zip to measure a CPU’s data compression and decompression speeds.

• Blender to measure a CPU’s 3D rendering speeds.
• Handbrake to measure a CPU’s video encoding speeds.

2). Compare features of CPU and GPU

Difference Between CPU and GPU

The main difference between CPU and GPU architecture is that a CPU is designed
to handle a wide-range of tasks quickly (as measured by CPU clock speed), but are
limited in the concurrency of tasks that can be running. A GPU is designed to
quickly render high-resolution images and video concurrently.
Because GPUs can perform parallel operations on multiple sets of data, they are
also commonly used for non-graphical tasks such as machine learning and
scientific computation. Designed with thousands of processor cores running
simultaneously, GPUs enable massive parallelism where each core is focused on
making efficient calculations.
CPU vs GPU Processing

While GPUs can process data several orders of magnitude faster than a CPU due
to massive parallelism, GPUs are not as versatile as CPUs. CPUs have large and
broad instruction sets, managing every input and output of a computer, which a
GPU cannot do. In a server environment, there might be 24 to 48 very fast CPU
cores. Adding 4 to 8 GPUs to this same server can provide as many as 40,000
additional cores. While individual CPU cores are faster (as measured by CPU clock
speed) and smarter than individual GPU cores (as measured by available
instruction sets), the sheer number of GPU cores and the massive amount of
parallelism that they offer more than make up the single-core clock speed
difference and limited instruction suited for repetitive and highly-parallel
computing tasks. Beyond video rendering, GPUs excel in machine learning,
financial simulations and risk modeling, and many other types of scientific
computations. While in years past, GPUs were used for mining cryptocurrencies
such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, GPUs are generally no longer utilized at scale, giving
way to specialized hardware such as Field-Programmable Grid Arrays (FPGA) and
then Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC).
 ACTIVITY-05

1). Explain bus standards with respect to evolution, speed,

and recent trends (ISA, PCI, AGP).

A bus is a common pathway through which information flows from one

computer component to another. This pathway is used for communication
purposes and it is established between two or more computer components.
We are going to check different computer bus architectures that are found
in computers.

Expansion Bus Types

These are some of the common expansion bus types that have been used in
computers:

• ISA - Industry Standard Architecture

• EISA - Extended Industry Standard Architecture
• MCA - Micro Channel Architecture
• VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association
• PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
• PCI Express (PCI-X)
• PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association (Also
called PC bus)
• AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
• SCSI - Small Computer Systems Interface

ISA Bus

This is the most common type of early expansion bus, which was designed
for use in the original IBM PC. The IBM PC-XT used an 8-bit bus design.
This means that the data transfers take place in 8-bit chunks (i.e., one byte
at a time) across the bus. The ISA bus ran at a clock speed of 4.77 MHz.
For the 80286-based IBM PC-AT, an improved bus design, which could
transfer 16-bits of data at a time, was announced. The 16-bit version of the
ISA bus is sometimes known as the AT bus (AT-Advanced Technology).

The improved AT bus also provided a total of 24 address lines, which

allowed 16MB of memory to be addressed. The AT bus was backward
compatible with its 8-bit predecessor and allowed 8-bit cards to be used in
16-bit expansion slots.

When it first appeared, the 8-bit ISA bus ran at a speed of 4.77MHZ – the
same speed as the processor. Improvements done over the years
eventually made the AT bus ran at a clock speed of 8MHz.

Peripheral Component Interconnect

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is one of the latest developments

in bus architecture and is the current standard for PC expansion cards.
Intel developed and launched it as the expansion bus for the Pentium
processor in 1993. It is a local bus like VESA, that is, it connects the CPU,
memory, and peripherals to a wider, faster data pathway.

PCI supports both 32-bit and 64-bit data width; it is compatible with 486s
and Pentiums. The bus data width is equal to the processor, such as a 32-
bit processor would have a 32 bit PCI bus, and operates at 33MHz.

PCI was used in developing Plug and Play (PnP) and all PCI cards support
PnP. This means a user can plug a new card into the computer, power it on
and it will “self-identify” and “self-specify” and start working without
manual configuration using jumpers.

Unlike VESA, PCI supports bus mastering. That means the bus has some
processing capability and thus the CPU spends less time processing data.
Most PCI cards are designed for 5v, but there are also 3v and dual-voltage
cards. Keying slots used help to differentiate 3v and 5v cards and also to
make sure that a 3v card is not slotted into a 5v socket and vice versa.
Accelerated Graphics Port

The need for high quality and very fast performance of video on computers
led to the development of the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP). The AGP
port connects to the CPU and operates at the speed of the processor bus.
This means that video information is sent more quickly to the card for
processing.

The AGP uses the main PC memory to hold 3D images. In effect, this gives
the AGP video card an unlimited amount of video memory. To speed up the
data transfer, Intel designed the port as a direct path to the PC’s main
memory.

Data transfer rate ranges from 264 Mbps to 528mbps, 800 Mbps up to 1.5
Gbps. AGP connector is identified by its brown colour.

2). Explain how to clear CMOS password

BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input or Output System, also known as
system setup. BIOS is firmware that is embedded on a small memory chip
on the computer's system board or motherboard. It acts as an interface
between the computer's hardware and the operating system. The BIOS
also contains instructions that the computer uses to perform basic
instructions such as date, time, whether to boot from a hard disk drive,
USB drive, or the network, and so on.

There are three types of passwords that can be set up in the BIOS of a
computer.

1. System or User password - Password that you must enter to log on to

the computer. Prevents an unauthorized user from using the
computer. Without the user password, a user cannot enter the BIOS,
access the one time boot menu (F12 menu), or boot into the
operating system.
2. Setup or Admin password - Password that you must enter to access
and make changes to the BIOS settings of the computer. Prevents an
 unauthorized user from accessing the BIOS or making changes to the
settings in the BIOS.
3. HDD password - Password that you must enter to allow the BIOS to
access the hard drive and continue booting into the operating
system. Prevents an unauthorized user from accessing the HDD
and booting into the operating system.

Cause

BIOS passwords provide a layer of security for users to prevent

unauthorized access to the computer. Follow the instructions in this
article to get help to reset the BIOS password.

Resolution

How to reset or clear the BIOS password

To reset or clear the password that is set inside the BIOS of a Dell
desktop, all-in-one, or laptop:

1. Browse to the Dell Manuals website.

2. Identify your Dell product
1. Click Download & Install SupportAssist to auto-detect your Dell
product. Follow the on-screen instructions to install Dell
SupportAssist. For more information, see the Dell knowledge
base article Dell SupportAssist (formerly Dell System Detect):
Overview and Common Questions.
2. Or, enter the Service Tag, Express Service Code, or the Serial
number of the Dell product and click Search.
3. Or, click Browse all products to manually select your Dell
product from the catalog.
3. Locate the service manual under the Manuals and Documents
section.
4. Click View PDF or View Page next to the service manual of the Dell
computer.
5. Follow the instructions under the Deleting or changing an existing
system setup password section.
 ACTIVITY-06

1). Describe the classification of memories.

Whenever a program executes inside a computer then at first the program has to be
loaded on to the computer’s primary memory. And also when a does not execute then
also the program must remain loaded in computers secondary memory. This memory
unit works as an extra block. In a program in memory, the entire set of performed
operations is written using the keyboard as a sequence of instructions. This collection of
instruction is called a program. Also, the data on which the program is to operate is
entered with the help of the keyboard and can be stored in memory. Memory can also
store intermediate and final results. This design of a stored program computer where
program, data, and result reside in-memory is because of Von Neumann.
In a broad sense, memory can be classified as –
• Main Memory– Main memory has the disadvantage of high-cost and low-capacity
storage. But its advantage or facility is the high speed of data transfer. The
control unit can be able to directly communicate with the main memory. Main
memory can be generally classified into random-access memory (RAM)
and read-only memory (ROM). It is a volatile memory. Due to the absence of
power, the content of this memory will be lost.
• Secondary Memory– Secondary memory is also frequently known as auxiliary
memory. The control unit can’t directly communicate with the secondary
memory. It is a non-volatile memory.
Random Access Memory (RAM) – RAMcontains of a various number of memory locations
wherein each location typically 8-bits are stored. It can be possible to read from a RAM
location, as well as write to a RAM location. The drawback ofRAM is that it is volatile.
That means, when the power supply to the RAM is switched off, the information in the
RAM will be lost.
From the memory, data can be accessed in two different ways – SequentialAccess and
Random Access.
Sequential Access − Sequential access and random access are two types of accessing
information. In sequential access, it is mandatory to access information strictly in order.
If there are 4000 memory locations, it has to be accessed in the order of 1, 2, 3,…,4000.
Thus, it takes minimum time to access information from location 0 and at most time to
access information from location 4000. Magnetic Tape is an example that employs
sequential access.
Random Access − In a random access technique, it can be possible to access a memory
location in any order. For example, one can read from the 4000locations in the order of
1500, 1210, 3060, 1640, 1352, and so on. Second, it takes a similar time to read from a
memory location irrespective of its position. In a RAM, the access method is random, and
its name, in fact, is derived based on the method of access.
Read Only Memory (ROM) – ROM consists of a number of memory locations wherein each
location typically 8-bits are stored like a RAM. A ROM also uses random access method
just like a RAM. The advantage of ROM is that it is non-volatile in nature. That means,
though the power supply to theROM is switched off, the information in the ROM will not
be lost. However, only reading operation is possible from a ROM location. Thus, in a
computer, ROM is used for storing information which is not lost when power is switched
off.
Mask-Programmed ROM – It derives this name because the information is written to this
type of ROM at the time of manufacture by applying a suitable mask. Once the
manufacturer writes this type of ROM, it cannot be possible to change this information
even by the manufacturer. So that the information entered is permanent. It is cheap with
compared to the other types of ROMs when the cost per unit quantity is considered. But
the user has to place an order for a huge number at a time. Thus, ROMs are used in
equipment that is produced in huge quantities. To give an analogy, mask-programmed
ROMs are compared to books that are printed in huge volumes.
Programmable Read Only Memory(PROM) – The user writes information to this type of
ROM with the help of PROM programmer equipment. Once the user writes this type of
ROM, it cannot be possible to change this information anymore. Like Mask-Programmed
ROM, the information entered is permanent. Though itis cheaper than the other types of
ROMs but it is costlier than a mask ROM. The user can buy even a single piece of PROM
from a local shop. Thus, PROMs are implemented in equipment those are produced in
small quantities.
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) – Information is written to this
type of ROM by the user with the help of EPROM programmer equipment. As its content
is erasable and rewritable, so the user can change this information in a number of times.
Thus, although the information entered is not lost when power is switched off, it can be
possible to erase it and then write new information. With the exposure of strong
ultraviolet (UV) light from a very close distance on the quartz window of the EPROM chip,
we can erase the content of the EPROM. Then the contents of the entire EPROM are
entirely lost. The user can purchase even a single piece of EPROM from the market read
and write its content for several numbers of times as well.
Electrically erasable (or Alterable) Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM or
EEPROM) − Information is has written to this type of ROM by the user with the help of
EPROM programmer equipment. After the user writes this type of ROM, it can be possible
to change this information a number of times. Thus although the information entered is
not lost at the time of power is switched off, it can be possible to erase it and then write
new information. Unlike EPROM where erasing of data is to be done using ultra Violet
rays, but in the case of EEPROM, erasing of its content is done with the help of electrical
signals. Also, the contents of the EEPROM can be erased selectively. It is costlier than the
other types of ROMs and is gaining in popularity.
 ACTIVITY-07
1). Study the characteristics of different types of SSDs

SATA SSD

Speaking of types of SSD, SATA SSD is the most common type. As a type of connection
interface, SATA (Serial ATA) is used by SSD to communicate data with the system. If you
own a SATA SSD, you can almost guarantee that it can be used with any desktop or
laptop computer you own now - even if that computer is ten years old.

SATA itself has a speed grade, and you will see SATA 2 and SATA 3 in any SSD
considered for use, called “SATA II”/“SATA 3Gbps” or “SATA III”/“SATA 6Gbps”
respectively. These indicate the maximum possible data transfer rate of the drive,
provided that the drive is installed in a PC with a SATA interface that supports the same
standard.

Nowadays, SATA 3.0 is the most versatile form of SSD, with a theoretical transfer speed
of 6Gb/s (750MB/s). But since some physical overhead will occur when encoding the data
to be transferred, its actual transfer speed is 4.8Gb/s (600MB/s).

PCIe SSD

PCIe SSD is one of the types of SSD hard drives. PCIe SSD refers to a solid-state drive
connected to a computer system using a PCIe interface. PCIe SSD has become a new
way to increase the speed of solid-state drives (SSD) to servers and storage devices.

PCI Express, formally abbreviated as PCIe or PCI-e, is short for Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express. As a high-speed computer expansion bus standard, PCIe can
replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. In addition, PCIe is a common
motherboard interface for computer graphics cards, hard drive, SSD, Wi-Fi, and Ethernet
hardware connection.

.
M.2 SSD

M.2 SSD also belongs to one of the types of SSD. It was formerly known as NGFF (Next
Generation Form Factor). M.2 SSDs are small circuit boards containing flash memory and
controller chips, rather than slab-shaped devices containing these chips.
The shape of M.2 SSD is similar to that of RAM, but it is much smaller and has become a
standard configuration in ultra-thin notebook computers, but you will also find them on
many desktop motherboards. Many high-end motherboards even have two or more M.2
slots, so you can run the M.2 SSD in RAID.

The size of M.2 SSD is various, usually 80mm, 60mm, or 42mm long, 22mm wide, with
NAND chips on one or both sides. You can distinguish it by the four or five digits in the
name. The first two digits represent the width and the remaining two digits represent the
length.

The most common size is marked as M.2 Type-2280. Although laptops are usually only
available in one size, many desktop motherboards have fixing points that can be used for
longer or shorter drives.

Related post: 5 Best 1TB M.2 SSDs of 2020: Which One Should You Choose

U.2 SSD

In terms of SSD types, U.2 SSD needs to be mentioned. A U.2 SSD is an SSD with a U.2
interface. U.2 (previously known as SFF-8639) is an interface standard defined by
the SSD Form Factor Working Group (SFFWG). U.2 is developed for the enterprise
market and aims to be compatible with PCI-E, SATA, SATA-E, and SAS interface
standards.

U.2 SSDs look like traditional SATA hard drives. but they utilize a different connector and
send data via the speedy PCIe interface, and they're typically thicker than 2.5-inch hard
drives and SSDs.
NVMe SSD

Different types of SSD possess different interfaces. NVMe SSD is an SSD with an NVMe
interface. NVM Express (NVMe) is short for Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller
Interface Specification (NVMHCIS). It is an open logical device interface specification for
accessing non-volatile storage media connected via PCI Express (PCIe) bus.

NVM Express enables host hardware and software to take full advantage of the
parallelism possible in modern SSDs. As a result, compared to the previous logical
device interface, NVM Express reduces I/O overhead and brings various performance
improvements, including multiple long command queues, and reduced latency.
 ACTIVITY-08

1). Identify system requirements for Windows 10 installation.

Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or System on a Chip (SoC)

RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit

Hard drive
16 GB for 32-bit OS 32 GB for 64-bit OS
space:

Graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver

Display: 800x600

Internet connectivity is necessary to perform updates and to download and take advantage
Internet 10 Pro Education in S mode, Windows 10 Education in S mode and Windows 10 Enterpri
Connection: initial device setup (Out of Box Experience or OOBE), as well as either a Microsoft accou
Switching a device out of Windows 10 in S mode also requires internet connectivity. Lea

2). Explore file backup in Windows file history feature.

How to Enable File History

File History is designed to be quick and easy to enable, unlike other

complex backup tools. To enable it, first connect an external hard drive to
your computer. Next, open the Settings app from your Start menu.
Navigate to Update & Security > Backup.

Click or tap the “Add a drive” option under Back up using File History to
add an external drive that File History will back up to. It’ll list external
drives and give you the option to back up to them.

You could also use the Control Panel for this, but we’ll be covering the new
Settings interface here. If you’d like to use the Control Panel instead (for
example, if you’re still on Windows 8), open the Control Panel and
navigate to System and Security > File History.
 ACTIVITY-09

1). Study the necessity of TPM in Windows 11.

It was only after Microsoft had finished its Windows 11 unveil earlier this
summer that the company released system requirements for its software update.
And buried underneath RAM recommendations and recommended gigahertz
(GHz), was a curious acronym: TPM.
Trusted Platform Module, or TPM, is a secure cryptoprocessor that secures a
computer via an integrated cryptographic key. But in more basic terms, it's like
a security alarm for your computer to prevent hackers or malware from
accessing data. And it will be necessary for Windows 11, which arrives this week.
(Check our our Windows 11 review for our impressions of this software update.)
Unfortunately, it seems that some older hardware will be excluded from the
Windows 11 update. Microsoft confirmed as much, saying that while the
situation "sucks," it's to ensure a more secure Windows experience moving
forward.

Does my computer have TPM?

There are a few ways to check if your current machine has a TPM. The easiest
way is to go to the Start menu, search for Windows Security, and click on Device
Security on the left-hand column. There, another window will appear that shows
if your device has a TPM installed. It should say Security processor, with a little
green checkmark next to the icon. If that Security processor icon isn't there, then
you do not have a TPM installed.
A final way to check is to download the PC Health Check app from Microsoft.
After installation, the program will tell you if your computer is ready for
Windows 11.
What to do if you don't have TPM 2.0

For desktop users that may not have TPM 2.0, one way to add the functionality is
to buy a compatible module for your motherboard. This will require you to
search for your motherboard model and see if the manufacturer ever released a
compatible TPM.

Also, it seems that prices for TPMs have increased since the Windows 11
unveiling. An Asus TPM, which sold for $14 on Amazon, has, as of this publishing,
sold out and is selling for more than $40 on the used market. Some
manufacturers have also stopped production of TPMs, but it's likely that
production may start up again given the recent surge in demand.
If you are able to procure a compatible module, all you have to do is find the
TPM pins on your motherboard and stick it in. Remember to go into the BIOS
menu and enable it as well.

Now, if you have a more modern CPU, one built after 2014, there's a chance that
TPM already exists. Modern CPUs contain TPM via firmware. Intel uses Platform
Trust Technology (PTT) while AMD Ryzen chips utilize fTPM.

Steps to enable this in BIOS will vary based on manufacturer. But it generally
will require users to restart their PC and press the Delete key repeatedly until
the BIOS menu appears. From there, users might need to go into more advanced
menus to find the TPM selector. From there, firmware TPM can be enabled.
 ACTIVITY-10

1). Compare relative merits and demerits of the two command shells.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages

If the user knows the correct commands

For someone who has never used a
then this type of interface can be much
CLI, it can be very confusing
faster than any other type of interface

This type of interface needs much less Commands have to be typed precisely.
memory (RAM) in order to use compared If there is a spelling error the command
to other types of user interfaces will fail

This type of interface does not use as If you mis-type an instruction, it is often
much CPU processing time as others necessary to start from scratch again

There are a large number of commands

A low resolution, cheaper monitor can be
which need to be learned - in the case
used with this type of interface
of Unix it can be hundreds

You can't just guess what the instruction

A CLI does not require Windows to run
might be and you can't just 'have a go'.
 ACTIVITY-11

Identify the upgradable and non- upgradable components in

laptops.

Can Upgrades Void Your Laptop Warranty?

First off: Let's discuss warranties before diving into upgrades. To cut to the
chase, engaging in the process of upgrading or replacing parts in your
laptop will not void its warranty in and of itself. The FTC has plainly stated
that you can't void a warranty by breaking a seal, and more recently, the
agency announced plans to crack down on companies that try to prevent
their customers from repairing products.

That's not a license, however, to dive in willy-nilly with screwdriver and

pliers. The warranty won't cover damage that might occur from your
upgrade efforts. If you don't feel confident you can do an upgrade on your
own, seek a qualified repair shop or a computer-savvy friend or relative to
do the job.

So, What Exactly Can I Upgrade?

This is a general guide for laptops produced from the early 2010s
onward—that is, in the last decade. It won't cover every configuration, but
it should get pretty close. You will definitely run across exceptions, though.

Early Microsoft Surface Laptop models and their fabric-coated keyboard

decks, for example, are largely glued together and near-impossible to
open without damage. Or, a different limitation: Some Apple MacBooks use
soldered-down instead of removable components.

The bottom cover off, how it looks inside an older gaming laptop.

That said, on average, the following components are usually upgradable

in a typical business or consumer laptop:

• The main system memory (RAM).

• The primary storage, which may come in the form of an M.2 or
mSATA solid-state drive or a 2.5-inch SSD or hard drive.
 • The secondary storage, if present (typically a 2.5-inch hard drive,
and only on larger models).
• The battery pack.
• The wireless/Bluetooth card.

By contrast, the following parts are almost never upgradable:

• The processor (CPU)

• The graphics chip (GPU)

Each component above has its own section in this guide, in which we'll
explain how to identify whether it's upgradable in your laptop.

This guide doesn't discuss laptop components that are often proprietary
or too specific for us to offer general advice about, such as the display, the
keyboard, and the touchpad. Replacing those is sometimes possible,
depending on the model and availability of parts. But in almost all cases,
they would fall under the category of a repair rather than an upgrade.
(You'll typically be swapping a broken component for an identical working
one.)

Getting Started (and the Tools You'll Need)

Ideally, you'll first want to find a service manual on your laptop

manufacturer's support site that describes how to perform basic
upgrades. If you can't, most notebooks are relatively simple to service.
Popular models may have pro or amateur repair videos on YouTube,
although you should consider the expertise of the video's poster before
relying on one fully. (Also be sure your precise model is actually the one
being upgraded!) As noted, any upgrade you perform is at your own risk,
so we strongly suggest doing your research first and not skimping on your
toolkit.

Many laptops can be upgraded without tools other than a few Philips
screwdrivers (having several on hand, with larger or smaller heads, is a
good idea), or in some cases various sizes of star-head or Torx
screwdriver. In the absence of a service manual to tell you the size(s) or
types you need, flip your laptop over and see what fits. Most laptops will
use same-size screws inside and out for simpler servicing, but not always.
 ACTIVITY-12

Document the common faults that may occur on the

motherboard.

Motherboard Troubleshooting
Common symptoms of motherboard issues are similar to CPU problems: The system
does not display anything; an error code appears; one or more beeps occur; the system
locks; the system reboots; a Windows BSOD (blue screen of death) appears; or one or
more of the ports, expansion slots, or memory modules fails.

Motherboard problems and power problems are probably the most difficult issues to
troubleshoot. Because various components are located on the motherboard, many
things can cause errors. POST (power-on self-test) is one of the most beneficial aids for
troubleshooting a motherboard. The meaning of any codes that appear on the screen
should be researched. If multiple POST error codes appear, you should troubleshoot
them in the order they are presented. The following list helps with motherboard
troubleshooting:

• Is the motherboard receiving power? Check the power supply to see if the fan is
turning. If the CPU or motherboard has a fan, see if it is turning. Check voltages
going from the power supply to the motherboard. See Chapter 5 for directions.

• Check the BIOS/UEFI settings (covered in Chapter 4) for accuracy.

• Check for overheating. Power down the computer and allow the computer to cool.
Power on the computer with the cover off.

• Check the motherboard for distended capacitors. These are small components that
might appear to be bulging. If sighted, replace the motherboard as soon as
possible.

• Reseat the CPU, adapters, and memory chips.

• Remove unnecessary adapters and devices and boot the computer.

• Plug the computer into a different power outlet and circuit, if possible.
• Check to determine whether the motherboard is shorting out on the frame.

• Check the CMOS battery (see Chapter 5 for how to take voltage readings).

• With a motherboard that has diagnostic LEDs, check the output for any error code.
Refer to the motherboard documentation or online documentation for the problem
and possible solution
 ACTIVITY-13

1). Study the e-waste rules 2016 and their amendments there-off as
prescribed by the Karnataka state pollution control board and explain
the process for the polytechnic to follow safe disposal of e-waste.

E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 -

1. Manufacturer, dealer, refurbisher and Producer Responsibility Organization

(PRO) have been introduced as additional stakeholders in the rules.
2. The applicability of the rules has been extended to components, consumables,
spares and parts of EEE in addition to equipment as listed in Schedule I.
3. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury containing lamp brought
under the purview of rules.
4. Collection mechanism based approach has been adopted to include collection
centre, collection point, take back system etc for collection of e - waste by
Producers under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
5. Option has been given for setting up of PRO , e - waste exchange , e - retailer,
Deposit Refund Scheme as additional channel for implementation of EPR by
Producers to ensure efficient channelization of e - waste.
6. Provision for Pan India EPR Authorization by CPCB has been introduced
replacing the state wise EPR authorization.
7. Collection and channelisation of e - waste in Extended Producer Responsibility -
Authorisation shall be i n line with the targets prescribed in Schedule III of the
Rules. The phase wise Collection Target for e - waste, which can be either in
number or Weight shall be 30% of the quantity of waste generation as indicated
in EPR Plan during first two year of implementation of rules followed by 40%
during third and fourth years, 50% during fifth and sixth years and 70% during
seventh year onwards.
8. Deposit Refund Scheme has been introduced as an additional economic
instrument wherein the producer charges an additional amount as a deposit at
the time of sale of the electrical and electronic equipment and returns it to the
consumer along with interest when the end - of - life electrical and electronic
equipment is returned.
9. The e - waste exchange as an option has been provided in the rules as an
independent market instrument offering assistance or independent electronic
systems offering services for sale and purchase of e - waste generated from end -
of - life electrical and electronic equipment between agencies or organizations
authorised under these rules.
10. The manufacturer is also now responsible to collect e - waste generated during
the manufacture of any electrical and electronic equipment and channelise it for
recycling or disposal and seek authorization from SPCB.
 11. The dealer, if has been given the responsibility of collection on behalf of the
producer, need to collect the e - waste by providing the consumer a box and
channelize it to Producer.
12. Dealer or retailer or e - retailer shall refund the amount as per take back system
or De posit Refund Scheme of the producer to the depositor of e - waste.
13. Refurbisher need collect e - waste generated during the process of refurbishing
and channelise the waste to authorised dismantler or recycler through its
collection centre and seek one time authorization from SPCB.
14. The roles of the State Government has been also introduced in the Rules in order
to ensure safety, health and skill development of the workers involved in the
dismantling and recycling operations.
15. Department of Industry in State o r any other government agency authorised in
this regard by the State Government is to ensure earmarking or allocation of
industrial space or shed for e - waste dismantling and recycling in the existing
and upcoming industrial park, estate and industrial clusters.
16. Department of Labour in the State or any other government agency authorised
in this regard by the State Government need to ensure recognition and
registration of workers involved in dismantling and recycling; assist formation
of groups of such workers to facilitate setting up dismantling facilities;
undertake industrial skill development activities for the workers involved in
dismantling and recycling; and undertake annual monitoring and to ensure
safety & health of workers involved in dismantling and recycling.
17. State Government to prepare integrated plan for effective implementation of
these provisions, and to submit annual report to Ministry of Environment, Forest
and Climate Change.
18. The transportation of e - waste shall be carried out as per the manifest system
whereby the transporter shall be required to carry a document (three copies)
prepared by the sender, giving the details.
19. Liability for damages caused to the environment or third party due to improper
management of e - waste including provision for levying financial penalty for
violation of provisions of the Rules has also been introduced.
20. Urban Local Bodies (Municipal Committee/Council/Corporation) has been
assign the duty to collect and channelized the orphan products to authorized
dismantler or recycler.

2). Study the global e-waste key statistics

[Link] is a new open source portal that visualises e-waste data and
statistics globally, by region and by country. By providing a one-stop source of
comparable national data on e-waste, the site can help policymakers, industry,
academia, and the general public track global progress towards enacting e-waste
legislation and achieving recycling goals.
E-waste — discarded equipment such as smart phones, laptops and desktop
computers, refrigerators, sensors, and TVs — contains substances that pose
substantial environmental and health risks, especially if inadequately treated or
improperly disposed of. If properly handled through appropriate recycling chains and
methods, however, e-waste presents a resource opportunity that is worth over US$62.5
billion per year, with the potential of creating millions of decent new jobs worldwide.

The [Link] web portal was officially launched today by the Global E-waste
Statistics Partnership. Founded in 2017 by the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU), United Nations University (represented by the UNU Vice-Rectorate in
Europe Sustainable Cycles Programme), and International Solid Waste
Association (ISWA), the Partnership monitors developments of e-waste over time and
helps countries to produce better e-waste statistics.
The portal provides e-waste data for most countries, including:

• the amount of e-waste generated (in total and per capita) and discarded prior to
collection, reuse, treatment, or export
• the amount of e-waste formally collected (in total and per capita) and regulated by
environmental protection laws specifically designed for e-waste
• e-waste legislation by country
Latest estimates (see The Global E-waste Monitor 2017) show that the world now
discards approximately 50 million tonnes of e-waste per year — an amount greater in
weight than all of the commercial airliners ever made — of which only about 20% is
formally recycled.

As an example of the kind of comparative data available via the portal’s interactive
map: In 2016, Japan generated 2,139 kilotonnes of e-waste, only 26% of which was
formally collected. On a per capita average basis, each Japanese resident discarded
16.9 kilograms of e-waste – less than the the average levels of the USA and Germany
(19.4 kg and 22.8 kg per person, respectively), but far above the Asian per capita
average of 4.2 kg.

The portal also details how countries can be supported through capacity building
activities of the Global E-waste Statistics Partnership to enhance e-waste data
collection.

3). Sketch the e-waste policies and regulations, you think, must be
regulated at each stakeholder’s level.

Public Policy for E-Waste Management in India

India’s e-waste regulations, employing the EPR approach, came into effect in May
2012, with further amendments in 2016. The seven years of implementation has had
 limited impact on the larger e-waste management system in the country. On the
positive side, the regulations may have led to establishment of hundreds of new
recycling and dismantling units, formally registered with regulatory authorities.
The 2016 amendments, which sets collection rate targets for producers of electronic
products, appears to have generated greater seriousness among the producers to
comply with the regulations. More generally, the regulations could be credited with
bringing greater attention to the e-waste problem among the various stakeholders.
Clearly, we are a long way from developing a policy framework that could facilitate
a robust e-waste management system in the country.

E-Waste Management: Issues and Challenges for Policy

1. Poor information on e-waste generation rates: The 2012 regulations

acknowledged the lack of waste inventories as a limitation and placed the
responsibility of developing state-wise e-waste inventories on the respective
state pollution control boards (SPCBs). Seven years since these regulations, to
our knowledge, no SPCB has released an inventory as yet. The sales data on
electronic products, which is an important input in the estimation of e-waste
quantities, is often available at the national-level aggregation, making it
challenging to produce inventories at the state levels. In addition to domestic
generation, e-waste is also imported from developed economies, often illegally.
There is little understanding of the nature and amount of e-waste that gets
imported into the country. Designing systems for effective collection,
transportation and processing requires reasonably accurate knowledge of
waste generation, composition and flows.
2. Environmentally unsustainable informal sector practices: Despite the growth in
the formal dismantling and recycling sector (in terms of the number of such
facilities), the actual waste processed in the formal sector still remains very low.
Anecdotal evidence indicates that most of these formal facilities are operating
well below their approved capacities because of their inability to source enough
waste. The lack of awareness regarding e-waste and costs of returning the end-
of-life equipment to formal collection centres are reducing the willingness of
household and institutional consumers to return their waste to formal sector.
Most importantly, the informal sector, through the convenience of household
collection and monetary incentives (even if nominal), makes it more attractive
for consumers to return their waste, relative to the formal sector, which is yet to
invest in robust systems of collection and processing. The informal e-waste
 sector provides livelihoods to millions of people, often belonging to the most
marginalized groups; on the other hand, the sector’s waste management
practices pose serious environmental and health hazards to the workers
themselves as well as the larger public. This presents a potential moral dilemma
for public policy and sustained success of any e-waste management system will
hinge on our ability to resolve this dilemma.
3. Frictions in markets for the end-of-life products: The inability to reliably source
e-waste quantities that create economies of scale restricts entry of private
players, such as PROs to set up e-waste management systems in the formal
sector. For example, employing effective recycling technologies for e-waste may
require significant upfront capital expenditures, which may not be justified for
private entities in the absence of certainty around sourcing of enough quantities
of e-waste. Also, these markets suffer from information barriers. First, given
that e-waste recycling is a relatively new business, potential lack of information
on cost-effective recycling technologies itself could be a market barrier. Second,
the low awareness, partly because of the lack of reliable information on e-waste
management among consumers, affects the functioning of markets. Public
policy may have to play a greater role (beyond the current e-waste regulations)
in enabling better markets for e-waste.

Overall, the public awareness generation initiatives should be based on

partnerships and collaboration among various stakeholders.