Chapter 6
Capacitors and Inductors
Introduction
◼ Capacitors and inductors
❑ Passive elements in a linear circuit.
◼ Both stores energy.
◼ Consist of two
conducting plates
separated by an
insulator.
◼ If it is connected to a
voltage source, the
source deposits: +q
charge on one plate
and –q charge on
another plate.
Capacitors
◼ Passive sign convention:
❑ Current flows:
◼ Into the +ve terminal of the capacitor when it is
charging.
◼ Out of the +ve terminal when it is discharging.
i=dq/dt and q=Cv
i=dCv/dt == Cdv/dt
◼ Current-voltage relationship:
i = Cdv/dt
◼ Voltage-current relationship
t t
v = 1 / C idt = 1 / C idt + v(t 0)
− t0
where v(t0) = q(t0)/C is the voltage across capacitor at
time t0
◼ Instantaneous power: p = vi = Cvdv/dt
◼ Energy stored:
t t
t
c vdv
w=
−
pdt = c v ( dv
−
/ dt ) dt =
−
w = (1 / 2)Cv | 2 t
t = −
Thus: w = (1 / 2)Cv 2 = (1 / 2)C (q / C ) 2 = q 2 / 2C
Note that v(-)=0 because the capacitor
was uncharged at t=-
Capacitors - Summary
◼ Charge (q) = cv
◼ Current (i) = cdv/dt
t
◼
Voltage (v) = 1 / C idt + v(t 0)
t0
◼ Power (p) = vi = cvdv/dt
◼ Energy (w) = (1 / 2)Cv 2
◼ Property 1:
❑ A capacitor is an open circuit at dc
❑ If the voltage across a capacitor is constant, the
current through it is zero.
◼ Property 2:
❑ The voltage on one capacitor must be continuous.
❑ No instantaneous change of voltage but current may
change instantaneously. (Impede the abrupt change
of its voltage)
allowed not allowed
◼ Property 3:
❑ An ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy.
◼ It takes power from the circuit and stores it.
◼ It returns previously stored energy when delivering
power.
❑ What is the voltage across 3µF capacitor if the
charge on one plate is 0.12 mC.
❑ How much energy is stored?
❑ If a 10 µF capacitor is connected to a voltage source
with v(t)=50 sin 2000t; find the current through the
capacitor.
❑ An initially uncharged 1 mF capacitor has the
current as below. Calculate the voltage across it at
t=2 ms and at t=5ms.
Series Capacitors
1 / Ceq = (1 / C1) + (1 / C 2) + (1 / C 3) + ....(1 / CN )
1 / Ceq = (1 / C1) + (1 / C 2) thus Ceq = C1C 2 /(C1 + C 2)
The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors is
the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual capacitances.
Parallel Capacitors
Ceq = C1 + C 2 + C 3 + .....CN
The equivalent capacitance of N-parallel-connected
capacitors is the sum of the individual capacitances.
❑ Under dc conditions, find the energy stored in the
capacitors.
❑ Determine the equivalent capacitance seen at the
terminals of the circuit.
Find voltage across each capacitor
❑ Find the voltages across each of the capacitors
Inductors
◼ It is a passive elements and it stores energy.
◼ Voltage-current relationship:
❑ The voltage across an inductor is directly
proportional to the time rate of change of a current
flowing through it.
v = Ldi / dt
L=Constant of proportionality,
known as inductance,
Measured in Henry.
◼ Current-voltage relationship: t
t
di = (1 / L)vdt i = (1 / L) v(t )dt i = (1 / L) v(t )dt + i (t 0)
− t0
where i(t0) is the total current for − t t0
and i(− )=0.
◼ Power (p) = vi = ( Ldi / dt )i
◼ Energy stored:
t t t
w= = = = − (−)
2 2
pdt ( Ldi / dt )i L idi (1 / 2) Li (t ) (1 / 2) Li
− − −
Since i( − ) = 0 w = (1 / 2) Li 2
Inductors - Summary
◼ Voltage (v) = Ldi / dt
t
◼ Current (i) = (1 / L) v(t )dt + i (t 0)
t0
◼ Power (p) = vi = ( Ldi / dt)i
◼ Energy (w) = (1 / 2) Li 2
◼ Property 1:
❑ An inductor acts like a short circuit at dc.
◼ Voltage across inductor is 0 when current is constant.
◼ Property 2:
❑ The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously (Inductor impede instantaneous changes of its
current )
❑ However, voltage may change instantaneously.
allowed not allowed
◼ Property 3:
❑ An ideal inductor does not dissipate but stores
energy.
◼ It takes power from the circuit and stores it.
◼ It returns previously stored energy when
delivering power.
◼ Example
❑ If the current through 1 mH inductor is
i(t)=20 cos 100t mA, find the terminal voltage and
the energy stored.
◼ Example
❑ The terminal voltage of 2H inductor is
v=10(1-t) v.
◼ Find the current flowing through it at t=4s and
energy stored in it within 0<t<4s.
◼ Assume i(0)=2A.
◼ Example
❑ Determine VC, iL and the energy stored in the
capacitor and inductor in the circuit under dc
conditions.
Parallel Inductors
1 / Leq = (1 / L1) + (1 / L 2) + ...(1 / LN )
1 / Leq = (1 / L1) + (1 / L 2) ➔ Leq = L1L 2 /( L1 + L 2)
◼ The equivalent inductance of parallel inductors is
the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual inductances.
◼ Similar to resistors connected in parallel.
Series Inductors
Leq = L1 + L2 + L3 + ....LN
◼ The equivalent inductance of series
connected inductors is the sum of the
individual inductances.
◼ Similar to resistors connected in series.
◼ Example
❑ Calculate equivalent inductance for the inductive
ladder network.
The wye-delta transformation for resistors
can be extended to capacitors and inductors
◼ Example
❑ In the circuit; i1(t)=0.6e-2tA. If i(0)=1.4A; find:
a. i2(0)
b. i2 (t) and i(t)
c. v(t), v1 (t) and v2 (t)