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 The present perfect simple
The present perfect simple is used to talk about events See also:
in the recent past that still have an effect on the present Past simple 7 Present perfect continuous 12
Infinitives and participles 51
moment. It is formed with “have” and a past participle.

PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect can be used to talk about
the past in a number of different ways:

To give new information

or news.

To talk about a repeated

action that continues to
happen over a period of time.

To talk about an event that

started in the past and is still
happening now.

FURTHER EXAMPLES THE PRESENT PERFECT

HOW TO FORM
SUBJECT “HAVE / HAS” PAST PARTICIPLE REST OF SENTENCE

“Has” is used for

“he,” “she,” and “it.”

34
 REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES
Regular past participles are formed English has a lot of irregular past participles, which
by adding “-ed” to the base form. sometimes look very different from the base form.

COMMON MISTAKES PAST SIMPLE FORMS AND PAST PARTICIPLES

It is important not
This is the past participle of “see.”
to mix up past
simple forms with
past participles.

This is the past simple form of “see,”

and shouldn’t be used in perfect tenses.

35
 “GONE / BEEN”
“Be” and “go” are
both used in the
present perfect
to talk about
going somewhere,
but they have She is still in Florida.
different meanings.

She went to Florida, but

now she is back home.

FURTHER EXAMPLES

36
 THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND THE PAST SIMPLE
The past simple is used to talk about something that happened at a definite
time. The present perfect is used when a particular time is not specified.

A specific date, 2010, is given, There’s no specific date, so

so the past simple is used. the present perfect is used.

2010 NOW 2003 2008 2010 2014 NOW

FURTHER EXAMPLES

PAST SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT

THE PRESENT PERFECT IN US ENGLISH

US English often uses the past simple when
UK English would use the present perfect.

37
 Expressing emotions across the world
by Melissa Thompson

Quite a few years ago, I This is not to say that you can't express negative emotions in
took my first trip to Thailand Thailand, You simply do it much more subtly, Spend a bit of
to visit my boyfriend's time in the country and you become aware of the myriad of
family, I emerged from different ways that you can smile: there 's the I don't trust you
the airport to be greeted smile, the that's a silly suggestion smile, the smile of genuine
by a wall of heat unlike warmth and affection, and many others besides, I vividly
anything my pale English remember the strained please don't ever do that again
skin had ever experienced smile from my boyfriend 's mother when I rested my feet on
before, but that wasn't a chair (showing the soles of your feet is extremely rude in
the only shock in store for Thailand)
me, After 20 minutes or
Emoticons give further clues to the differences, In the USA
so in the sweltering sun I
and Europe, people tend to use the mouth to indicate an
started to complain: the
emotion, for example, [ : ) Jmeans happy and [ : ( Jmeans
flight had been exhausting ,
sad, while in Asia, [ A _ A Jand [ '_' Jcarry these meanings,
my feet were aching and
showing that the emotion conveyed by the eyes is much
so on, Quite suddenly, my
more important.
boyfriend stopped me,
'It is not acceptable to show your emotions like that,' he Personally speaking, I think of myself as quite an emotional
whispered, 'You should try to smile,' I thought he was joking person , I tend to get upset, sulk or laugh hysterically,
at first, but I soon realised he wasn't. In Thailand, the 'land of depending on the situation, I can also be cynical, sarcastic
smiles', people go out of their way to put on a happy face for and argumentative, I try to tone down my behaviour in
reasons I hadn't yet appreciated, Thailand (,when in Rome ",', as the saying goes) , but it's
not always easy and I often get the feeling that people find
Ever since that trip, I've been trying to learn all I can about
me too volatile, However, what seems overly emotional to
how people express emotions in different cultures and how
one person can seem reserved to another, A flatmate from
those cultures shape what we feel. What I'd failed to grasp
Italy used to tell me how uptight I was because I didn't
all those years ago is that negativity tends to be taboo in
gesticulate and shout with the same carefree abandon that
Thailand, The happiness of the group is put above that
he did, So what's the truth? Is there a right way to behave,
of the individual and one person's feelings are seen as
whichever culture you come from? Let me know your
closely linked to those of others, For that reason , my public
thoughts and experiences,
whinging and whining was potentially offensive,

It's not just complaining which is taboo , In collective cultures

like Thai land's, people who publicly express anger are seen
as rude and unsophisticated, In more individualistic cultures
like Eu ro pe or the USA, it is relatively common for friends
and partners to have a brief slanging match, slam the door
and then make up without too much harm being done,
Anger has even been shown to be a successful negotiating
strategy in business, In collective cultures though , losing
your cool is definitely counterproductive,

Karly: Great article, Melissa - really thought-provo king , I'm used to

a culture where people generally let it be known if they're not happy,
but when I was travel ling in South East Asia, I found it much easier
Arun: Hi, Melissa, I'm kin d of in the opposite situation to you, I'm
to be calm and laid-back, I found the Thai way of smiling, whatever,
Khmer, but I've married into an Amer ican fam ily who are much more
real ly suited me - in that respect , I was real ly able to embrace their
into expressing the ir emotion s than people in my culture and I find
culture, +
som e of their conflicts really make me uncomfortable, But I'm also
Andreas: You're right that in collective cultures like Thai and
able to see that the way my fami ly behave can resu lt in dishonesty,
Japanese it's frowned on to express negative emotions like anger,
My mom wi ll vi sit som eon e's house an d sm ile and compliment
but don't be fooled - the anger's still there l I've vis ited Japan and
everything, the n when she gets home, she wi ll say, There wasn't
Thailand frequently on business and I often wonder what impact
enough food l ' or 'Why did th ey buy that sofa?' +
all this has on people psychologically - whether it's really bad for
people to bottle up their feelings like this. Personally, it would drive
me nuts! +
-
Strong emotion I 02

Reading Grammar review

Perfect verb forms
1 Work in groups and discuss. Which of the things
below have you done recently? Why?
1 Read Simon's comment. Which country is he talking
in • shouted at someone • laughed out loud about? What cultural problems does he mention?
)f
• hidden your feelings • cried in public
f
)u
Simon: I definitely agree with you, Mel issa. Many actions and gestures you

ne 2a Read the first paragraph of the article. Why do you usually take for granted can also have unexpected reactions. A few years ago
think Thai people always appear happy? we moved to Jakarta and awe've been caught out in this way several times.
When we first arrived here, I noticed that people sometimes gave me angry
looks in pub li c and were sometimes rude to me at work. What I didn't real ise is
b Read the full article and answer the questions.
that bl'd been standing with my hands on my hips - something I did without
1 Which emotions are taboo in Thailand and why? thinking about it. The problem is, this is a sign of arrogance or agg ression
2 How are strong emotions expressed? in Indonesia. This is just one examp le of many thing s ewe've had to learn
3 What are the comment writers' opinions? since we moved here, like not sitting with the so les of your feet showing ,
not touch ing people 's heads, etc. Of cou rse, dwe would like to have known
these things before we came, but since those first misunderstanding s
3 Read the article again and decide which three
ewe've all been trying hard to learn more about the culture of the country
statements are not true. Underline evidence in the
we' re living in. 'By the end of the year, we will have been here for five years
article to support your answers.
and Qit's been a fascinating learning experience so far. +
1 The author was surprised at what her boyfriend said.
2 Tha i people make a great effort to smile.
3 In countries such as Thailand the individual is more 2 Work in pairs. Look at the phrases in bold in Simon's
important than the group. comment and underline the perfect verb forms.
4 In Europe and the USA getting angry is acceptable Discuss why a perfect form is used in each one.
in certain situations.
5 Thai people never express negative emotions. 3a In which phrase (a-g) does Simon use:
6 The author controls her emotional behaviour
in Thailand. 1 the Present perfect with an adverb which links the
7 Her Italian flatmate found her reserved. past to the present?
8 Readers all believe the Thai way of expressing 2 the Present perfect referring to a period of time
emotions is the best which is incomplete?
3 the Present perfect with a phrase saying how many
times it has happened?
Find these colloquial expressions in the article or 4 the Present perfect continuous to emphasise the
comments and explain them in your own words. duration of the action?
1 whinge and whine about something 5 the Past perfect continuous to show that an action
2 have a slanging match happened before another in the past?
3 lose your cool 6 the Future perfect to link the present to a point in
4 tone down your behaviour the future?
5 be uptight 7 a perfect infinitive to emphasise that he is talking
6 be laid-back about a time further in the past?
7 bottle up your feelings
8 drive someone nuts b All perfect forms link two times. Which forms link:
the past and present?; two points in the past?;
5 Work in groups and discuss one or more of the two points in the future?
questions below.
• Do you agree or disagree with the points made on 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
the comments board? verbs in brackets. Discuss which are true for you.
• Do you generally express your emotions or do you 1 I (work) really hard recently.
tend to bottle up your feelings? 2 This is the first time I (study) the
• Is it acceptable in your country to express negative perfect aspect.
emotions like anger? 3 By the end of this course, I (find out)
• Do you think it is good to express negative lots of interesting things about my classmates.
emotions? In what circumstances? 4 I'd like (start) learning English earlier.
• Have you ever experienced a culture where 5 I (not have) a holiday for ages.
emotions are expressed differently from your own? 6 I was tired when I went to bed last night because
What differences did you notice? I (talk) to my friends all evening.

ead other students' comments and say if you agree.

 The past perfect simple
English uses the past perfect simple with the past simple See also:
to talk about two or more events that happened Past simple 7 Present perfect simple 11
Past perfect continuous 14 Participles 51
at different times in the past.

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

When talking about two events that happened at different times in the
past, the past simple describes the event that is closest to the time of
speaking. The past perfect describes an event further back in the past.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE

8:10PM 8:20PM NOW

7:00AM 7:30AM NOW

HOW TO FORM
Use “had” followed by the past participle to form the past perfect.

SUBJECT “HAD” PAST PARTICIPLE REST OF SENTENCE

“Had” does not change The past participle expresses

with the subject. the action in the past.

40
FURTHER EXAMPLES Even if the past simple action is first in
the sentence, it still happened later.

THE PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

The present perfect is used to talk about

an action that took place in the recent past
and is still relevant to the present moment.

ONE HOUR AGO NOW

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

The past perfect is used to talk

about an action that took place
before another moment in the past.

ONE HOUR BEFORE PAST NOW

41
Reading and vocabulary 3a Read the texts again and answerthe questions.
The internet 'I How much do you pay to upload videos onto
YouTube?
How many people L]sed YouTube every day in 2006?
Work in pairs and discuss.
3 Appro\'[Link] v how na't) people t<e Yol lLb.
' How often do you use the internet? Where do every day now?
you use it? What percentage of peopte use Coogle to search
. What do you use the internet for mostly? What are the internet?
your favourite websites? 5 s lt correct grarnmar to say to googLe somethlng'?
. Do yo! ever use YouTube, Amazon or 6oogle? lf so, 6 Approximately how many searches are there on
what do you usually use them fof? lf not, why not? Coogle every day?
7 How many peop[e work for Arnazon?
8 Appro} rately hoa nalv len! do Arrazon ship
2a Work in pairs and discuss. Do you knowwhen
every day at peak times?
YouTube, Coogle and Amazon first staned? Can you
match each site to one ofthese yearsi 1995, 1998,
2005? Which ofthe facts about YouTube, CoogLe and
Amazon surprisedyou most?

Read the texts and checkyourideas.

, Amazon siaried as an online

Jeff Bezos, an American corapuier

' scence g|aduaie, started the site in
July 1995.
, He named ihe siie afierihe Amazon
Rver. He wanied someih ng starting

Amazon now employs about 38,000

' people around the wofld.
) Amazon stores the things iheysellin
huge warehouses called'lulf ilmert
centres' around the wo d.
, One ofih6 biggest'fulf lment
centres' in the world ls in

, lt covers an areaof 800,000 square

feet - the size of 13 football piiches.
t At peak timcs
At oeak Am,7
times,Amazon ships
'
 The future perfect
The future perfect is used to talk about an event that will See also:
overlap with, or finish before, another event in the Infinitives and participles 51
Prepositions of time 107
future. It can be used in simple or continuous forms.

THE FUTURE PERFECT

The future perfect is used to describe an action
“By” has a similar
or event that will be finished before a certain future time. meaning to “before.”

NOW NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY

HOW TO FORM
SUBJECT “WILL HAVE” PAST PARTICIPLE OBJECT TIME PHRASE

FURTHER EXAMPLES

60